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Zhang L, Padilla‐Flores T, Hernández VS, Zetter MA, Campos‐Lira E, Escobar LI, Millar RP, Eiden LE. Vasopressin acts as a synapse organizer in limbic regions by boosting PSD95 and GluA1 expression. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13164. [PMID: 35666232 PMCID: PMC9787762 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (AVP)-containing magnocellular neurosecretory neurons (AVPMNN) emit collaterals to synaptically innervate limbic regions influencing learning, motivational behaviour, and fear responses. Here, we characterize the dynamics of expression changes of two key determinants for synaptic strength, the postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins AMPAR subunit GluA1 and PSD scaffolding protein 95 (PSD95), in response to in vivo manipulations of AVPMNN neuronal activation state, or exposure to exogenous AVP ex vivo. Both long-term water deprivation in vivo, which powerfully upregulates AVPMNN metabolic activity, and exogenous AVP application ex vivo, in brain slices, significantly increased GluA1 and PSD95 expression as measured by western blotting, in brain regions reportedly receiving direct ascending innervations from AVPMNN (i.e., ventral hippocampus, amygdala and lateral habenula). By contrast, the visual cortex, a region not observed to receive AVPMNN projections, showed no such changes. Ex vivo application of V1a and V1b antagonists to ventral hippocampal slices ablated the AVP stimulated increase in postsynaptic protein expression measured by western blotting. Using a modified expansion microscopy technique, we were able to quantitatively assess the significant augmentation of PSD95 and GLUA1 densities in subcellular compartments in locus coeruleus tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive fibres, adjacent to AVP axon terminals. Our data strongly suggest that the AVPMNN ascending system plays a role in the regulation of the excitability of targeted neuronal circuits through upregulation of key postsynaptic density proteins corresponding to excitatory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Teresa Padilla‐Flores
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Vito S. Hernández
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Mario A. Zetter
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Elba Campos‐Lira
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Laura I. Escobar
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Robert P. Millar
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of ImmunologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular NeuroscienceNIMH‐IRP, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
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Arakawa H, Higuchi Y. Exocrine scent marking: Coordinative role of arginine vasopressin in the systemic regulation of social signaling behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 136:104597. [PMID: 35248677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neurohypophysial hormone that coordinatively regulates central socio-emotional behavior and peripheral control of antidiuretic fluid homeostasis. Most mammals, including rodents, utilize exocrine or urine-contained scent marking as a social signaling tool that facilitates social adaptation. The exocrine scent marking behavior is postulated to fine-tune sensory and cognitive abilities to recognize key social features via exocrine/urinary olfactory cues and subsequently control exocrine deposition or urinary marking through the mediation of osmotic fluid balance. AVP is implicated as a major player in controlling both recognition and signaling responses. This review provides constructive hypotheses on the coordinative processes of the AVP neurohypophysial circuits in the systemic regulations of fluid control and social-communicative behavior, via the expression of exocrine scent marking, and further emphasizes a potential role of AVP in a common mechanism underlying social communication in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Arakawa
- Depertment of Systems Physiology, University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Yuki Higuchi
- Depertment of Systems Physiology, University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan
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On JSW, Su L, Shen H, Arokiaraj AWR, Cardoso JCR, Li G, Chow BKC. PACAP/GCGa Is an Important Modulator of the Amphioxus CNS-Hatschek's Pit Axis, the Homolog of the Vertebrate Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis in the Basal Chordates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:850040. [PMID: 35498398 PMCID: PMC9049855 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.850040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hatschek's pit in the cephalochordate amphioxus, an invertebrate deuterostome basal to chordates is suggested to be the functional homolog structure of the vertebrate adenohypophysis based on anatomy and expression of homologous neuroendocrine genes. However, the endocrine potential of the cephalochordate Hatschek's pit remains to be demonstrated as well as the physiological actions of the secreted neuropeptides. In this study, we have explored the distribution and characterize the potential function of the amphioxus PACAP/GCG precursor, which is the ortholog of the hypothalamic PACAP neuropeptide in vertebrates. In amphioxi, two PACAP/GCG transcripts PACAP/GCGa and PACAP/GCGbc that are alternative isoforms of a single gene with different peptide coding potentials were isolated. Immunofluorescence staining detected their expression around the nucleus of Rohde, supporting that this structure may be homologous of the neurosecretory cells of the vertebrate hypothalamus where abundant PACAP is found. PACAP/GCGa was also detected in the infundibulum-like downgrowth approaching the Hatschek's pit, indicating diffusion of PACAP/GCGa from the CNS to the pit via the infundibulum-like downgrowth. Under a high salinity challenge, PACAP/GCGa was upregulated in amphioxi head and PACAP/GCGa treatment increased expression of GHl in Hatschek's pit in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that PACAP/GCGa may be involved in the regulation of GHl via hypothalamic-pituitary (HP)-like axis similar as in the vertebrates. Our results support that the amphioxus Hatschek's pit is likely to be the functional homolog of pituitary gland in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. W. On
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liuru Su
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Shen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - João C. R. Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Billy K. C. Chow, ; Guang Li,
| | - Billy K. C. Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Billy K. C. Chow, ; Guang Li,
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Buijs RM, Hurtado-Alvarado G, Soto-Tinoco E. Vasopressin: An output signal from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to prepare physiology and behaviour for the resting phase. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12998. [PMID: 34189788 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vasopressin (VP) is an important hormone produced in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) with antidiuretic and vasoconstrictor functions in the periphery. As one of the first discovered peptide hormones, VP was also shown to act as a neurotransmitter, where VP is produced and released under the influence of various stimuli. VP is one of the core signals via which the biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), imposes its rhythm on its target structures and its production and release is influenced by the rhythm of clock genes and the light/dark cycle. This is contrasted with VP production and release from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial amygdala, which is influenced by gonadal hormones, as well as with VP originating from the PVN and SON, which is released in the neural lobe and central targets. The release of VP from the SCN signals the near arrival of the resting phase in rodents and prepares their physiology accordingly by down-modulating corticosterone secretion, the reproductive cycle and locomotor activity. All these circadian variables are regulated within very narrow boundaries at a specific time of the day, where day-to-day variation is less than 5% at any particular hour. However, the circadian peak values can be at least ten times higher than the circadian trough values, indicating the need for an elaborate feedback system to inform the SCN and other participating nuclei about the actual levels reached during the circadian cycle. In short, the interplay between SCN circadian output and peripheral feedback to the SCN is essential for the adequate organisation of all circadian rhythms in physiology and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud M Buijs
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Eva Soto-Tinoco
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
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Ogawa S, Pfaff DW, Parhar IS. Fish as a model in social neuroscience: conservation and diversity in the social brain network. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:999-1020. [PMID: 33559323 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms for fish social behaviours involve a social brain network (SBN) which is evolutionarily conserved among vertebrates. However, considerable diversity is observed in the actual behaviour patterns amongst nearly 30000 fish species. The huge variation found in socio-sexual behaviours and strategies is likely generated by a morphologically and genetically well-conserved small forebrain system. Hence, teleost fish provide a useful model to study the fundamental mechanisms underlying social brain functions. Herein we review the foundations underlying fish social behaviours including sensory, hormonal, molecular and neuroanatomical features. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons clearly play important roles, but the participation of vasotocin and isotocin is also highlighted. Genetic investigations of developing fish brain have revealed the molecular complexity of neural development of the SBN. In addition to straightforward social behaviours such as sex and aggression, new experiments have revealed higher order and unique phenomena such as social eavesdropping and social buffering in fish. Finally, observations interpreted as 'collective cognition' in fish can likely be explained by careful observation of sensory determinants and analyses using the dynamics of quantitative scaling. Understanding of the functions of the SBN in fish provide clues for understanding the origin and evolution of higher social functions in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ogawa
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Donald W Pfaff
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, U.S.A
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
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Zhang L, Hernandez VS, Gerfen CR, Jiang SZ, Zavala L, Barrio RA, Eiden LE. Behavioral role of PACAP signaling reflects its selective distribution in glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal subpopulations. eLife 2021; 10:61718. [PMID: 33463524 PMCID: PMC7875564 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide PACAP, acting as a co-transmitter, increases neuronal excitability, which may enhance anxiety and arousal associated with threat conveyed by multiple sensory modalities. The distribution of neurons expressing PACAP and its receptor, PAC1, throughout the mouse nervous system was determined, in register with expression of glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal markers, to develop a coherent chemoanatomical picture of PACAP role in brain motor responses to sensory input. A circuit role for PACAP was tested by observing Fos activation of brain neurons after olfactory threat cue in wild-type and PACAP knockout mice. Neuronal activation and behavioral response, were blunted in PACAP knock-out mice, accompanied by sharply downregulated vesicular transporter expression in both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons expressing PACAP and its receptor. This report signals a new perspective on the role of neuropeptide signaling in supporting excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the nervous system within functionally coherent polysynaptic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.,Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, United States
| | - Vito S Hernandez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Charles R Gerfen
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, United States
| | - Sunny Z Jiang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, United States
| | - Lilian Zavala
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael A Barrio
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, United States.,Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Physics, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico, Mexico
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, United States
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Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase regulates light-induced phase advance of the central circadian rhythm in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:557. [PMID: 33033338 PMCID: PMC7544906 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that mice lacking pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exhibit attenuated light-induced phase shift. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we performed gene expression analysis of laser capture microdissected suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCNs) and found that lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) is involved in the impaired response to light stimulation in the late subjective night in PACAP-deficient mice. L-PGDS-deficient mice also showed impaired light-induced phase advance, but normal phase delay and nonvisual light responses. Then, we examined the receptors involved in the response and observed that mice deficient for type 2 PGD2 receptor DP2/CRTH2 (chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells) show impaired light-induced phase advance. Concordant results were observed using the selective DP2/CRTH2 antagonist CAY10471. These results indicate that L-PGDS is involved in a mechanism of light-induced phase advance via DP2/CRTH2 signaling. Kawaguchi et al. show that mice deficient in lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) exhibit impaired light-induced phase advance, but normal phase delay and nonvisual light responses. This study suggests the role of L-PGDS for the light-induced phase advance possibly via a chemoattractant receptor DP2/CRTH2.
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Eiden LE, Gundlach AL, Grinevich V, Lee MR, Mecawi AS, Chen D, Buijs RM, Hernandez VS, Fajardo-Dolci G, Zhang L. Regulatory peptides and systems biology: A new era of translational and reverse-translational neuroendocrinology. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12844. [PMID: 32307768 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a resurgence in regulatory peptide science as a result of three converging trends. The first is the increasing population of the drug pipeline with peptide-based therapeutics, mainly in, but not restricted to, incretin-like molecules for treatment of metabolic disorders such as diabetes. The second is the development of genetic and optogenetic tools enabling new insights into how peptides actually function within brain and peripheral circuits to accomplish homeostatic and allostatic regulation. The third is the explosion in defined structures of the G-protein coupled receptors to which most regulatory peptides bind and exert their actions. These trends have closely wedded basic systems biology to drug discovery and development, creating a "two-way street" on which translational advances travel from basic research to the clinic, and, equally importantly, "reverse-translational" information is gathered, about the molecular, cellular and circuit-level mechanisms of action of regulatory peptides, comprising information required for the fine-tuning of drug development through testing in animal models. This review focuses on a small group of 'influential' peptides, including oxytocin, vasopressin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, ghrelin, relaxin-3 and glucagon-like peptide-1, and how basic discoveries and their application to therapeutics have intertwined over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath-Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Valery Grinevich
- Department of Neuropeptide Research in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, NIAAA and NIDA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - André S Mecawi
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Duan Chen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vito S Hernandez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Germán Fajardo-Dolci
- School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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Zhang L, Eiden LE. Progress in regulatory peptide research. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:5-11. [PMID: 31646651 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The field of regulatory peptide research has developed significant momentum owing to several recent converging trends. Dozens of peptide-based drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the past decade, the majority for the treatment of metabolic disorders, including diabetes. These are the "tip of the spear" for peptide therapeutics, revealing that impediments of delivery, stability, and bioavailability inherent in peptide drugs have in many cases been overcome. While most are orally available, and directed at peripheral targets, pharmaceutical delivery of peptides to the central nervous system through nasal mucosal routes has also seen much progress. Cell-based high-throughput drug discovery methods, the X-ray crystallographic structural definition of G protein-coupled receptors, and deorphanization of peptide-liganded receptors have contributed to the emergence of new targets for pharmacological intervention and accelerated the development of peptide-based as well as nonpeptide congeners for existing ones. Finally, the recognition that peptides act at their receptors, in a cellular context, in conjunction with other peptides and other first messengers, including neurotransmitters, hormones, and autocrine and paracrine factors, has led to an increased appreciation for the combinatorial possibilities of regulatory peptide action, now penetrating to drug design and discovery efforts. The fifteen reviews, reports, and perspectives collected in this special issue of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences provide a snapshot of the frontiers of the field of regulatory peptide research as they expand physiologically, pharmacologically, and therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhang
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Denes V, Geck P, Mester A, Gabriel R. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: 30 Years in Research Spotlight and 600 Million Years in Service. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091488. [PMID: 31540472 PMCID: PMC6780647 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging from the depths of evolution, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors (i.e., PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) are present in multicellular organisms from Tunicates to humans and govern a remarkable number of physiological processes. Consequently, the clinical relevance of PACAP systems spans a multifaceted palette that includes more than 40 disorders. We aimed to present the versatility of PACAP1-38 actions with a focus on three aspects: (1) when PACAP1-38 could be a cause of a malfunction, (2) when PACAP1-38 could be the cure for a malfunction, and (3) when PACAP1-38 could either improve or impair biology. PACAP1-38 is implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine and post-traumatic stress disorder whereas an outstanding protective potential has been established in ischemia and in Alzheimer’s disease. Lastly, PACAP receptors could mediate opposing effects both in cancers and in inflammation. In the light of the above, the duration and concentrations of PACAP agents must be carefully set at any application to avoid unwanted consequences. An enormous amount of data accumulated since its discovery (1989) and the first clinical trials are dated in 2017. Thus in the field of PACAP research: “this is not the end, not even the beginning of the end, but maybe the end of the beginning.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Denes
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Peter Geck
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Adrienn Mester
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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Hernández-Pérez OR, Hernández VS, Nava-Kopp AT, Barrio RA, Seifi M, Swinny JD, Eiden LE, Zhang L. A Synaptically Connected Hypothalamic Magnocellular Vasopressin-Locus Coeruleus Neuronal Circuit and Its Plasticity in Response to Emotional and Physiological Stress. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:196. [PMID: 30949017 PMCID: PMC6435582 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) system modulates a range of salient brain functions, including memory and response to stress. The LC-NE system is regulated by neurochemically diverse inputs, including a range of neuropeptides such as arginine-vasopressin (AVP). Whilst the origins of many of these LC inputs, their synaptic connectivity with LC neurons, and their contribution to LC-mediated brain functions, have been well characterized, this is not the case for the AVP-LC system. Therefore, our aims were to define the types of synapses formed by AVP+ fibers with LC neurons using immunohistochemistry together with confocal and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the origins of such inputs, using retrograde tracers, and the plasticity of the LC AVP system in response to stress and spatial learning, using the maternal separation (MS) and Morris water maze (MWM) paradigms, respectively, in rat. Confocal microscopy revealed that AVP+ fibers contacting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ LC neurons were also immunopositive for vesicular glutamate transporter 2, a marker of presynaptic glutamatergic axons. TEM confirmed that AVP+ axons formed Gray type I (asymmetric) synapses with TH+ dendrites thus confirming excitatory synaptic connections between these systems. Retrograde tracing revealed that these LC AVP+ fibers originate from hypothalamic vasopressinergic magnocellular neurosecretory neurons (AVPMNNs). MS induced a significant increase in the density of LC AVP+ fibers. Finally, AVPMNN circuit upregulation by water-deprivation improved MWM performance while increased Fos expression was found in LC and efferent regions such as hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, suggesting that AVPMMN projections to LC could integrate homeostatic responses modifying neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar R Hernández-Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vito S Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia T Nava-Kopp
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael A Barrio
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mohsen Seifi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome D Swinny
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health-IRP, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Limei Zhang
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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