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Matsingos C, Howell LA, McCormick PJ, Fornili A. Elucidating the Activation Mechanism of the Proton-sensing GPR68 Receptor. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168688. [PMID: 38936694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
GPR68 is a proton-sensing G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) involved in a variety of physiological processes and disorders including neoplastic pathologies. While GPR68 and few other GPCRs have been shown to be activated by a decrease in the extracellular pH, the molecular mechanism of their activation remains largely unknown. In this work, we used a combined computational and in vitro approach to provide new insight into the activation mechanism of the receptor. Molecular Dynamics simulations of GPR68 were used to model the changes in residue interactions and motions triggered by pH. Global and local rearrangements consistent with partial activation were observed upon protonation of the inactive state. Selected extracellular histidine and transmembrane acidic residues were found to have significantly upshifted pKa values during the simulations, consistently with their previously hypothesised role in activation through changes in protonation state. Moreover, a novel pairing between histidine and acidic residues in the extracellular region was highlighted by both sequence analyses and simulation data and tested through site-directed mutagenesis. At last, we identified a previously unknown hydrophobic lock in the extracellular region that might stabilise the inactive conformation and regulate the transition to the active state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Matsingos
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Lesley A Howell
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J McCormick
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Fornili
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
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2
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Cornwell AC, Tisdale AA, Venkat S, Maraszek KE, Alahmari AA, George A, Attwood K, George M, Rempinski D, Franco-Barraza J, Seshadri M, Parker MD, Cortes Gomez E, Fountzilas C, Cukierman E, Steele NG, Feigin ME. Lorazepam Stimulates IL6 Production and Is Associated with Poor Survival Outcomes in Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3793-3812. [PMID: 37587561 PMCID: PMC10502465 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This research investigates the association between benzodiazepines (BZD) and cancer patient survival outcomes, the pancreatic cancer tumor microenvironment, and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) signaling. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Multivariate Cox regression modeling was used to retrospectively measure associations between Roswell Park cancer patient survival outcomes and BZD prescription records. IHC, H&E, Masson's trichrome, RNAscope, and RNA sequencing were used to evaluate the impact of lorazepam (LOR) on the murine PDAC tumor microenvironment. ELISA and qPCR were used to determine the impact of BZDs on IL6 expression or secretion by human-immortalized pancreatic CAFs. PRESTO-Tango assays, reanalysis of PDAC single-cell sequencing/TCGA data sets, and GPR68 CRISPRi knockdown CAFs were used to determine the impact of BZDs on GPR68 signaling. RESULTS LOR is associated with worse progression-free survival (PFS), whereas alprazolam (ALP) is associated with improved PFS, in pancreatic cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. LOR promotes desmoplasia (fibrosis and extracellular matrix protein deposition), inflammatory signaling, and ischemic necrosis. GPR68 is preferentially expressed on human PDAC CAFs, and n-unsubstituted BZDs, such as LOR, significantly increase IL6 expression and secretion in CAFs in a pH and GPR68-dependent manner. Conversely, ALP and other GPR68 n-substituted BZDs decrease IL6 in human CAFs in a pH and GPR68-independent manner. Across many cancer types, LOR is associated with worse survival outcomes relative to ALP and patients not receiving BZDs. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that LOR stimulates fibrosis and inflammatory signaling, promotes desmoplasia and ischemic necrosis, and is associated with decreased pancreatic cancer patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C. Cornwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Arwen A. Tisdale
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Swati Venkat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kathryn E. Maraszek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Abdulrahman A. Alahmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anthony George
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Madison George
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Pancreatic Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Donald Rempinski
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Pancreatic Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Janusz Franco-Barraza
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mukund Seshadri
- Department of Oral Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mark D. Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York
| | - Eduardo Cortes Gomez
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Biostatistics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Christos Fountzilas
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Edna Cukierman
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nina G. Steele
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Pancreatic Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Michael E. Feigin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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Huang C, Zhang F, Li P, Song C. Low-Dose IL-2 Attenuated Depression-like Behaviors and Pathological Changes through Restoring the Balances between IL-6 and TGF-β and between Th17 and Treg in a Chronic Stress-Induced Mouse Model of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213856. [PMID: 36430328 PMCID: PMC9699071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation, increased IL-6 and decreased TGF-β were found in depressed patients or in animal models of depression. IL-6 enhances T helper 17 cell differentiation, thereby causing an imbalance between Th17 and Treg cells, which induces neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction. However, whether imbalances between IL-6 and TGF-β and between Th17 and Treg occur in depression and whether depression can be improved upon restoring these imbalances are unknown. Treg promoter IL-2 (1500UI/0.1 mL/day) was used to treat a mouse model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The behavior and concentrations of IL-6, TGF-β, Th17, IL-17A, IL-17Rc, Treg-related factors (helios and STAT5), astrocyte A1 phenotype S100β, microglia M1 phenotype Iba-1, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme, corticosterone (CORT) and neurotransmitters were evaluated. When compared to controls, CUMS reduced sucrose preference, the number of entries into and the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and the exploration in the "open field", while it increased the immobility time in tail suspension, which was ameliorated by IL-2 treatment. RoRα, S100β, IL-17A, IL-17Rc, IL-6, Iba-1, IDO enzyme and CORT concentrations were significantly increased, and Helios, FoxP3+, STAT5 and TGF-β were significantly decreased by CUMS, which were significantly attenuated by IL-2 when compared to the CUMS group. The NE, DA and 5-HT contents and those of their metabolites were decreased by CUMS, which returned to control levels after IL-2 treatment. The study demonstrated that imbalances between IL-6 and TGF-β and between Th17and Treg occurred in the hippocampus of the depression model. IL-2 attenuated depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and normalized the neurotransmitter concentration and the activity of the IDO enzyme, astrocytes and microglia through restoring both balances, but it did not decrease the CORT concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Huang
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Marine Medicine and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Fucheng Zhang
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Marine Medicine and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Peng Li
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Marine Medicine and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Marine Medicine and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Correspondence:
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Nogueira PAS, Moura-Assis A, Razolli DS, Bombassaro B, Zanesco AM, Gaspar JM, Donato Junior J, Velloso LA. The orphan receptor GPR68 is expressed in the hypothalamus and is involved in the regulation of feeding. Neurosci Lett 2022; 781:136660. [PMID: 35489647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Currently, up to 35% off all drugs approved for the treatment of human diseases belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Out of the almost 800 existing GPCRs, 25% have no known endogenous ligands and are regarded as orphan receptors; many of these are currently under investigation as potential pharmacological targets. Here, we hypothesised that orphan GPCRs expressed in the hypothalamus could be targets for the treatment of obesity and other metabolic diseases. Using bioinformatic tools, we identified 78 class A orphan GPCRs that are expressed in the hypothalamus of mice. Initially, we selected two candidates and determined their responsivities to nutritional interventions: GPR162, the GPCR with highest expression in the hypothalamus, and GPR68, a GPCR with intermediate expression in the hypothalamus and that has never been explored for its potential involvement in metabolic regulation. GPR162 expression was not modified by fasting/feeding or by the consumption of a high-fat diet, and was therefore not subsequently evaluated. Conversely, GPR68 expression increased in response to the consumption of a high-fat diet and reduced under fasting conditions. Using immunofluorescence, GPR68 was identified in both proopiomelanocortin-expressing and agouti-related peptide-expressing neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Acute inhibition of GPR68 with an allosteric modulator promoted an increase in the expression of the orexigenic agouti-related peptide and neuropeptide Y, whereas 4- and 12-h inhibition of GPR68 resulted in increased caloric intake. Thus, GPR68 has emerged as an orphan GPCR that is expressed in the hypothalamus and is involved in the regulation of feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A S Nogueira
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moura-Assis
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniela S Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bombassaro
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ariane M Zanesco
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Joana M Gaspar
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato Junior
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Brazil.
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Elemam NM, Youness RA, Hussein A, Shihab I, Yakout NM, Elwany YN, Manie TM, Talaat IM, Maghazachi AA. Expression of GPR68, an Acid-Sensing Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor, in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:847543. [PMID: 35311103 PMCID: PMC8930915 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.847543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of global cancer incidence in 2020. It is quite known that highly invasive cancers have disrupted metabolism that leads to the creation of an acidic tumor microenvironment. Among the proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors is GPR68. In this study, we aimed to explore the expression pattern of GPR68 in tissues from BC patients as well as different BC cell lines. Methods: In-silico tools were used to assess the expression of GPR68 in BC patients. The expression pattern was validated in fresh and paraffin-embedded sections of BC patients using qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Also, in-silico tools investigated GPR68 expression in different BC cell lines. Validation of GPR68 expression was performed using qPCR and immunofluorescence techniques in four different BC cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, BT-549 and SkBr3). Results: GPR68 expression was found to be significantly increased in BC patients using the in-silico tools and validation using qPCR and IHC. Upon classification according to the molecular subtypes, the luminal subtype showed the highest GPR68 expression followed by triple-negative and Her2-enriched cells. However, upon validation in the recruited cohort, the triple-negative molecular subtype of BC patients showed the highest GPR68 expression. Also, in-silico and validation data revealed that the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 showed the highest expression of GPR68. Conclusion: Therefore, this study highlights the potential utilization of GPR68 as a possible diagnostic and/or prognostic marker in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rana A. Youness
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal Hussein
- Department of Family and Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Israa Shihab
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nada M. Yakout
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Nagy Elwany
- Clinical Oncology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tamer M. Manie
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman M. Talaat
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Iman M. Talaat, ; Azzam A. Maghazachi,
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Iman M. Talaat, ; Azzam A. Maghazachi,
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Fujita Y, Bando H, Iguchi G, Iida K, Nishizawa H, Kanie K, Yoshida K, Matsumoto R, Suda K, Fukuoka H, Ogawa W, Takahashi Y. Clinical Heterogeneity of Acquired Idiopathic Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Deficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:578802. [PMID: 33679614 PMCID: PMC7933588 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.578802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heterogeneous clinical characteristics are observed in acquired isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency (IAD); however, its classification remains to be established because of its largely unknown pathophysiology. In IAD, anti-pituitary antibodies have been detected in some patients, although their significance remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to classify patients with IAD and to clarify the significance of anti-pituitary antibodies. DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed 46 consecutive patients with IAD. Serum anti-pituitary antibodies were analyzed via immunofluorescence staining using a mouse pituitary tissue. Principal component and cluster analyses were performed to classify IAD patients based on clinical characteristics and autoantibodies. RESULTS Immunofluorescence analysis using the sera revealed that 58% of patients showed anti-corticotroph antibodies and 6% of patients showed anti-follicular stellate cell (FSC) antibodies. Principal component analysis demonstrated that three parameters could explain 70% of the patients. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed three clusters: Groups A and B comprised patients who were positive for anti-corticotroph antibodies, and plasma ACTH levels were extremely low. Groups A and B comprised middle-aged or elderly men and middle-aged women, respectively. Group C comprised patients who were positive for the anti-FSC antibody and elderly men; plasma ACTH levels were relatively high. CONCLUSIONS Patients with IAD were classified into three groups based on clinical characteristics and autoantibodies. The presence of anti-corticotroph antibody suggested severe injury to corticotrophs. This new classification clearly demonstrated the heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of IAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Fujita
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hironori Bando
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Genzo Iguchi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Medical Center for Student Health, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Biosignal Pathophysiology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keiji Iida
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center, Kakogawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nishizawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kanie
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryusaku Matsumoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suda
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yutaka Takahashi,
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Wang K, Kretschmannova K, Prévide RM, Smiljanic K, Chen Q, Fletcher PA, Sherman A, Stojilkovic SS. Cell-Type-Specific Expression Pattern of Proton-Sensing Receptors and Channels in Pituitary Gland. Biophys J 2020; 119:2335-2348. [PMID: 33098866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, extracellular protons act as orthosteric and allosteric ligands for multiple receptors and channels. The aim of this study is to identify proton sensors in the rat pituitary gland. qRT-PCR analysis indicated the expression of G-protein-coupled receptor 68 gene (Gpr68) and acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) genes Asic1, Asic2, and Asic4 in anterior pituitary cells and Asic1 and Asic2 in immortalized GH3 pituitary cells. Asic1a and Asic2b were the dominant splice isoforms. Single anterior pituitary cell RNA sequencing and immunocytochemical analysis showed that nonexcitable folliculostellate cells express GPR68 gene and protein, whereas excitable secretory cells express ASIC genes and proteins. Asic1 was detected in all secretory cell types, Asic2 in gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, and somatotrophs, and Asic4 in lactotrophs. Extracellular acidification activated two types of currents in a concentration-dependent manner: a fast-developing, desensitizing current with an estimated EC50-value of pH 6.7 and a slow-developing, non-desensitizing current that required a higher proton concentration for activation. The desensitizing current was abolished by removal of bath sodium and application of amiloride, a blocker of ASIC channels, whereas the non-desensitizing current was amiloride insensitive and voltage dependent. Activation of both currents increased the excitability of secretory pituitary cells, consistent with their potential physiological relevance in control of voltage-gated calcium influx and calcium-dependent cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karla Kretschmannova
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rafael M Prévide
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kosara Smiljanic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Qing Chen
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Patrick A Fletcher
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arthur Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stanko S Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland.
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8
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Zhang W, Han Y, Li W, Cao L, Yan L, Qin C, Gao R. Clinical data analysis reveals the role of OGR1 (GPR68) in head and neck squamous cancer. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:55-61. [PMID: 32318660 PMCID: PMC7167242 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cancer (HNSC) frequently occurs in the clinic. Revealing the role of the genes that correlate with cancer cell outgrowth will contribute to potential treatment target identification and tumor inhibition. METHODS The gene expression profiles and gene ontology of the proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor OGR1 were analyzed using the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database. The effects of sex, age, race, and degree of malignancy on HNSC were investigated, and the survival times of HNSC patients with high or low/medium expression levels of OGR1 were compared. Methylation of the OGR1 promoter CpG sites was also investigated and OGR1-related genes were analyzed using gene set enrichment analysis. RESULTS OGR1 is overexpressed in HNSC patients. However, compared with the low/median expression group, the high OGR1 expression group did not have different survival rates. The OGR1 expression level differed across sex, age, race, and degree of malignancy, while the methylation of the OGR1 promoter CpG sites was maintained at a similar level. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that OGR1 was positively correlated with head and neck cancer, cisplatin resistance, hypoxia, angiogenesis, cell migration, and TGF-β. CONCLUSION The expression of OGR1 correlated with HNSC progression and survival and thus can serve as a potential treatment target and prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)The Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingP.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijingP.R. China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of PathologyZhejiang Provincial People’s HospitalHangzhouZhejiangP.R. China
- People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiangP.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangP.R. China
| | - Weisha Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)The Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingP.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijingP.R. China
| | - Lin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)The Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingP.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijingP.R. China
| | - Libo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)The Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingP.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijingP.R. China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)The Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingP.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijingP.R. China
| | - Ran Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)The Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingP.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijingP.R. China
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Kameda H, Yamamoto M, Tone Y, Tone M, Melmed S. Proton Sensitivity of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 1 Signaling to Proopiomelanocortin in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:276-291. [PMID: 30535142 PMCID: PMC6324021 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Because an acidic cellular microenvironment is engendered by inflammation and may determine cell differentiation, we elucidated the impact of acidic conditions on induction of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression. Here, we demonstrate mechanisms for proton sensitivity of CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) signaling to POMC and ACTH production. Low pH (6.8) resulted in doubling of POMC expression and ACTH production in pituitary cell line AtT-20 and in primary mouse pituitary cells. Using CRISPR knockout, we show that CRHR1 is necessary for acid-induced POMC expression, and this induction is mediated by CRHR1 histidine residues and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in both pituitary corticotroph cells and in nonpituitary cell lines expressing ectopic ACTH. In contrast, CRH ligand binding affinity to CRHR1 was decreased with acidic pH, implying that proton-induced POMC expression prevails in acidic conditions independently of CRH ligand binding. The results indicate that proton-induced CRHR1 signaling regulates ACTH production in response to an acidic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Kameda
- Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Masaaki Yamamoto
- Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yukiko Tone
- Research Division of Immunology, Pacific Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Masahide Tone
- Research Division of Immunology, Pacific Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Correspondence: Shlomo Melmed, MD, Room 2015, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048. E-mail:
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Functional profiling of microtumors to identify cancer associated fibroblast-derived drug targets. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99913-99930. [PMID: 29245949 PMCID: PMC5725140 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in chemotherapeutics highlight the importance of molecularly-targeted perturbagens. Although these therapies typically address dysregulated cancer cell proteins, there are increasing therapeutic modalities that take into consideration cancer cell-extrinsic factors. Targeting components of tumor stroma such as vascular or immune cells has been shown to represent an efficacious approach in cancer treatment. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) exemplify an important stromal component that can be exploited in targeted therapeutics, though their employment in drug discovery campaigns has been relatively minimal due to technical logistics in assaying for CAF-tumor interactions. Here we report a 3-dimensional multi-culture tumor:CAF spheroid phenotypic screening platform that can be applied to high-content drug discovery initiatives. Using a functional genomics approach we systematically profiled 1,024 candidate genes for CAF-intrinsic anti-spheroid activity; identifying several CAF genes important for development and maintenance of tumor:CAF co-culture spheroids. Along with previously reported genes such as WNT, we identify CAF-derived targets such as ARAF and COL3A1 upon which the tumor compartment depends for spheroid development. Specifically, we highlight the G-protein-coupled receptor OGR1 as a unique CAF-specific protein that may represent an attractive drug target for treating colorectal cancer. In vivo, murine colon tumor implants in OGR1 knockout mice displayed delayed tumor growth compared to tumors implanted in wild type littermate controls. These findings demonstrate a robust microphysiological screening approach for identifying new CAF targets that may be applied to drug discovery efforts.
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11
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Brüser A, Zimmermann A, Crews BC, Sliwoski G, Meiler J, König GM, Kostenis E, Lede V, Marnett LJ, Schöneberg T. Prostaglandin E 2 glyceryl ester is an endogenous agonist of the nucleotide receptor P2Y 6. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2380. [PMID: 28539604 PMCID: PMC5443783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 catalyses the biosynthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid but also the biosynthesis of prostaglandin glycerol esters (PG-Gs) from 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Previous studies identified PG-Gs as signalling molecules involved in inflammation. Thus, the glyceryl ester of prostaglandin E2, PGE2-G, mobilizes Ca2+ and activates protein kinase C and ERK, suggesting the involvement of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). To identify the endogenous receptor for PGE2-G, we performed a subtractive screening approach where mRNA from PGE2-G response-positive and -negative cell lines was subjected to transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing analysis. We found several GPCRs that are only expressed in the PGE2-G responder cell lines. Using a set of functional readouts in heterologous and endogenous expression systems, we identified the UDP receptor P2Y6 as the specific target of PGE2-G. We show that PGE2-G and UDP are both agonists at P2Y6, but they activate the receptor with extremely different EC50 values of ~1 pM and ~50 nM, respectively. The identification of the PGE2-G/P2Y6 pair uncovers the signalling mode of PG-Gs as previously under-appreciated products of cyclooxygenase-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Brüser
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anne Zimmermann
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brenda C Crews
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Gregory Sliwoski
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-8725, USA
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-8725, USA
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vera Lede
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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12
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Khan MZ, He L. Neuro-psychopharmacological perspective of Orphan receptors of Rhodopsin (class A) family of G protein-coupled receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1181-1207. [PMID: 28289782 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system (CNS), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most fruitful targets for neuropsychopharmacological drug development. Rhodopsin (class A) is the most studied class of GPCR and includes orphan receptors for which the endogenous ligand is not known or is unclear. Characterization of orphan GPCRs has proven to be challenging, and the production pace of GPCR-based drugs has been incredibly slow. OBJECTIVE Determination of the functions of these receptors may provide unexpected insight into physiological and neuropathological processes. Advances in various methods and techniques to investigate orphan receptors including in situ hybridization and knockdown/knockout (KD/KO) showed extensive expression of these receptors in the mammalian brain and unmasked their physiological and neuropathological roles. Due to these rapid progress and development, orphan GPCRs are rising as a new and promising class of drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION This review presents a neuropsychopharmacological perspective of 26 orphan receptors of rhodopsin (class A) family, namely GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR17, GPR26, GPR35, GPR39, GPR48, GPR49, GPR50, GPR52, GPR55, GPR61, GPR62, GPR63, GPR68, GPR75, GPR78, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR88, GPR153, GPR162, GPR171, and TAAR6. We discussed the expression of these receptors in mammalian brain and their physiological roles. Furthermore, we have briefly highlighted their roles in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, neuroinflammation, inflammatory pain, bipolar and schizophrenic disorders, epilepsy, anxiety, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China.
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
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S100β-Positive Cells of Mesenchymal Origin Reside in the Anterior Lobe of the Embryonic Pituitary Gland. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163981. [PMID: 27695124 PMCID: PMC5047643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland develop through invagination of the oral ectoderm and as they are endocrine tissues, they participate in the maintenance of vital functions via the synthesis and secretion of numerous hormones. We recently observed that several extrapituitary cells invade the anterior lobe of the developing pituitary gland. This raised the question of the origin(s) of these S100β-positive cells, which are not classic endocrine cells but instead comprise a heterogeneous cell population with plural roles, especially as stem/progenitor cells. To better understand the roles of these S100β-positive cells, we performed immunohistochemical analysis using several markers in S100β/GFP-TG rats, which express GFP in S100β-expressing cells under control of the S100β promoter. GFP-positive cells were present as mesenchymal cells surrounding the developing pituitary gland and at Atwell's recess but were not present in the anterior lobe on embryonic day 15.5. These cells were negative for SOX2, a pituitary stem/progenitor marker, and PRRX1, a mesenchyme and pituitary stem/progenitor marker. However, three days later, GFP-positive and PRRX1-positive (but SOX2-negative) cells were observed in the parenchyma of the anterior lobe. Furthermore, some GFP-positive cells were positive for vimentin, p75, isolectin B4, DESMIN, and Ki67. These data suggest that S100β-positive cells of extrapituitary origin invade the anterior lobe, undergoing proliferation and diverse transformation during pituitary organogenesis.
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Expression and localization of forkhead box protein FOXJ1 in S100β-positive multiciliated cells of the rat pituitary. Med Mol Morphol 2016; 50:59-67. [PMID: 27660208 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-016-0148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
S100β-positive cells exist in the marginal cell layer (MCL) of the adenohypophysis and follicle structure in the parenchyma of anterior lobe (ALFS) in pituitary. They have multiple functions as phagocytes or cells that regulate hormone secretion. Majority of S100β-positive cells in the adenohypophysis express sex determining region Y-box 2 protein (SOX2), a stem cell marker; therefore, S100β/SOX2 double positive cells are also considered as one type of stem/progenitor cells. MCL and ALFS are consisting of morphologically two types of cells, i.e., multiciliated cells and non-ciliated cells. However, the relationship between the S100β-positive cells and multiciliated cells in the pituitary is largely unknown. In the present study, we first immunohistochemically verified the feature of multiciliated cells in MCL and ALFS. We then examined the expression patterns of FOXJ1, an essential expression factor for multiciliated cell-differentiation, and SOX2 in the S100β-positive multiciliated cells by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We identified anew the S100β/SOX2/FOXJ1 triple positive multiciliated cells, and revealed that they were dispersed throughout the MCL and ALFS. These results indicate that the MCL and ALFS are consisting of morphologically and functionally distinct two types of cells, i.e., S100β/SOX2 double positive non-ciliated cells and S100β/SOX2/FOXJ1 triple positive multiciliated cells.
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CXCL10/CXCR3 signaling mediates inhibitory action by interferon-gamma on CRF-stimulated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 364:395-404. [PMID: 26572542 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland can be stimulated or inhibited by paracrine factors that are produced during inflammatory reactions. The inflammation cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is known to inhibit corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-stimulated adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) release but its signaling mechanism is not yet known. Using rat anterior pituitary, we previously demonstrated that the CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), known as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) inducible protein 10 kDa, is expressed in dendritic cell-like S100β protein-positive (DC-like S100β-positive) cells and that its receptor CXCR3 is expressed in ACTH-producing cells. DC-like S100β-positive cells are a subpopulation of folliculo-stellate cells in the anterior pituitary. In the present study, we examine whether CXCL10/CXCR3 signaling between DC-like S100β-positive cells and ACTH-producing cells mediates inhibition of CRF-activated ACTH-release by IFN-γ, using a CXCR3 antagonist in the primary pituitary cell culture. We found that IFN-γ up-regulated Cxcl10 expression via JAK/STAT signaling and proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) expression, while we reconfirmed that IFN-γ inhibits CRF-stimulated ACTH-release. Next, we used a CXCR3 agonist in primary culture to analyze whether CXCL10 induces Pomc-expression and ACTH-release using a CXCR3 agonist in the primary culture. The CXCR3 agonist significantly stimulated Pomc-expression and inhibited CRF-induced ACTH-release, while ACTH-release in the absence of CRF did not change. Thus, the present study leads us to an assumption that CXCL10/CXCR3 signaling mediates inhibition of the CRF-stimulated ACTH-release by IFN-γ. Our findings bring us to an assumption that CXCL10 from DC-like S100β-positive cells acts as a local modulator of ACTH-release during inflammation.
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