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Petrov MS. Fatty change of the pancreas: the Pandora's box of pancreatology. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 8:671-682. [PMID: 37094599 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(23)00064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of common diseases of the pancreas or interception of their progression is as attractive in theory as it is elusive in practice. The fundamental challenge has been an incomplete understanding of targets coupled with a multitude of intertwined factors that are associated with the development of pancreatic diseases. Evidence over the past decade has shown unique morphological features, distinctive biomarkers, and complex relationships of intrapancreatic fat deposition. Fatty change of the pancreas has also been shown to affect at least 16% of the global population. This knowledge has solidified the pivotal role of fatty change of the pancreas in acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and diabetes. The pancreatic diseases originating from intrapancreatic fat (PANDORA) hypothesis advanced in this Personal View cuts across traditional disciplinary boundaries with a view to tackling these diseases. New holistic understanding of pancreatic diseases is well positioned to propel pancreatology through lasting research breakthroughs and clinical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim S Petrov
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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2
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Leiu KH, Poppitt SD, Miles-Chan JL, Sequeira IR. Fatty Pancreas and Cardiometabolic Risk: Response of Ectopic Fat to Lifestyle and Surgical Interventions. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224873. [PMID: 36432559 PMCID: PMC9693202 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic fat accumulation in non-adipose organs, such as the pancreas and liver, is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. While clinical trials have focused on interventions to decrease body weight and liver fat, ameliorating pancreatic fat can be crucial but successful intervention strategies are not yet defined. We identified twenty-two published studies which quantified pancreatic fat during dietary, physical activity, and/or bariatric surgery interventions targeted at body weight and adipose mass loss alongside their subsequent effect on metabolic outcomes. Thirteen studies reported a significant decrease in body weight, utilising weight-loss diets (n = 2), very low-energy diets (VLED) (n = 2), isocaloric diets (n = 1), a combination of diet and physical activity (n = 2), and bariatric surgery (n = 5) including a comparison with VLED (n = 1). Surgical intervention achieved the largest decrease in pancreatic fat (range: -18.2% to -67.2%) vs. a combination of weight-loss diets, isocaloric diets, and/or VLED (range: -10.2% to -42.3%) vs. diet and physical activity combined (range: -0.6% to -3.9%), with a concurrent decrease in metabolic outcomes. While surgical intervention purportedly is the most effective strategy to decrease pancreas fat content and improve cardiometabolic health, the procedure is invasive and may not be accessible to most individuals. Given that dietary intervention is the cornerstone for the prevention of adverse metabolic health, the alternative approaches appear to be the use of weight-loss diets or VLED meal replacements, which are shown to decrease pancreatic fat and associated cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Hong Leiu
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand
- High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Sally D. Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand
- High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Riddet Centre of Research Excellence (CoRE) for Food and Nutrition, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L. Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand
- High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Riddet Centre of Research Excellence (CoRE) for Food and Nutrition, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ivana R. Sequeira
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand
- High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-09-6301162
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3
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Fatty Pancreas-Centered Metabolic Basis of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: From Obesity, Diabetes and Pancreatitis to Oncogenesis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030692. [PMID: 35327494 PMCID: PMC8945032 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest types of cancer, and it is currently the third most common cause of cancer death in the U.S.A. Progress in the fight against PDAC has been hampered by an inability to detect it early in the overwhelming majority of patients, and also by the reduced oxygen levels and nutrient perfusion caused by new matrix formation through the activation of stromal cells in the context of desmoplasia. One harbinger of PDAC is excess intrapancreatic fat deposition, namely, fatty pancreas, which specifically affects the tumor macro- and microenvironment in the organ. Over half of PDAC patients have diabetes mellitus (DM) at the time of diagnosis, and fatty pancreas is associated with subsequent DM development. Moreover, there is a strong association between fatty pancreas and fatty liver through obesity, and a higher intrapancreatic fat percentage has been noted in acute pancreatitis patients with DM than in those without DM. All these findings suggest that the link between fatty pancreas and PDAC might occur through metabolic alterations, either DM-related or non-DM-related. Based on clinical, in vivo and in vitro evidence, the current review highlights the etiologies of fatty pancreas (including fatty infiltration and replacement) and the fatty pancreas-associated metabolic alterations involved in oncogenesis to provide crucial targets to prevent, detect, and/or effectively treat PDAC.
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Wagner R, Eckstein SS, Yamazaki H, Gerst F, Machann J, Jaghutriz BA, Schürmann A, Solimena M, Singer S, Königsrainer A, Birkenfeld AL, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Ullrich S, Heni M. Metabolic implications of pancreatic fat accumulation. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:43-54. [PMID: 34671102 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fat accumulation outside subcutaneous adipose tissue often has unfavourable effects on systemic metabolism. In addition to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which has received considerable attention, pancreatic fat has become an important area of research throughout the past 10 years. While a number of diagnostic approaches are available to quantify pancreatic fat, multi-echo Dixon MRI is currently the most developed method. Initial studies have shown associations between pancreatic fat and the metabolic syndrome, impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic fat is linked to reduced insulin secretion, at least under specific circumstances such as prediabetes, low BMI and increased genetic risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This Review summarizes the possible causes and metabolic consequences of pancreatic fat accumulation. In addition, potential therapeutic approaches for addressing pancreatic fat accumulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wagner
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabine S Eckstein
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hajime Yamazaki
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Community Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Felicia Gerst
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Section of Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Assad Jaghutriz
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michele Solimena
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Molecular Diabetology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Singer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Ullrich
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Kondoh D, Nakamura T, Tsuji E, Hosotani M, Ichii O, Irie T, Mishima T, Nagasaki KI, Kon Y. Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) with a high prevalence of hydrocephalus without clinical symptoms. Neuropathology 2021; 42:16-27. [PMID: 34957592 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a condition in which the ventricle is enlarged without elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and it generally develops in later life and progresses slowly. A complete animal model that mimics human idiopathic NPH has not yet been established, and the onset mechanisms and detailed pathomechanisms of NPH are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate a high spontaneous prevalence (34.6%) of hydrocephalus without clinical symptoms in inbred cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). In all 46 hydrocephalic cotton rats, the severity was mild or moderate and not severe. The dilation was limited to the lateral ventricles, and none of the hemorrhage, ventriculitis, meningitis, or tumor formation was found in hydrocephalic cotton rats. These findings indicate that the type of hydrocephalus in cotton rats is similar to that of communicating idiopathic NPH. Histopathological examinations revealed that the inner granular and pyramidal layers (layers IV and V) of the neocortex became thinner in hydrocephalic brains. A small number of pyramidal cells were positive for Fluoro-Jade C (a degenerating neuron marker) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)-immunoreactive microglia were in contact with the degenerating neurons in the hydrocephalic neocortex, suggesting that hydrocephalic cotton rats are more or less impaired projections from the neocortex. This study highlights cotton rats as a candidate for novel models to elucidate the pathomechanism of idiopathic NPH. Additionally, cotton rats have some noticeable systemic pathological phenotypes, such as chronic kidney disease and metabolic disorders. Thus, this model might also be useful for researching the comorbidities of NPH to other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kondoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Japan
| | - Erika Tsuji
- Department of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Japan
| | - Marina Hosotani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takao Irie
- Medical Zoology Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Mishima
- Department of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nagasaki
- Department of Biological Safety Research, Tama Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Tama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Morita A, Ouchi M, Satoh K, Kobayashi S, Terada M, Wakashin H, Kon H, Hayashi K, Anzai N, Shimizu A, Sugihara H, Oba K, Fujita T. The Effects of Trypsin Inhibitor on Insulin Secretion Using Rat Pancreas in an Organ Bath. In Vivo 2021; 35:2551-2558. [PMID: 34410942 PMCID: PMC8408692 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM We developed an experimental method to reproduce insulin secretion from isolated rat pancreas preparations using an organ bath system. However, secretion of trypsin, another pancreatic enzyme, interferes with insulin production in such systems. We aimed to ascertain the minimum trypsin inhibitor (TI), dose for obtaining a sustained, stable rate of insulin secretion. MATERIALS AND METHODS The action of TI (1-10 μg/ml) on pancreatic preparations of male Wistar-Imamichi rats in organ bath experiments was assessed by measuring insulin, amylase, and trypsin activity. RESULTS The level of insulin outflow remained steady in the TI-treated samples, in contrast to that in the untreated control, where insulin secretion decreased over time. The level of amylase outflow did not change significantly. Trypsin activity was significantly lower in the TI-treated samples than in the control. CONCLUSION Even low concentrations of TI can maintain insulin secretion by inhibiting trypsin activity in organ bath experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Morita
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Motoshi Ouchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan;
| | - Keitaro Satoh
- Department of Pharmacology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misao Terada
- Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Wakashin
- Department of Regulatory Physiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroe Kon
- Research Center for Laboratory Animals, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Keitaro Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugihara
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Oba
- Kawaguchi Sakura Clinic, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoe Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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Comparison of Ovarian Morphology and Follicular Disturbances between Two Inbred Strains of Cotton Rats ( Sigmodon hispidus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061768. [PMID: 34204816 PMCID: PMC8231567 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multi-oocyte follicles have been reported in several mammals, especially in rabbits and hamsters, although their significance remains unclear. The present study compared ovarian histology, focusing on folliculogenesis, between two inbred cotton rat strains maintained at Hokkaido Institute of Public Health and the University of Miyazaki. Abundant multi-oocyte follicles and double-nucleated oocytes were observed in the Hokkaido strain, whereas Miyazaki had fewer multi-oocyte follicles and lacked double-nucleated oocytes. These findings indicate that early folliculogenesis events such as oocyte nest breakdown and oocyte vitality, rather than proliferation and cell death in each oocyte, affect the unique ovarian phenotypes found in cotton rats, including multi-oocyte follicles or double-nucleated oocytes, and their differences between strains. Therefore, these results can clarify mammalian folliculogenesis and its abnormal processes. Abstract Most mammalian ovarian follicles contain only a single oocyte having a single nucleus. However, two or more oocytes and nuclei are observed within one follicle and one oocyte, respectively, in several species, including cotton rat (CR, Sigmodon hispidus). The present study compared ovarian histology, focusing on folliculogenesis, between two inbred CR strains, HIS/Hiph and HIS/Mz. At 4 weeks of age, ovarian sections from both the strains were analyzed histologically. Multi-oocyte follicles (MOFs) and double-nucleated oocytes (DNOs) were observed in all stages of developing follicles in HIS/Hiph, whereas HIS/Mz had MOFs up to secondary stages and lacked DNOs. The estimated total follicles in HIS/Mz were almost half that of HIS/Hiph, but interstitial cells were well developed in HIS/Mz. Furthermore, immunostaining revealed no clear strain differences in the appearance of oocytes positive for Ki67, PCNA, and p63 in MOF or DNOs; no cell death was observed in these oocytes. Ultrastructural analysis revealed more abundant mitochondrial clouds in oocytes of HIS/Hiph than HIS/Mz. Thus, we clarified the strain differences in the CR ovary. These findings indicate that early events during folliculogenesis affect the unique ovarian phenotypes found in CRs, including MOFs or DNOs, and their strain differences.
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Hosotani M, Nakamura T, Ichii O, Irie T, Sunden Y, Elewa YHA, Watanabe T, Ueda H, Mishima T, Kon Y. Unique histological features of the tail skin of cotton rat ( Sigmodon hispidus) related to caudal autotomy. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio.058230. [PMID: 33563609 PMCID: PMC7904004 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caudal autotomy in rodents is an evolutionarily acquired phenomenon enabling escape from predators, by discarding the tail skin after traumatic injuries. The histological mechanisms underlying caudal autotomy seem to differ among species. Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus), which are important laboratory rodents for human infectious diseases, possess a fragile tail. In this study, we compared the tail histology of cotton rats with that of laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus), which have no fragility on their tail, to elucidate the process of rodent caudal autotomy. First, the cotton rats developed a false autotomy characterized by loss of the tail sheath with the caudal vertebrae remaining without tail regeneration. Second, we found the fracture plane was continuous from the interscale of the tail epidermis to the dermis, which was lined with an alignment of E-cadherin+ cells. Third, we found an obvious cleavage plane between the dermis and subjacent tissues of the cotton-rat tail, where the subcutis was composed of looser, finer, and fragmented collagen fibers compared with those of the rat. Additionally, the cotton-rat tail was easily torn, with minimum bleeding. The median coccygeal artery of the cotton rat had a thick smooth muscle layer, and its lumen was filled with the peeled intima with fibrin coagulation, which might be associated with reduced bleeding following caudal autotomy. Taken together, we reveal the unique histological features of the tail relating to the caudal autotomy process in the cotton rat, and provide novel insights to help clarify the rodent caudal autotomy mechanism. Summary: The unique histological structures in derimis, subcutis and coccygeal artery of the tail skin are related to the caudal autotomy mechanism in the cotton rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Hosotani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan .,Department of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takao Irie
- Medical Zoology Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Sunden
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Takafumi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ueda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Mishima
- Department of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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9
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Chuluunbaatar T, Ichii O, Nakamura T, Irie T, Namba T, Islam MR, Otani Y, Masum MA, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Elewa YHA, Kon Y. Unique Running Pattern and Mucosal Morphology Found in the Colon of Cotton Rats. Front Physiol 2020; 11:587214. [PMID: 33192600 PMCID: PMC7649294 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.587214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton rats are one of the experimental rodents used for testing different infectious and non-infectious diseases, including gastrointestinal tract pathology. However, their intestinal morphological characteristics are still poorly understood. Here, we clarified the anatomical and histological characteristics of the cecum and ascending colon (AC) of young (1–3-month old), adult (4–6-month old), and old (10–12-month old) cotton rats. The large intestine (LI) in cotton rats is composed of the cecum, AC, transverse and descending colons, and rectum, and is similar to that of other mammals. The AC begins with a double or triple spiral loop-like flexure (SLLF) and ends with a coupled horseshoe-like flexure (HSLF). A single longitudinal mucosal fold (SLMF) was found at the beginning of the AC along the mesentery line and developed with age. Furthermore, the SLMF contained several lymphatic nodules (LNs), indicating their role in digestive and immunological functions. Small and large protuberant LNs were found in the cecum and SLLF, respectively, whereas thin and flat LNs were observed in the HSLF and transverse colon, respectively. Regarding sex-related differences, adult females had a significantly longer AC with a higher number of SLLFs compared to males. The SLMF length and LN number were also longer and higher, respectively, in adult females compared to adult males. These are crucial findings, indicating the presence of sex-related differences in the morphology of the LI in cotton rats, and ours is the first study to discover a sex difference in the mammalian LI lining. Our study clarified the unique morphology of the LI in cotton rats, which could serve as the principal model for elucidating species-specific digestive tract functions and gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsolmon Chuluunbaatar
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Basic Science of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Japan
| | - Takao Irie
- Medical Zoology Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Namba
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Md Rashedul Islam
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yuki Otani
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Md Abdul Masum
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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10
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Shah N, Rocha JP, Bhutiani N, Endashaw O. Nonalcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2020; 34 Suppl 1:S49-S56. [PMID: 31535735 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD) describes a phenotype of pancreatic steatosis (PS) that is not caused by alcohol consumption, viral infections, toxins, or congenital metabolic syndromes but is associated with insulin resistance, malnutrition, obesity, metabolic syndrome, or increasing age. NAFPD is a relatively new disease entity, as the clinical significance of fatty infiltration of pancreas has gained attention recently. Clinical consequences of NAFPD remain largely unknown despite clinical associations. This review aims to study similarities and differences between hepatic and PS and explore recent advances in NAFPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jason P Rocha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Neal Bhutiani
- Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Omer Endashaw
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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11
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Ichii O, Nakamura T, Irie T, Otani Y, Hosotani M, Masum MA, Islam RM, Horino T, Sunden Y, Elewa YHA, Kon Y. Age-related glomerular lesions with albuminuria in male cotton rats. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 153:27-36. [PMID: 31628544 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-019-01824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of aging-related chronic kidney disease (CKD) among humans is a problem worldwide. Aged cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) are considered novel model animals for studying CKD, especially as the females develop severe tubulointerstitial lesions with anemia. To investigate the renal pathologic features in aged male cotton rats and their characteristic glomerular injuries, the animals were divided into young, adult, old-aged, and advanced-aged groups (1-4, 5-8, 9-12, and 13-17 months, respectively) and pathologically analyzed. Anemia and renal dysfunction, as indicated by hematologic and serologic parameters, were significantly milder in the advanced-aged males than in the old-aged females. The males had increased urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratios from the old-age period, with the advanced-aged males having significantly higher levels than those in the old-aged females and young males. The old-aged females did not show clear glomerular injuries, whereas the advanced-aged males showed membranous lesions characterized by irregular and thickened glomerular basement membranes (GBMs). Characteristically, several large-sized projections from the GBM toward the podocytes were observed by microscopy, and podocytes covering these projections effaced their foot processes. The advanced-aged males showed aging-related IgG immune-complex depositions in the paramesangial regions and along the GBM. Furthermore, the positive reaction for podocin (a podocyte molecule) was granulated along the GBM. Thus, we clarified the albuminuria associated with altered glomerular structures in advanced-aged cotton rats, and that these phenotypes were closely associated with aging. These data help to clarify the aging-related pathogenesis of glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan.,Section of Biological Science, Food Research Laboratories Chitose Laboratory, Japan, Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takao Irie
- Medical Zoology Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuki Otani
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Marina Hosotani
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan.,Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Md Abdul Masum
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Rashedul Md Islam
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Taro Horino
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yuji Sunden
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
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