1
|
Duszyc K, von Pein JB, Ramnath D, Currin-Ross D, Verma S, Lim F, Sweet MJ, Schroder K, Yap AS. Apical extrusion prevents apoptosis from activating an acute inflammatory program in epithelia. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2235-2248.e6. [PMID: 37647898 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is traditionally considered to be an immunologically silent form of cell death. Multiple mechanisms exist to ensure that apoptosis does not stimulate the immune system to cause inflammation or autoimmunity. Against this expectation, we now report that epithelia are programmed to provoke, rather than suppress, inflammation in response to apoptosis. We found that an acute inflammatory response led by neutrophils occurs in zebrafish and cell culture when apoptotic epithelial cells cannot be expelled from the monolayer by apical extrusion. This reflects an intrinsic circuit where ATP released from apoptotic cells stimulates epithelial cells in the immediate vicinity to produce interleukin-8 (IL-8). Apical extrusion therefore prevents inappropriate epithelial inflammation by physically eliminating apoptotic cells before they can activate this pro-inflammatory circuit. This carries the implication that epithelia may be predisposed to inflammation, elicited by sporadic or induced apoptosis, if apical extrusion is compromised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Duszyc
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Jessica B von Pein
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Divya Ramnath
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Denni Currin-Ross
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Suzie Verma
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Fayth Lim
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saha S, Müller D, Clark AG. Mechanosensory feedback loops during chronic inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1225677. [PMID: 37492225 PMCID: PMC10365287 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1225677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are crucial to maintaining healthy organization and compartmentalization in various organs and act as a first line of defense against infection in barrier organs such as the skin, lungs and intestine. Disruption or injury to these barriers can lead to infiltration of resident or foreign microbes, initiating local inflammation. One often overlooked aspect of this response is local changes in tissue mechanics during inflammation. In this mini-review, we summarize known molecular mechanisms linking disruption of epithelial barrier function to mechanical changes in epithelial tissues. We consider direct mechanisms, such as changes in the secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM)-modulating enzymes by immune cells as well as indirect mechanisms including local activation of fibroblasts. We discuss how these mechanical changes can modulate local immune cell activity and inflammation and perturb epithelial homeostasis, further dysregulating epithelial barrier function. We propose that this two-way relationship between loss of barrier function and altered tissue mechanics can lead to a positive feedback loop that further perpetuates inflammation. We discuss this cycle in the context of several chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), liver disease and cancer, and we present the modulation of tissue mechanics as a new framework for combating chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarbari Saha
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Center for Personalized Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dafne Müller
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Center for Personalized Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yasmeen N, Selvaraj H, Lakhawat SS, Datta M, Sharma PK, Jain A, Khanna R, Srinivasan J, Kumar V. Possibility of averting cytokine storm in SARS-COV 2 patients using specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115437. [PMID: 36731803 PMCID: PMC9884647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fatal "cytokine storms (CS)" observed in critically ill COVID-19 patients are consequences of dysregulated host immune system and over-exuberant inflammatory response. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-system organ failure, and eventual death are distinctive symptoms, attributed to higher morbidity and mortality rates among these patients. Consequent efforts to save critical COVID-19 patients via the usage of several novel therapeutic options are put in force. Strategically, drugs being used in such patients are dexamethasone, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, etc. along with the approved vaccines. Moreover, it is certain that activation of the resolution process is important for the prevention of chronic diseases. Until recently Inflammation resolution was considered a passive process, rather it's an active biochemical process that can be achieved by the use of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). These endogenous mediators are an array of atypical lipid metabolites that include Resolvins, lipoxins, maresins, protectins, considered as immunoresolvents, but their role in COVID-19 is ambiguous. Recent evidence from studies such as the randomized clinical trial, in which omega 3 fatty acid was used as supplement to resolve inflammation in COVID-19, suggests that direct supplementation of SPMs or the use of synthetic SPM mimetics (which are still being explored) could enhance the process of resolution by regulating the aberrant inflammatory process and can be useful in pain relief and tissue remodeling. Here we discussed the biosynthesis of SPMs, & their mechanistic pathways contributing to inflammation resolution along with sequence of events leading to CS in COVID-19, with a focus on therapeutic potential of SPMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nusrath Yasmeen
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Harikrishnan Selvaraj
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sudarshan S Lakhawat
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manali Datta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pushpender K Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ajay Jain
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rakhi Khanna
- Rajasthan State Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Kota, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Vikram Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sreenivasan PK, Prasad K. Increase in the level of oral neutrophils with gingival inflammation - A population survey. Saudi Dent J 2022; 34:795-801. [PMID: 36570581 PMCID: PMC9767864 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Host responses to oral inflammation include a continuous and substantive response with the influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). PMN, referred to as first responders, migrate rapidly from the circulatory system through the connective tissue to mitigate stimuli and localize in the saliva. This study examined the relationship between the well-established clinical indices of gingivitis and dental plaque and the PMN level. Materials and Methods This study enrolled adults aged 18-75 years, who provided voluntary informed consent. Oral rinse samples were collected from 159 participants to estimate the PMN levels prior to the full-mouth assessment for gingivitis and dental plaque using the respective clinical indices. Results The gingival index and dental plaque index scores were in the range of 0.098-2.71 and 0.73-4.78, respectively. Regardless of the age and gender, higher number of PMN was observed with higher gingival index and dental plaque index scores. Our analyses indicated a significant correlation between the oral PMN level and gingival index with a correlation coefficient of 0.66 (p < 0.0001). Similarly, the correlation between the PMN level and dental plaque index was statistically significant with a correlation coefficient of 0.57 (p < 0.0001). Regression analysis identified a significant relationship between the PMN level and clinical indices (p < 0.0005). Conclusions Increase in the PMN levels with increasing clinical scores (gingival and dental plaque indices) reflect the oral inflammatory burden, irrespective of age or gender. These observations warrant future studies on participants stratified by health status and research directed toward examining the effects of interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem K. Sreenivasan
- HITLAB, 3960 Broadway, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA,Corresponding author at: HITLAB, 3960 Broadway, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - K.V.V.Kakarla Prasad
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Affiliated to SDM University, Dharwad 580009, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nakazawa D, Takeda Y, Kanda M, Tomaru U, Ogawa H, Kudo T, Shiratori‐Aso S, Watanabe‐Kusunoki K, Ueda Y, Miyoshi A, Hattanda F, Nishio S, Uozumi R, Ishizu A, Atsumi T. Transcriptional dynamics of granulocytes in direct response to incubation with SARS-CoV-2. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 13:60-71. [PMID: 36271697 PMCID: PMC9808587 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction, in which the host immune response plays a pivotal role. Excessive neutrophil activation and subsequent superfluity of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can lead to tissue damage, and several studies have shown the involvement of neutrophils in severe COVID-19. However, the detailed responses of each neutrophil subset to SARS-CoV-2 infection has not been fully described. To explore this issue, we incubated normal-density granulocytes (NDGs) and low-density granulocytes (LDGs) with different viral titers of SARS-CoV-2. NDGs form NETs with chromatin fibers in response to SARS-CoV-2, whereas LDGs incubated with SARS-CoV-2 display a distinct morphology with condensed nuclei and moderate transcriptional changes. Based on these transcriptional changes, we suggest that AGO2 possibly plays a role in LDG regulation in response to SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Nakazawa
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Research Center for Global AgromedicineObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineJapan,Department of Veterinary MedicineObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineJapan
| | - Masatoshi Kanda
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologySapporo Medical UniversityJapan
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary MedicineObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineJapan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Satoka Shiratori‐Aso
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Kanako Watanabe‐Kusunoki
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Yusho Ueda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Atsuko Miyoshi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Fumihiko Hattanda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Saori Nishio
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Ryo Uozumi
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion MedicineHokkaido University HospitalSapporoJapan
| | - Akihiro Ishizu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sreenivasan PK, Haraszthy VI. Chlorhexidine Improves Hygiene Reducing Oral Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes with Antimicrobial Effects at Distinct Microenvironments amongst Subjects Stratified by Health Status. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050603. [PMID: 35625248 PMCID: PMC9137765 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral conditions such as gingivitis and oral malodor are commonly reported globally. Objective: This investigation clinically stratified subjects to healthy, malodor and gingivitis groups and enumerated oral polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) as a measure of inflammation prior to and after rinsing with a chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash. The study also assessed clinical outcomes (dental plaque and gingival bleeding indices), malodor (halimeter scores, organoleptic and tongue coat index and microbiological parameters (anaerobic and malodor organisms of dental plaque, tongue surface and saliva) for a comprehensive assessment of the oral inflammatory burden. Methods: Consenting adults were stratified into control (n = 17), gingivitis (n = 19) and halitosis (n = 17) groups based on clinical criteria. At baseline, oral samples were examined for PMN in addition to microbiological analysis of dental plaque, saliva and tongue scrapings for anaerobic and malodor bacteria. Subjects were issued a commercially available fluoride toothpaste and a chlorhexidine mouthwash for two-week use prior to post-treatment assessments identical to baseline. Results: At baseline, PMN were lowest in the control that increased amongst the halitosis subjects, with the gingivitis group registering the highest levels (p < 0.05) with these outcomes corresponding with clinical parameters (p < 0.05). CHX use improved outcomes with a 56−61% reduction in PMN with significant differences between groups (p < 0.05). Dental plaque and bleeding indices were lower by 57−78% with oral malodor, demonstrating reductions of 33−59% (p < 0.05). Significant reductions in anaerobic and malodor organisms ranging from 78−96% and 76−94%, respectively, were noted after CHX use (p < 0.05). Conclusions: At study enrollment, PMN scores were lowest in healthy subjects, with increasing numbers amongst halitosis followed by gingivitis. Amongst all subject groups, CHX use significantly reduced oral PMN and corroborated with corresponding decreases in clinical, malodor and bacterial outcomes. Together, these results demonstrate the significant reductions in the oral inflammatory burden following CHX use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem K. Sreenivasan
- HITLAB, 3960 Broadway, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Violet. I. Haraszthy
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tang Y, Xiao S, Wang Z, Liang Y, Xing Y, Wu J, Lu M. A Prognostic Model for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Based on IL-2/STAT5 Pathway-Related Genes. Front Oncol 2022; 12:785899. [PMID: 35186733 PMCID: PMC8847395 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.785899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prognostic stratification of patients can provide guidance for personalized therapy. Many prognostic models for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been reported, but most have considerable inaccuracies due to contained variables with insufficient capacity of predicting survival and lack of adequate verification. Here, 235 genes strongly related to survival in AML were systematically identified through univariate Cox regression analysis of eight independent AML datasets. Pathway enrichment analysis of these 235 genes revealed that the IL-2/STAT5 signaling pathway was the most highly enriched. Through Cox proportional-hazards regression model and stepwise algorithm, we constructed a six-gene STAT5-associated signature based on the most robustly survival-related genes related to the IL-2/STAT5 signaling pathway. Good prognostic performance was observed in the training cohort (GSE37642-GPL96), and the signature was validated in seven other validation cohorts. As an independent prognostic factor, the STAT5-associated signature was positively correlated with patient age and ELN2017 risk levels. An integrated score based on these three prognostic factors had higher prognostic accuracy than the ELN2017 risk category. Characterization of immune cell infiltration indicated that impaired B-cell adaptive immunity, immunosuppressive effects, serious infection, and weakened anti-inflammatory function tended to accompany high-risk patients. Analysis of in-house clinical samples revealed that the STAT5-assocaited signature risk scores of AML patients were significantly higher than those of healthy people. Five chemotherapeutic drugs that were effective in these high-risk patients were screened in silico. Among the five drugs, MS.275, a known HDAC inhibitor, selectively suppressed the proliferation of cancer cells with high STAT5 phosphorylation levels in vitro. Taken together, the data indicate that the STAT5-associated signature is a reliable prognostic model that can be used to optimize prognostic stratification and guide personalized AML treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yigang Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujun Xiao
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengyuan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfei Xing
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiale Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu L, Zhou Y, Guan Y, Xiao R, Cai J, Chen W, Zheng M, Sun K, Chen C, Huang G, Zhang X, Qian Z, Shen S. Seven Genes Associated With Lymphatic Metastasis in Thyroid Cancer That Is Linked to Tumor Immune Cell Infiltration. Front Oncol 2022; 11:756246. [PMID: 35141140 PMCID: PMC8818997 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.756246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveSince there are few studies exploring genes associated with lymphatic metastasis of thyroid carcinoma (THCA), this study was conducted to explore genes associated with lymphatic metastasis of THCA and to investigate the relationship with immune infiltration.MethodsDifferentially expressed genes associated with THCA lymphatic metastasis were analyzed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) database; a protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed to screen for pivotal genes. Based on the identified hub genes, their expression in THCA with and without lymphatic metastasis were determined. Functional enrichment analysis was performed. The correlation between the identified genes and immune cell infiltration was explored. LASSO logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk score of the most relevant gene constructs and multifactor COX regression analysis based on genes in the risk score formula.ResultsA total of 115 genes were differentially expressed in THCA with and without lymphatic metastasis, including 28 upregulated genes and 87 downregulated genes. The PPI network identified seven hub genes (EVA1A, TIMP1, SERPINA1, FAM20A, FN1, TNC, MXRA8); the expression of all seven genes was upregulated in the group with lymphatic metastasis; Immuno-infiltration analysis showed that all seven genes were significantly positively correlated with macrophage M1 and NK cells and negatively correlated with T-cell CD4+ and myeloid dendritic cells. LASSO logistic regression analysis identified the five most relevant genes (EVA1A, SERPINA1, FN1, TNC, MXRA8), and multi-factor COX regression analysis showed EVA1A, SERPINA1 and FN1 as independent prognostic factors.ConclusionSeven genes were associated with lymphatic metastasis of THCA and with tumor immune cell infiltration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Wu
- Oncology and Hematology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuying Zhou
- Oncology and Hematology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yaoyao Guan
- Oncology and Hematology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rongyao Xiao
- Oncology and Hematology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaohao Cai
- Oncology and Hematology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weike Chen
- Oncology and Hematology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Zheng
- Oncology and Hematology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaiting Sun
- Oncology and Hematology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Oncology and Hematology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guanli Huang
- Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Hongyuan Biotech, Suzhou Biobay, Suzhou, China
- Prophet Genomics Inc, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Ziliang Qian
- Hongyuan Biotech, Suzhou Biobay, Suzhou, China
- Prophet Genomics Inc, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Shurong Shen
- Oncology and Hematology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shurong Shen,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gärtner F, Gihring A, Roth A, Bischof J, Xu P, Elad L, Wabitsch M, Burster T, Knippschild U. Obesity Prolongs the Inflammatory Response in Mice After Severe Trauma and Attenuates the Splenic Response to the Inflammatory Reflex. Front Immunol 2021; 12:745132. [PMID: 34867969 PMCID: PMC8634681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.745132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic traumas with extra-thoracic injuries result in an immediate, complex host response. The immune response requires tight regulation and can be influenced by additional risk factors such as obesity, which is considered a state of chronic inflammation. Utilizing high-dimensional mass and regular flow cytometry, we define key signatures of obesity-related alterations of the immune system during the response to the trauma. In this context, we report a modification in important components of the splenic response to the inflammatory reflex in obese mice. Furthermore, during the response to trauma, obese mice exhibit a prolonged increase of neutrophils and an early accumulation of inflammation associated CCR2+CD62L+Ly6Chi monocytes in the blood, contributing to a persistent inflammatory phase. Moreover, these mice exhibit differences in migration patterns of monocytes to the traumatized lung, resulting in decreased numbers of regenerative macrophages and an impaired M1/M2 switch in traumatized lungs. The findings presented in this study reveal an attenuation of the inflammatory reflex in obese mice, as well as a disturbance of the monocytic compartment contributing to a prolonged inflammation phase resulting in fewer phenotypically regenerative macrophages in the lung of obese mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Gärtner
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adrian Gihring
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aileen Roth
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Leonard Elad
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sreenivasan PK, Haraszthy VI. Increasing oral PMN during experimental gingivitis and its reversal by prophylaxis. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2021; 24:100836. [PMID: 34869937 PMCID: PMC8626565 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation evaluated clinical parameters and the levels of polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN] collected in an oral rinse amongst subjects who refrained from dental hygiene for a period of 12 days. Methods Study enrolled consenting adults and assigned to a non-prophy group [n = 16] and a separate prophy group [n = 27]. Both groups underwent clinical evaluations and sampling for PMN at baseline and on days 3,6,9 and 12 of study initiation. The prophy group underwent supragingival prophylaxis at the conclusion of the no-hygiene phase and recalled for a final clinical evaluation and PMN assessment 1 week later. Results Progressive increases in oral PMN were noted due to abstinence from oral hygiene (p < 0.05). Subjects registered PMN increases ranging from 20% recorded three days following abstinence of hygiene to the highest value of 298% at the 12-day evaluation (p < 0.05). One week after prophylaxis, average PMN scores were 22% lower than baseline (p < 0.05). Abstinence from dental hygiene led to progressive increases in clinical parameters for dental plaque, gingival inflammation and bleeding. Dental plaque, gingival index and gingival bleeding scores recorded increases of 59%, 64% and 126% respectively at the conclusion of the no-hygiene phase. Prophylaxis resulted in marked reductions in all clinical parameters. Conclusions Abstinence from dental hygiene corresponded with increasing scores for dental plaque, gingival inflammation and bleeding in conjunction with increasing oral PMN. These effects were irrespective of age or gender and were reversed by supragingival prophylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem K Sreenivasan
- HITLAB, 3960 Broadway, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Violet I Haraszthy
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abdel-Hamid HM, Rizk HI, Magdy S. Occurrence of pulmonary residuals as one of the sequelae of COVID-19 and it's predictors among moderate and severe cases. Indian J Tuberc 2021; 68:450-456. [PMID: 34752312 PMCID: PMC7857115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Moderate and severe COVID-19 patients typically present with pneumonia. In this study we aimed to detect the occurrence of pulmonary residuals as a late sequela of COVID-19 and to identify it's predictors among moderate and severe cases. Methods This observational prospective study involved 85 COVID-19 patients confirmed by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) nasopharyngeal swab, patients were recruited in the period of 1 st of June to 1 st of July. Demographic and clinical data were obtained for each patient. Chest imaging was performed initially and after 3 weeks to detect post COVID pulmonary residuals. Results The study population included 74 (87.1%) moderate and 11 (12.9%) severe patients. Patients with older age, male gender, high BMI and initial chest CT of consolidation/mixed consolidation and ground glass opacities (GGOs) had more frequent post COVID-19 pulmonary residuals (P 0.003, 0.026, 0.031, 0.035) respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between patients who showed complete resolution and patients who developed pulmonary residuals regarding the lymphocyte count, serum CRP and ferritin levels (P 0.0001). After logistic regression, male gender, high BMI, initial chest CT of consolidation/mixed consolidation and GGOs, lymphocytopenia, high serum CRP and ferritin levels were the predictors of pulmonary residuals. While the age wasn't statistically significant. Conclusion 38.5% of moderate and severe COVID-19 patients tend to have pulmonary residuals. Independent predictors of pulmonary residuals as a sequela of COVID-19 are male gender, high BMI, initial chest CT of consolidation and mixed consolidation/GGOs, lymphocytopenia, high serum CRP and ferritin levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoda M Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Hoda Ibrahim Rizk
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Sally Magdy
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bakirli I, Tomka J, Pis M, Bakirli H, Bakirova G, Osusky M, Gazi A, Bakirov I. Symptomatic Carotid Artery Thrombosis in a Patient Recently Recovered From a COVID-19 Infection. Cureus 2021; 13:e18626. [PMID: 34659924 PMCID: PMC8502242 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was initially discovered in December 2019 in China and rapidly spread all over the world to become a pandemic. The most common symptoms of a disease are fever, cough, generalized body ache, weakness, dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Among vascular complications of COVID-19, the venous thrombotic complications, like pulmonary embolism and lower limb deep veins thrombosis, are not uncommon. But data about arterial thrombotic complications of COVID-19, especially carotid thrombosis, are still limited. We are describing a case of stroke due to thrombosis of the right carotid arteries, in a patient who had recovered from asymptomatic COVID-19. A 66-year-old male with arterial hypertension presented to the emergency department with a history of repeated collapse, dysarthria, weakness in the left extremities, and a drop in the left angle of his mouth (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS]-4). The patient was swabbed for COVID-19 which was negative. A computed tomography angiography (CTA) was obtained which showed thrombosis in the branching point of the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) continuing into the right subclavian artery (SA) and also into the right common carotid artery (CCA), with a subtotal occlusion of the right CCA, extending into the internal carotid artery (ICA) as well. From the apical lung tissue caught during the CT scan, bilateral, irregular widespread ground-glass opacifications, as well as consolidations and small reticular changes were seen in the lungs, which is typical for COVID-19 infection. A quantitative antibody test for COVID-19 infection was performed with the results showing a strong positivity for IgG antibodies, indicating previous COVID-19 infection. The patient was indicated for a standard carotid thrombectomy, which was performed without complications. It seems that one of the important factors that led to the formation of the thrombus in the carotid arteries was COVID-19 infection-induced inflammation in the atherosclerotic carotid vessels and generalized hypercoagulability as well as hyperviscosity. COVID-19 infection is an independent and important risk factor for the formation of an arterial thrombus during the acute illness and in the early post-COVID-19 period also, regardless of the severity of its course. Prophylactic anticoagulation is needed not only at the time of acute illness but also at the early post-COVID-19 time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilkin Bakirli
- Vascular Surgery, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bratislava, SVK.,Vascular Surgery, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, SVK
| | - Jan Tomka
- Vascular Surgery, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bratislava, SVK.,Vascular Surgery, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, SVK
| | - Marian Pis
- Vascular Surgery, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bratislava, SVK.,Vascular Surgery, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, SVK
| | - Hasan Bakirli
- General and Oncology Surgery, Cyril and Methodius University Hospital, Bratislava, SVK.,General and Oncology Surgery, Comenius University, Bratislava, SVK
| | | | - Matej Osusky
- Vascular Surgery, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bratislava, SVK
| | - Andrej Gazi
- Vascular Surgery, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bratislava, SVK
| | - Ifrat Bakirov
- General Surgery, Al Imam Abdulrahman Alfaisal Hospital, Riyadh, SAU
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nomani M, Varahram M, Tabarsi P, Hashemian SM, Jamaati H, Malekmohammad M, Ghazi M, Adcock IM, Mortaz E. Decreased neutrophil-mediated bacterial killing in COVID-19 patients. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13083. [PMID: 35993347 PMCID: PMC8237074 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease COVID-19 was first described in December 2019. The peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients have increased numbers of neutrophils which are important in controlling the bacterial infections observed in COVID-19. We sought to evaluate the cytotoxic capacity of neutrophils in COVID-19 patients. 34 confirmed COVID-19 patients (29 severe, five mild disease), and nine healthy controls were recruited from the Masih Daneshvari Hospital (Tehran, Iran) from March to May 2020. Polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells were isolated from whole blood and incubated with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Bacterial growth was determined by measuring the florescence of co-cultures of bacteria and neutrophils and reported as the lag time before exponential growth. The number of viable bacteria was determined after 70 hours as colony-forming units (CFU). The immunophenotype of tested cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. Isolated neutrophils have higher surface expression of CD16 and CD62L with negative markers for PMN-MDSC. Bacterial growth in the presence of SA (22 ± 0.9 versus 9.2 ± 0.5 h, P < .01) and PA (12.4 ± 0.6 versus 4.5 ± 0.22, P < .01) was significantly reduced in COVID-19 patients. After 70 h incubation of PMN with bacteria (SA and PA), CFUs were significant increased in COVID-19 patients SA (2.6 ± 0.09 × 108 CFU/mL-severe patients and 1.4 ± 0.06 × 108 CFU/mL-mild patients, P < .001) and PA (2.2 ± 0.09 × 109 CFU/mL-severe patients and 1.6 ± 0.03 × 109 CFU/mL-mild patients, P < .001). Gentamycin proliferation assays confirmed the presence of intracellular bacteria. Reduced bacterial killing by neutrophils from COVID-19 patients may be responsible for the high bacterial yield seen in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Nomani
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research CenterNational Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung DiseasesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research CenterNational Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD)Masih Daneshvari HospitalShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research CenterNational Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung DiseasesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Seyed MohammadReza Hashemian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research CenterNational Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD)Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research CenterNational Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD)Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Majid Malekmohammad
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research CenterNational Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD)Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mona Ghazi
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research CenterNational Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung DiseasesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Y, Jin C, Wu CC, Zhao H, Liang T, Liu Z, Jian Z, Li R, Wang Z, Li F, Zhou J, Cai S, Liu Y, Li H, Liang Y, Tian C, Yang J. Organizing pneumonia of COVID-19: Time-dependent evolution and outcome in CT findings. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240347. [PMID: 33175876 PMCID: PMC7657520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As a pandemic, a most-common pattern resembled organizing pneumonia (OP) has been identified by CT findings in novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We aimed to delineate the evolution of CT findings and outcome in OP of COVID-19. Materials and methods 106 COVID-19 patients with OP based on CT findings were retrospectively included and categorized into non-severe (mild/common) and severe (severe/critical) groups. CT features including lobar distribution, presence of ground glass opacities (GGO), consolidation, linear opacities and total severity CT score were evaluated at three time intervals from symptom-onset to CT scan (day 0–7, day 8–14, day > 14). Discharge or adverse outcome (admission to ICU or death), and pulmonary sequelae (complete absorption or lesion residuals) on CT after discharge were analyzed based on the CT features at different time interval. Results 79 (74.5%) patients were non-severe and 103 (97.2%) were discharged at median day 25 (range, day 8–50) after symptom-onset. Of 67 patients with revisit CT at 2–4 weeks after discharge, 20 (29.9%) had complete absorption of lesions at median day 38 (range, day 30–53) after symptom-onset. Significant differences between complete absorption and residuals groups were found in percentages of consolidation (1.5% vs. 13.8%, P = 0.010), number of involved lobe > 3 (40.0% vs. 72.5%, P = 0.030), CT score > 4 (20.0% vs. 65.0%, P = 0.010) at day 8–14. Conclusion Most OP cases had good prognosis. Approximately one-third of cases had complete absorption of lesions during 1–2 months after symptom-onset while those with increased frequency of consolidation, number of involved lobe > 3, and CT score > 4 at week 2 after symptom-onset may indicate lesion residuals on CT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Chao Jin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Carol C. Wu
- Department of Thoracic Imaging, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Huifang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Ting Liang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Zhijie Jian
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Runqing Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Zekun Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Eighth Hospital of Xi’an, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Radiology, The Eighth Hospital of Xi’an, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Xi’an Chest Hospital, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Shubo Cai
- Department of Radiology, Xi’an Chest Hospital, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Yukun Liang
- Department of Radiology, Ankang Center Hospital, Ankang, P.R. China
| | - Cong Tian
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Álvarez Moreno Y, Bú Figueroa J, Bú Figueroa E, Soto Fonseca M, Escober Torres J. Internal carotid artery thrombosis in COVID 19. Colomb Med (Cali) 2020; 51:e504560. [PMID: 33402757 PMCID: PMC7744109 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v51i3.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION 37-year-old female with PCR-RT swab for COVID-19 positive, with neurological manifestation as a result of internal carotid artery occlusion. CLINICAL FINDINGS Nasal congestion and sneezing of 5 days duration; pulsatile headache in the left hemicranium 3 days prior to admission, with intensity 6/10 according to the visual analogue scale, accompanied by phosphenes, photophobia and diplopia; with subsequent developing right hemiparesis over a 26-hour period. TREATMENT AND RESULT She was given medical management with oral antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants (subcutaneous and oral) during his hospitalization, it was not possible to perform thrombolysis and thrombectomy due to the high risk of complications. He was discharged at 14 days, without functional limitation, symmetrical strength in upper and lower limbs, bilateral visual acuity 20/20, denying headache. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The case presented here describes a pattern in how data supporting an association between COVID-19 and stroke in young populations with or without typical vascular risk factors, sometimes with only mild respiratory symptoms, is increasing. Prospective studies are required to further evaluate this association, as well as anticoagulation studies to prevent these potentially life-threatening events.
Collapse
|
16
|
Leppkes M, Knopf J, Naschberger E, Lindemann A, Singh J, Herrmann I, Stürzl M, Staats L, Mahajan A, Schauer C, Kremer AN, Völkl S, Amann K, Evert K, Falkeis C, Wehrfritz A, Rieker RJ, Hartmann A, Kremer AE, Neurath MF, Muñoz LE, Schett G, Herrmann M. Vascular occlusion by neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19. EBioMedicine 2020; 58:102925. [PMID: 32745993 PMCID: PMC7397705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus induced disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be complicated by severe organ damage leading to dysfunction of the lungs and other organs. The processes that trigger organ damage in COVID-19 are incompletely understood. METHODS Samples were donated from hospitalized patients. Sera, plasma, and autopsy-derived tissue sections were examined employing flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and immunohistochemistry. PATIENT FINDINGS Here, we show that severe COVID-19 is characterized by a highly pronounced formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) inside the micro-vessels. Intravascular aggregation of NETs leads to rapid occlusion of the affected vessels, disturbed microcirculation, and organ damage. In severe COVID-19, neutrophil granulocytes are strongly activated and adopt a so-called low-density phenotype, prone to spontaneously form NETs. In accordance, markers indicating NET turnover are consistently increased in COVID-19 and linked to disease severity. Histopathology of the lungs and other organs from COVID-19 patients showed congestions of numerous micro-vessels by aggregated NETs associated with endothelial damage. INTERPRETATION These data suggest that organ dysfunction in severe COVID-19 is associated with excessive NET formation and vascular damage. FUNDING Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), EU, Volkswagen-Stiftung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Leppkes
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Naschberger
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Translational Research Center, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aylin Lindemann
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jeeshan Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Irmgard Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Stürzl
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Translational Research Center, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Léonie Staats
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aparna Mahajan
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anita N Kremer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Völkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katja Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Wehrfritz
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf J Rieker
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis E Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tang L, Wang Z, Mu Q, Yu Z, Jacobson O, Li L, Yang W, Huang C, Kang F, Fan W, Ma Y, Wang M, Zhou Z, Chen X. Targeting Neutrophils for Enhanced Cancer Theranostics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002739. [PMID: 32656801 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Improving tumor accumulation and delivery efficiency is an important goal of nanomedicine. Neutrophils play a vital role in both chemically mediating inflammatory response through myeloperoxidase (MPO) and biologically promoting metastasis during inflammation triggered by the primary tumor or environmental stimuli. Herein, a novel theranostic nanomedicine that targets both the chemical and biological functions of neutrophils in tumor is designed, facilitating the enhanced retention and sustained release of drug cargos for improved cancer theranostics. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is equipped onto nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with photosensitizers and Zileuton (a leukotriene inhibitor) to obtain MPO and neutrophil targeting NPs, denoted as HZ-5 NPs. The MPO targeting property of 5-HT modified NPs is confirmed by noninvasive positron emission tomography imaging studies. Furthermore, photodynamic therapy is used to initiate the inflammatory response which further mediated the accumulation and retention of neutrophil targeting NPs in a breast cancer model. This design renders a greatly improved theranostic nanomedicine for efficient tumor suppression, and more importantly, inhibition of neutrophil-mediated lung metastasis via the sustained release of Zileuton. This work presents a novel strategy of targeting neutrophils for improved tumor theranostics, which may open up new avenues in designing nanomedicine through exploiting the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longguang Tang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Maoming, 525200, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhantong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Qingchun Mu
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Maoming, 525200, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Weijing Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chunming Huang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Maoming, 525200, China
| | - Fei Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wenpei Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ying Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maosheng Wang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Maoming, 525200, China
| | - Zijian Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang L, Jiménez JA, Earley AM, Hamlin V, Kwon V, Dixon CT, Shiau CE. Drainage of inflammatory macromolecules from the brain to periphery targets the liver for macrophage infiltration. eLife 2020; 9:58191. [PMID: 32735214 PMCID: PMC7434444 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many brain pathologies are associated with liver damage, but a direct link has long remained elusive. Here, we establish a new paradigm for interrogating brain-periphery interactions by leveraging zebrafish for its unparalleled access to the intact whole animal for in vivo analysis in real time after triggering focal brain inflammation. Using traceable lipopolysaccharides (LPS), we reveal that drainage of these inflammatory macromolecules from the brain led to a strikingly robust peripheral infiltration of macrophages into the liver independent of Kupffer cells. We further demonstrate that this macrophage recruitment requires signaling from the cytokine IL-34 and Toll-like receptor adaptor MyD88, and occurs in coordination with neutrophils. These results highlight the possibility for circulation of brain-derived substances to serve as a rapid mode of communication from brain to the liver. Understanding how the brain engages the periphery at times of danger may offer new perspectives for detecting and treating brain pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Jessica A Jiménez
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Alison M Earley
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Victoria Hamlin
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Victoria Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Cameron T Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Celia E Shiau
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Khoury W, Glogauer J, Tenenbaum HC, Glogauer M. Oral inflammatory load: Neutrophils as oral health biomarkers. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:594-601. [PMID: 32372438 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases present a significant challenge to our healthcare system in terms of morbidity from the disease itself as well as their putative and deleterious effects on systemic health. The current method of diagnosing periodontal disease utilizes clinical criteria solely. These are imprecise and are somewhat invasive. There is thus significant benefit to creating a non-invasive test as a method of screening for and monitoring of periodontal diseases, and, in particular, chronic periodontitis. Oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil (oPMN) counts have been found to correlate with extent of oral inflammation and the presence and severity of periodontal diseases. Potentially then, quantification of oPMNs might be used to identify and measure the severity of oral inflammation (oral inflammatory load; OIL) in subjects with healthy and inflamed periodontal tissues, demonstrating a positive correlation between higher oPMN counts and the extent/severity of OIL. These findings support the development and utilization of a non-invasive chair-side test enabling rapid, accurate, and objective screening of OIL based on measurement of oPMN numbers (similar to white blood cell levels in blood as used in medicine for assessment of infection). The use of such a test before, during, and after treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis could lead to improvements in timing of intervention (ie, when inflammation is active) thereby reducing long-term morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Khoury
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Judah Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Howard C Tenenbaum
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Dental Oncology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Metzemaekers M, Vandendriessche S, Berghmans N, Gouwy M, Proost P. Truncation of CXCL8 to CXCL8(9-77) enhances actin polymerization and in vivo migration of neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:1167-1173. [PMID: 32272490 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0220-470r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL8 is the principal human neutrophil-attracting chemokine and a major mediator of inflammation. The chemokine exerts its neutrophil-chemotactic and neutrophil-activating activities via interaction with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and activation of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) CXCR1 and CXCR2. Natural CXCL8 displays an exceptional degree of amino (NH2 )-terminal heterogeneity. Most CXCL8 forms result from proteolytic processing of authentic CXCL8(1-77). Here, we compared the potencies to activate and recruit neutrophils of the 3 most abundant natural CXCL8 forms: full-length 77 amino acid CXCL8 and the 2 major natural truncated forms lacking 5 or 8 NH2 -terminal amino acids. NH2 -terminal truncation hardly affected the capacity of CXCL8 to induce shedding of CD62L or to up-regulate the expression of the adhesion molecules CD11a, CD11b, or CD15 on human neutrophils. In addition, the potency of CXCL8 to induce neutrophil degranulation and its effect on phagocytosis remained unaltered upon removal of 5 or 8 NH2 -terminal residues. However, NH2 -terminal truncation strongly potentiated CXCL8-induced actin polymerization. CXCL8(6-77) and CXCL8(9-77) showed a comparable capacity to induce Ca2+ signaling in human neutrophils and to direct in vitro neutrophil migration. Strikingly, the ability of CXCL8(9-77) to recruit neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity of mice was significantly enhanced compared to CXCL8(6-77). These results suggest that NH2 -terminal truncation influences specific biological activities of CXCL8 and indicate that CXCL8(9-77) may be the most potent neutrophil-attracting CXCL8 form in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Vandendriessche
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Neubert E, Meyer D, Kruss S, Erpenbeck L. The power from within - understanding the driving forces of neutrophil extracellular trap formation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/5/jcs241075. [PMID: 32156720 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are one of the most intriguing discoveries in immunological research of the past few years. After their first description in 2004, the number of research articles on how NETs affect immunodefense, and also how they contribute to an ever-growing number of diseases, has skyrocketed. However, tempting as it may seem to plunge into pharmaceutical approaches to tamper with NET formation, our understanding of this complex process is still incomplete. Important concepts such as the context-dependent dual functions of NETs, in that they are both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory, or the major intra- and extracellular forces driving NET formation, are only emerging. In this Review, we summarize key aspects of our current understanding of NET formation (also termed NETosis), emphasize biophysical aspects and focus on three key principles - rearrangement and destabilization of the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton, alterations and disassembly of the nuclear envelope, and chromatin decondensation as a driving force of intracellular reorganization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Neubert
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Göttingen University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luise Erpenbeck
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Göttingen University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Monticolo F, Palomba E, Termolino P, Chiaiese P, de Alteriis E, Mazzoleni S, Chiusano ML. The Role of DNA in the Extracellular Environment: A Focus on NETs, RETs and Biofilms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:589837. [PMID: 33424885 PMCID: PMC7793654 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.589837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to actively release genetic material into the extracellular environment has been reported for bacteria, archaea, fungi, and in general, for microbial communities, but it is also described in the context of multicellular organisms, animals and plants. This material is often present in matrices that locate outside the cells. Extracellular matrices have important roles in defense response and disease in microbes, animal and plants cells, appearing as barrier against pathogen invasion or for their recognition. Specifically, neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs) in animals and root extracellular traps (RETs) in plants, are recognized to be important players in immunity. A growing amount of evidence revealed that the extracellular DNA, in these contexts, plays an active role in the defense action. Moreover, the protective role of extracellular DNA against antimicrobials and mechanical stress also appears to be confirmed in bacterial biofilms. In parallel, recent efforts highlighted different roles of self (homologous) and non-self (heterologous) extracellular DNA, paving the way to discussions on its role as a "Damage-associated molecular pattern" (DAMP). We here provide an evolutionary overview on extracellular DNA in extracellular matrices like RETs, NETs, and microbial biofilms, discussing on its roles and inferring on possible novel functionalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Monticolo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Emanuela Palomba
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Termolino
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
| | - Pasquale Chiaiese
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Luisa Chiusano,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sreenivasan PK, Prasad KVV. Effects of a chlorhexidine mouthwash on clinical parameters of gingivitis, dental plaque and oral polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN]. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 19:100473. [PMID: 32760847 PMCID: PMC7393452 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological features of oral inflammation include infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN], however studies have not examined the effects of interventions mitigating inflammation on oral PMN. Methods: This double-blind clinical study examined the effects of rinsing with mouthwashes formulated with chlorhexidine [CHX], an ingredient widely utilized in the dental clinic in comparison to a control on oral PMN representing a novel measure of inflammation. A concurrent evaluation of dental plaque and gingival inflammation using widely accepted clinical indices was included in the study. The study enrolled adult subjects providing informed consent, met study criteria and registered gingival index scores of 1.0 or more at the screening visit. Subjects [n = 90; age range 19–58 years] completed a washout phase prior to baseline evaluations for PMN and clinical assessments for dental plaque and gingivitis. Treatments [CHX or a control mouthwash] were randomly assigned to subjects for twice-daily use for the next two weeks. Post-treatment evaluations similar to baseline were conducted after one and two week use of assigned treatment. Results: At baseline, no statistically significant differences between treatment groups for PMN or clinical indices for dental plaque or gingivitis were noted. Rinsing with CHX demonstrated significant reductions for PMN and dental plaque, gingivitis in comparison to the control group. After one and two week use of CHX, PMN demonstrated a 35.9% and 54.9% reduction respectively in comparison to the control group representing significant differences [p < 0.05]. At the one and two week post-treatment evaluations, rinsing with CHX demonstrated 15% and 25% reductions in gingivitis respectively and were significantly different from the control [p < 0.05]. Rinsing with CHX also demonstrated significant reductions in dental plaque of 15% and 19% at the one and two-week post-treatment evaluations respectively in comparison to the control [p < 0.05]. The CHX group also demonstrated reductions in interproximal scores and registered the lowest frequency of gingival index or dental plaque scores on all oral surfaces. Conclusions: Results outline an objective approach to evaluate oral inflammation demonstrating a large and sustained reduction in oral PMN by CHX with these outcomes numerically higher than a clinical index evaluating gingivitis. Enumeration of oral polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN] estimates the oral inflammatory burden. Rinsing with chlorhexidine demonstrated progressive PMN reductions corroborating gingivitis and dental plaque evaluations. Rapid PMN assessment provides objective assessment of treatment effects applicable for dental chair-side setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem K Sreenivasan
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Colgate-Palmolive, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Kakarla V V Prasad
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, SDM Dental College and Hospital, Dharwad, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Over the past few decades, thanks to the use of new technologies, the spectrum of functional capabilities of neutrophil granulocytes has been significantly expanded. Their effector potential with respect to infectious agents, including phagocytosis, the production of active forms of oxygen and nitrogen, degranulation with the release of numerous enzymes and antimicrobial peptides, and the formation of extracellular traps were studied in detail. However, it has been found that many of the factors that neutrophils use to directly destroy pathogens have a regulating effect on other cells of the immune system and the neutrophils themselves. In addition, upon activation, neutrophils are capable of synthesizing a number of de novo biologically active molecules. Traditionally considered as inducers of an inflammatory reaction, neutrophils demonstrate the ability to simultaneously incorporate mechanisms that contribute to limiting and resolving inflammation. Ambivalent both helper and suppressor effects of neutrophils on cells of congenital and adaptive immunity testifies to their important immunoregulatory role both in homeostasis and various types of pathology, particularly in the development of malignant tumors.
Collapse
|
25
|
Xiang L, Gilkes DM. The Contribution of the Immune System in Bone Metastasis Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040999. [PMID: 30823602 PMCID: PMC6412551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is associated with significant morbidity for cancer patients and results in a reduced quality of life. The bone marrow is a fertile soil containing a complex composition of immune cells that may actually provide an immune-privileged niche for disseminated tumor cells to colonize and proliferate. In this unique immune milieu, multiple immune cells including T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and neutrophils are involved in the process of bone metastasis. In this review, we will discuss the crosstalk between immune cells in bone microenvironment and their involvement with cancer cell metastasis to the bone. Furthermore, we will highlight the anti-tumoral and pro-tumoral function of each immune cell type that contributes to bone metastasis. We will end with a discussion of current therapeutic strategies aimed at sensitizing immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Daniele M Gilkes
- Breast & Ovarian Cancer Program, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Torrealba D, More-Bayona JA, Wakaruk J, Barreda DR. Innate Immunity Provides Biomarkers of Health for Teleosts Exposed to Nanoparticles. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3074. [PMID: 30687312 PMCID: PMC6335578 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the unique properties of nanoparticles have fostered novel applications in various fields such as biology, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and others. Unfortunately, their rapid integration into daily life has also led to environmental concerns due to uncontrolled release of nanoparticles into the aquatic environment. Despite increasing awareness of nanoparticle bioaccumulation in the aquatic environment, much remains to be learned about their impact on aquatic organisms and how to best monitor these effects. Herein, we provide the first review of innate immunity as an emerging tool to assess the health of fish following nanoparticle exposure. Fish are widely used as sentinels for aquatic ecosystem pollution and innate immune parameters offer sensitive and reliable tools that can be harnessed for evaluation of contamination events. The most frequent biomarkers highlighted in literature to date include, but are not limited to, parameters associated with leukocyte dynamics, oxidative stress, and cytokine production. Taken together, innate immunity offers finite and sensitive biomarkers for assessment of the impact of nanoparticles on fish health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Torrealba
- Immunology and Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Juan A. More-Bayona
- Immunology and Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jeremy Wakaruk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Barreda
- Immunology and Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|