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Gajda Ł, Daszkowska-Golec A, Świątek P. Trophic Position of the White Worm ( Enchytraeus albidus) in the Context of Digestive Enzyme Genes Revealed by Transcriptomics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4685. [PMID: 38731903 PMCID: PMC11083476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To assess the impact of Enchytraeidae (potworms) on the functioning of the decomposer system, knowledge of the feeding preferences of enchytraeid species is required. Different food preferences can be explained by variations in enzymatic activities among different enchytraeid species, as there are no significant differences in the morphology or anatomy of their alimentary tracts. However, it is crucial to distinguish between the contribution of microbial enzymes and the animal's digestive capacity. Here, we computationally analyzed the endogenous digestive enzyme genes in Enchytraeus albidus. The analysis was based on RNA-Seq of COI-monohaplotype culture (PL-A strain) specimens, utilizing transcriptome profiling to determine the trophic position of the species. We also corroborated the results obtained using transcriptomics data from genetically heterogeneous freeze-tolerant strains. Our results revealed that E. albidus expresses a wide range of glycosidases, including GH9 cellulases and a specific digestive SH3b-domain-containing i-type lysozyme, previously described in the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Therefore, E. albidus combines traits of both primary decomposers (primary saprophytophages) and secondary decomposers (sapro-microphytophages/microbivores) and can be defined as an intermediate decomposer. Based on assemblies of publicly available RNA-Seq reads, we found close homologs for these cellulases and i-type lysozymes in various clitellate taxa, including Crassiclitellata and Enchytraeidae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.G.); (A.D.-G.)
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Martinez-Perez RB, Rodriguez JA, Cisneros-Mata MA, Leyva Soto LA, Gortáres-Moroyoqui P, Renteria-Mexia A, Hernandez Corral EA, Diaz-Tenorio LM. Digestive glycosidases from cannonball jellyfish ( Stomolophus sp. 2): identification and temporal-spatial variability. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16417. [PMID: 38144177 PMCID: PMC10740595 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish are economically important organisms in diverse countries, carnivorous organisms that consume various prey (crustaceans, mollusks, bivalves, etc.) and dissolved carbohydrates in marine waters. This study was focused on detecting and quantifying the activity of digestive glycosidases from the cannonball jellyfish (Stomolophus sp. 2) to understand carbohydrate digestion and its temporal-spatial variation. Twenty-three jellyfish gastric pouches were collected in 2015 and 2016 in the Gulf of California in three localities (Las Guásimas, Hermosillo, and Caborca). Nine samples were in intra-localities from Las Guásimas. Chitinase (Ch), β-glucosidase (β-glu), and β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (β-NAHA) were detected in the gastric pouches. However, cellulase, exoglucanase, α-amylase, polygalacturonase, xylanase, and κ-carrageenase were undetected. Detected enzymes showed halotolerant glycolytic activity (i = 0-4 M NaCl), optimal pH, and temperature at 5.0 and 30-50 °C, respectively. At least five β-glucosidase and two β-N-acetylhexosaminidase were detected using zymograms; however, the number of proteins with chitinase activity is not precise. The annual variation of cannonball jellyfish digestive glycosidases from Las Guásimas between 2015-2016 does not show significant differences despite the difference in phytoplankton measured as chlorophyll α (1.9 and 3.4 mg/m3, respectively). In the inter-localities, the glycosidase activity was statistically different in all localities, except for β-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity between Caborca and Hermosillo (3,009.08 ± 87.95 and 3,101.81 ± 281.11 mU/g of the gastric pouch, respectively), with chlorophyll α concentrations of 2.6, 3.4 mg/m3, respectively. For intra-localities, the glycosidase activity did not show significant differences, with a mean chlorophyll α of 1.3 ± 0.1 mg/m3. These results suggest that digestive glycosidases from Stomolophus sp. 2 can hydrolyze several carbohydrates that may belong to their prey or carbohydrates dissolved in marine waters, with salinity over ≥ 0.6 M NaCl and diverse temperature (4-80 °C) conditions. Also, chlorophyll α is related to glycosidase activity in both seasons and inter-localities, except for chitinase activity in an intra-locality (Las Guásimas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Balam Martinez-Perez
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge A. Rodriguez
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Cisneros-Mata
- Regional Center for Aquaculture and Fisheries Research, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Luis Alonso Leyva Soto
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
- Assistance Management of Scientific Develpment, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Gortáres-Moroyoqui
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Ana Renteria-Mexia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | | | - Lourdes M. Diaz-Tenorio
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
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Billaud M, Larbret F, Czerucka D. Impact of rising seawater temperature on a phagocytic cell population during V. parahaemolyticus infection in the sea anemone E. pallida. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1292410. [PMID: 38077367 PMCID: PMC10703433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1292410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is increasing ocean temperatures and consequently impacts marine life (e.g., bacterial communities). In this context, studying host-pathogen interactions in marine organisms is becoming increasingly important, not only for ecological conservation, but also to reduce economic loss due to mass mortalities in cultured species. In this study, we used Exaiptasia pallida (E. pallida), an anemone, as an emerging marine model to better understand the effect of rising temperatures on the infection induced by the pathogenic marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The effect of temperature on E. pallida was examined at 6, 24, or 30 h after bath inoculation with 108 CFU of V. parahaemolyticus expressing GFP (Vp-GFP) at 27°C (husbandry temperature) or 31°C (heat stress). Morphological observations of E. pallida and their Hsps expression demonstrated heat stress induced increasing damage to anemones. The kinetics of the infections revealed that Vp-GFP were localized on the surface of the ectoderm and in the mucus during the first hours of infection and in the mesenterial filaments thereafter. To better identify the E. pallida cells targeted by Vp-GFP infection, we used spectral flow cytometry. E. pallida cell types were identified based on their autofluorescent properties. corresponding to different cell types (algae and cnidocytes). We identified an AF10 population whose autofluorescent spectrum was identical to that of human monocytes/macrophage, suggesting that this spectral print could be the hallmark of phagocytic cells called "amebocytes''. AF10 autofluorescent cells had a high capacity to phagocytize Vp-GFP, suggesting their possible role in fighting infection. This was confirmed by microscopy using sorted AF10 and GFP-positive cells (AF10+/GFP+). The number of AF10+/GFP+ cells were reduced at 31°C, demonstrating that increased temperature not only damages tissue but also affects the immune response of E. pallida. In conclusion, our study provides a springboard for more comprehensive studies of immune defense in marine organisms and paves the way for future studies of the dynamics, activation patterns, and functional responses of immune cells when encountering pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Billaud
- Biomedical Department, Scientific Center of Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Frédéric Larbret
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Université Côte d’Azur, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Dorota Czerucka
- Biomedical Department, Scientific Center of Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
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Lobo-da-Cunha A, Casartelli M, Tettamanti G. Editorial: Molecular physiology of invertebrate digestive system. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1304915. [PMID: 37900949 PMCID: PMC10603240 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1304915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lobo-da-Cunha
- Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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He S, Shao W, Chen SC, Wang T, Gibson MC. Spatial transcriptomics reveals a cnidarian segment polarity program in Nematostella vectensis. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00676-0. [PMID: 37315559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During early animal evolution, the emergence of axially polarized segments was central to the diversification of complex bilaterian body plans. Nevertheless, precisely how and when segment polarity pathways arose remains obscure. Here, we demonstrate the molecular basis for segment polarization in developing larvae of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Utilizing spatial transcriptomics, we first constructed a 3D gene expression atlas of developing larval segments. Capitalizing on accurate in silico predictions, we identified Lbx and Uncx, conserved homeodomain-containing genes that occupy opposing subsegmental domains under the control of both bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and the Hox-Gbx cascade. Functionally, Lbx mutagenesis eliminated all molecular evidence of segment polarization at the larval stage and caused an aberrant mirror-symmetric pattern of retractor muscles (RMs) in primary polyps. These results demonstrate the molecular basis for segment polarity in a non-bilaterian animal, suggesting that polarized metameric structures were present in the Cnidaria-Bilateria common ancestor over 600 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuonan He
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Wanqing Shao
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Matthew C Gibson
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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6
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Nielsen C. Hydrodynamics in early animal evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:376-385. [PMID: 36216338 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Choanoflagellates and sponges feed by filtering microscopic particles from water currents created by the flagella of microvillar collar complexes situated on the cell bodies of the solitary or colonial choanoflagellates and on the choanocytes in sponges. The filtering mechanism has been known for more than a century, but only recently has the filtering process been studied in detail and also modelled, so that a detailed picture of the water currents has been obtained. In the solitary and most of the colonial choanoflagellates, the water flows freely around the cells, but in some forms, the cells are arranged in an open meshwork through which the water can be pumped. In the sponges, the choanocytes are located in choanocyte chambers (or choanocyte areas) with separate incurrent and excurrent canals/pores located in a larger body, which enables a fixed pattern of water currents through the collar complexes. Previous theories for the origin of sponges show evolutionary stages with choanocyte chambers without any opening or with only one opening, which makes separation of incurrent and excurrent impossible, and such stages must have been unable to feed. Therefore a new theory is proposed, which shows a continuous evolutionary lineage in which all stages are able to feed by means of the collar complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Nielsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark (University of Copenhagen), Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2990, Copenhagen, Denmark
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He S, Shao W, Chen S(C, Wang T, Gibson MC. Spatial transcriptomics reveals a conserved segment polarity program that governs muscle patterning in Nematostella vectensis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523347. [PMID: 36711919 PMCID: PMC9882047 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
During early animal evolution, the emergence of axially-polarized segments was central to the diversification of complex bilaterian body plans. Nevertheless, precisely how and when segment polarity pathways arose remains obscure. Here we demonstrate the molecular basis for segment polarization in developing larvae of the pre-bilaterian sea anemone Nematostella vectensis . Utilizing spatial transcriptomics, we first constructed a 3-D gene expression atlas of developing larval segments. Capitalizing on accurate in silico predictions, we identified Lbx and Uncx, conserved homeodomain-containing genes that occupy opposing subsegmental domains under the control of both BMP signaling and the Hox-Gbx cascade. Functionally, Lbx mutagenesis eliminated all molecular evidence of segment polarization at larval stage and caused an aberrant mirror-symmetric pattern of retractor muscles in primary polyps. These results demonstrate the molecular basis for segment polarity in a pre-bilaterian animal, suggesting that polarized metameric structures were present in the Cnidaria-Bilateria common ancestor over 600 million years ago. Highlights Nematostella endomesodermal tissue forms metameric segments and displays a transcriptomic profile similar to that observed in bilaterian mesoderm Construction of a comprehensive 3-D gene expression atlas enables systematic dissection of segmental identity in endomesoderm Lbx and Uncx , two conserved homeobox-containing genes, establish segment polarity in Nematostella The Cnidarian-Bilaterian common ancestor likely possessed the genetic toolkit to generate polarized metameric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuonan He
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA,Current Address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Wanqing Shao
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA,Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA,Current Address: Research Computing, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA,Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA,McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Matthew C. Gibson
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA,Correspodence:
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8
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Lebouvier M, Miramón-Puértolas P, Steinmetz PRH. Evolutionarily conserved aspects of animal nutrient uptake and transport in sea anemone vitellogenesis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4620-4630.e5. [PMID: 36084649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of systemic nutrient transport was a key challenge during animal evolution, yet it is poorly understood. Circulatory systems distribute nutrients in many bilaterians (e.g., vertebrates and arthropods) but are absent in non-bilaterians (e.g., cnidarians and sponges), where nutrient absorption and transport remain little explored at molecular and cellular levels. Vitellogenesis, the accumulation of egg yolk, necessitates high nutrient influx into oocytes and is present throughout animal phyla and therefore represents a well-suited paradigm to study nutrient transport evolution. With that aim, we investigated dietary nutrient transport to the oocytes in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis (Anthozoa). Using a combination of fluorescent bead labeling and marker gene expression, we found that phagocytosis, micropinocytosis, and intracellular digestion of food components occur within the gonad epithelium. Pulse-chase experiments further show that labelled fatty acids rapidly translocate from the gonad epithelium through the extracellular matrix (ECM) into oocytes. Expression of conserved lipid transport proteins vitellogenin (vtg) and apolipoprotein-B (apoB) and colocalization of labeled fatty acids with a fluorescently tagged ApoB protein further support the lipid-shuttling role of the gonad epithelium. Complementary oocyte expression of very low-density lipoprotein receptor (vldlr) orthologs, which mediate endocytosis of bilaterian ApoB- and Vtg-lipoproteins, supports that this evolutionarily conserved ligand/receptor pair underlies lipid transport during sea anemone vitellogenesis. In addition, we identified lipid- and ApoB-rich cells with potential lipid transport roles in the ECM. Altogether, our work supports a long-standing hypothesis that an ECM-based lipid transport system predated the cnidarian-bilaterian split and provided a basis for the evolution of bilaterian circulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lebouvier
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Paula Miramón-Puértolas
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Patrick R H Steinmetz
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
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Freund M, Graus D, Fleischmann A, Gilbert KJ, Lin Q, Renner T, Stigloher C, Albert VA, Hedrich R, Fukushima K. The digestive systems of carnivorous plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:44-59. [PMID: 35604105 PMCID: PMC9434158 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To survive in the nutrient-poor habitats, carnivorous plants capture small organisms comprising complex substances not suitable for immediate reuse. The traps of carnivorous plants, which are analogous to the digestive systems of animals, are equipped with mechanisms for the breakdown and absorption of nutrients. Such capabilities have been acquired convergently over the past tens of millions of years in multiple angiosperm lineages by modifying plant-specific organs including leaves. The epidermis of carnivorous trap leaves bears groups of specialized cells called glands, which acquire substances from their prey via digestion and absorption. The digestive glands of carnivorous plants secrete mucilage, pitcher fluids, acids, and proteins, including digestive enzymes. The same (or morphologically distinct) glands then absorb the released compounds via various membrane transport proteins or endocytosis. Thus, these glands function in a manner similar to animal cells that are physiologically important in the digestive system, such as the parietal cells of the stomach and intestinal epithelial cells. Yet, carnivorous plants are equipped with strategies that deal with or incorporate plant-specific features, such as cell walls, epidermal cuticles, and phytohormones. In this review, we provide a systematic perspective on the digestive and absorptive capacity of convergently evolved carnivorous plants, with an emphasis on the forms and functions of glands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Fleischmann
- Botanische Staatssammlung München and GeoBio-Center LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kadeem J Gilbert
- Department of Plant Biology & W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060, USA
| | - Qianshi Lin
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tanya Renner
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Imaging Core Facility of the Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Victor A Albert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Martynov AV, Korshunova TA. Renewed perspectives on the sedentary-pelagic last common bilaterian ancestor. CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Various evaluations of the last common bilaterian ancestor (lcba) currently suggest that it resembled either a microscopic, non-segmented motile adult; or, on the contrary, a complex segmented adult motile urbilaterian. These fundamental inconsistencies remain largely unexplained. A majority of multidisciplinary data regarding sedentary adult ancestral bilaterian organization is overlooked. The sedentary-pelagic model is supported now by a number of novel developmental, paleontological and molecular phylogenetic data: (1) data in support of sedentary sponges, in the adult stage, as sister to all other Metazoa; (2) a similarity of molecular developmental pathways in both adults and larvae across sedentary sponges, cnidarians, and bilaterians; (3) a cnidarian-bilaterian relationship, including a unique sharing of a bona fide Hox-gene cluster, of which the evolutionary appearance does not connect directly to a bilaterian motile organization; (4) the presence of sedentary and tube-dwelling representatives of the main bilaterian clades in the early Cambrian; (5) an absence of definite taxonomic attribution of Ediacaran taxa reconstructed as motile to any true bilaterian phyla; (6) a similarity of tube morphology (and the clear presence of a protoconch-like apical structure of the Ediacaran sedentary Cloudinidae) among shells of the early Cambrian, and later true bilaterians, such as semi-sedentary hyoliths and motile molluscs; (7) recent data that provide growing evidence for a complex urbilaterian, despite a continuous molecular phylogenetic controversy. The present review compares the main existing models and reconciles the sedentary model of an urbilaterian and the model of a larva-like lcba with a unified sedentary(adult)-pelagic(larva) model of the lcba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Martynov
- Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Bolshaya Nikitskaya Str. 6, 125009 Moscow, Russia,
| | - Tatiana A. Korshunova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, 26 Vavilova Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Le Goff E, Martinand-Mari C, Belkhir K, Vacelet J, Nidelet S, Godefroy N, Baghdiguian S. Molecular complexity and gene expression controlling cell turnover during a digestive cycle of carnivorous sponge Lycopodina hypogea. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:399-416. [PMID: 35260936 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lycopodina hypogea is a carnivorous sponge that tolerates laboratory husbandry very well. During a digestion cycle, performed without any digestive cavity, this species undergoes spectacular morphological changes leading to a total regression of long filaments that ensure the capture of prey and their reformation at the end of the cycle. This phenomenon is a unique opportunity to analyze the molecular and cellular determinants that ensure digestion in the sister group of all other metazoans. Using differential transcriptomic analysis coupled with cell biology studies of proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell deaths (i.e., autophagy and the destructive/constructive function of apoptosis), we demonstrate that the molecular and cellular actors that ensure digestive homeostasis in a sister group of all remaining animals are similar in variety and complexity to those controlling tissue homeostasis in higher vertebrates. During a digestion cycle, most of these actors are finely tuned in a coordinated manner. Our data benefits from complementary approaches coupling in silico and cell biology studies and demonstrate that the nutritive function is provided by the coordination of molecular network that impacts the cells turnover in the entire organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Le Goff
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, IRD, France
| | | | - Khalid Belkhir
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, IRD, France
| | - Jean Vacelet
- IMBE, CNRS, Station Marine d'Endoume, Université Aix-Marseille, Université d'Avignon, 13007, Marseille, IRD, France
| | - Sabine Nidelet
- Montpellier GenomiX, Université Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- New Affiliation: CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgroMontpellier, IRD, France
| | - Nelly Godefroy
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, IRD, France.
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Chari T, Weissbourd B, Gehring J, Ferraioli A, Leclère L, Herl M, Gao F, Chevalier S, Copley RR, Houliston E, Anderson DJ, Pachter L. Whole-animal multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq reveals transcriptional shifts across Clytia medusa cell types. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh1683. [PMID: 34826233 PMCID: PMC8626072 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an organism-wide, transcriptomic cell atlas of the hydrozoan medusa Clytia hemisphaerica and describe how its component cell types respond to perturbation. Using multiplexed single-cell RNA sequencing, in which individual animals were indexed and pooled from control and perturbation conditions into a single sequencing run, we avoid artifacts from batch effects and are able to discern shifts in cell state in response to organismal perturbations. This work serves as a foundation for future studies of development, function, and regeneration in a genetically tractable jellyfish species. Moreover, we introduce a powerful workflow for high-resolution, whole-animal, multiplexed single-cell genomics that is readily adaptable to other traditional or nontraditional model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Chari
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Brandon Weissbourd
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jase Gehring
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anna Ferraioli
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - Makenna Herl
- University of New Hampshire School of Law, Concord, NH 03301, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Caltech Bioinformatics Resource Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sandra Chevalier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - Richard R. Copley
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - Evelyn Houliston
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - David J. Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lior Pachter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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13
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Nematostella vectensis, an Emerging Model for Deciphering the Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Whole-Body Regeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102692. [PMID: 34685672 PMCID: PMC8534814 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to regenerate lost or injured body parts is a widespread feature within metazoans and has intrigued scientists for centuries. One of the most extreme types of regeneration is the so-called whole body regenerative capacity, which enables regeneration of fully functional organisms from isolated body parts. While not exclusive to this habitat, whole body regeneration is widespread in aquatic/marine invertebrates. Over the past decade, new whole-body research models have emerged that complement the historical models Hydra and planarians. Among these, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis has attracted increasing interest in regard to deciphering the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the whole-body regeneration process. This manuscript will present an overview of the biological features of this anthozoan cnidarian as well as the available tools and resources that have been developed by the scientific community studying Nematostella. I will further review our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying whole-body regeneration in this marine organism, with emphasis on how comparing embryonic development and regeneration in the same organism provides insight into regeneration specific elements.
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14
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Snyder GA, Eliachar S, Connelly MT, Talice S, Hadad U, Gershoni-Yahalom O, Browne WE, Palmer CV, Rosental B, Traylor-Knowles N. Functional Characterization of Hexacorallia Phagocytic Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662803. [PMID: 34381444 PMCID: PMC8350327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is the cellular defense mechanism used to eliminate antigens derived from dysregulated or damaged cells, and microbial pathogens. Phagocytosis is therefore a pillar of innate immunity, whereby foreign particles are engulfed and degraded in lysolitic vesicles. In hexacorallians, phagocytic mechanisms are poorly understood, though putative anthozoan phagocytic cells (amoebocytes) have been identified histologically. We identify and characterize phagocytes from the coral Pocillopora damicornis and the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and microscopy, we show that distinct populations of phagocytic cells engulf bacteria, fungal antigens, and beads. In addition to pathogenic antigens, we show that phagocytic cells engulf self, damaged cells. We show that target antigens localize to low pH phagolysosomes, and that degradation is occurring within them. Inhibiting actin filament rearrangement interferes with efficient particle phagocytosis but does not affect small molecule pinocytosis. We also demonstrate that cellular markers for lysolitic vesicles and reactive oxygen species (ROS) correlate with hexacorallian phagocytes. These results establish a foundation for improving our understanding of hexacorallian immune cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Snyder
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Shir Eliachar
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael T Connelly
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Shani Talice
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Uzi Hadad
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Orly Gershoni-Yahalom
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - William E Browne
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Caroline V Palmer
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Nikki Traylor-Knowles
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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15
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Dunn FS, Liu AG, Grazhdankin DV, Vixseboxse P, Flannery-Sutherland J, Green E, Harris S, Wilby PR, Donoghue PCJ. The developmental biology of Charnia and the eumetazoan affinity of the Ediacaran rangeomorphs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe0291. [PMID: 34301594 PMCID: PMC8302126 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular timescales estimate that early animal lineages diverged tens of millions of years before their earliest unequivocal fossil evidence. The Ediacaran macrobiota (~574 to 538 million years ago) are largely eschewed from this debate, primarily due to their extreme phylogenetic uncertainty, but remain germane. We characterize the development of Charnia masoni and establish the affinity of rangeomorphs, among the oldest and most enigmatic components of the Ediacaran macrobiota. We provide the first direct evidence for the internal interconnected nature of rangeomorphs and show that Charnia was constructed of repeated branches that derived successively from pre-existing branches. We find homology and rationalize morphogenesis between disparate rangeomorph taxa, before producing a phylogenetic analysis, resolving Charnia as a stem-eumetazoan and expanding the anatomical disparity of that group to include a long-extinct bodyplan. These data bring competing records of early animal evolution into closer agreement, reformulating our understanding of the evolutionary emergence of animal bodyplans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances S Dunn
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK.
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Alexander G Liu
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Dmitriy V Grazhdankin
- Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Prospekt Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Philip Vixseboxse
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Joseph Flannery-Sutherland
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Emily Green
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Simon Harris
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Philip R Wilby
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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16
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Moroz LL, Romanova DY, Kohn AB. Neural versus alternative integrative systems: molecular insights into origins of neurotransmitters. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190762. [PMID: 33550949 PMCID: PMC7935107 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmitter signalling is the universal chemical language of any nervous system, but little is known about its early evolution. Here, we summarize data about the distribution and functions of neurotransmitter systems in basal metazoans as well as outline hypotheses of their origins. We explore the scenario that neurons arose from genetically different populations of secretory cells capable of volume chemical transmission and integration of behaviours without canonical synapses. The closest representation of this primordial organization is currently found in Placozoa, disk-like animals with the simplest known cell composition but complex behaviours. We propose that injury-related signalling was the evolutionary predecessor for integrative functions of early transmitters such as nitric oxide, ATP, protons, glutamate and small peptides. By contrast, acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, octopamine, serotonin and histamine were recruited as canonical neurotransmitters relatively later in animal evolution, only in bilaterians. Ligand-gated ion channels often preceded the establishment of novel neurotransmitter systems. Moreover, lineage-specific diversification of neurotransmitter receptors occurred in parallel within Cnidaria and several bilaterian lineages, including acoels. In summary, ancestral diversification of secretory signal molecules provides unique chemical microenvironments for behaviour-driven innovations that pave the way to complex brain functions and elementary cognition. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L. Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute and Whitney laboratory, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean shore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Daria Y. Romanova
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, 5A Butlerova Street, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Andrea B. Kohn
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute and Whitney laboratory, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean shore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
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17
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Kraus Y, Chevalier S, Houliston E. Cell shape changes during larval body plan development in Clytia hemisphaerica. Dev Biol 2020; 468:59-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Tikhonenkov DV, Hehenberger E, Esaulov AS, Belyakova OI, Mazei YA, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ. Insights into the origin of metazoan multicellularity from predatory unicellular relatives of animals. BMC Biol 2020; 18:39. [PMID: 32272915 PMCID: PMC7147346 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-0762-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of animals from their unicellular ancestor was one of the most important events in evolutionary history, but the nature and the order of events leading up to the emergence of multicellular animals are still highly uncertain. The diversity and biology of unicellular relatives of animals have strongly informed our understanding of the transition from single-celled organisms to the multicellular Metazoa. Here, we analyze the cellular structures and complex life cycles of the novel unicellular holozoans Pigoraptor and Syssomonas (Opisthokonta), and their implications for the origin of animals. RESULTS Syssomonas and Pigoraptor are characterized by complex life cycles with a variety of cell types including flagellates, amoeboflagellates, amoeboid non-flagellar cells, and spherical cysts. The life cycles also include the formation of multicellular aggregations and syncytium-like structures, and an unusual diet for single-celled opisthokonts (partial cell fusion and joint sucking of a large eukaryotic prey), all of which provide new insights into the origin of multicellularity in Metazoa. Several existing models explaining the origin of multicellular animals have been put forward, but these data are interestingly consistent with one, the "synzoospore hypothesis." CONCLUSIONS The feeding modes of the ancestral metazoan may have been more complex than previously thought, including not only bacterial prey, but also larger eukaryotic cells and organic structures. The ability to feed on large eukaryotic prey could have been a powerful trigger in the formation and development of both aggregative (e.g., joint feeding, which also implies signaling) and clonal (e.g., hypertrophic growth followed by palintomy) multicellular stages that played important roles in the emergence of multicellular animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V Tikhonenkov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia, 152742.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Elisabeth Hehenberger
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, RD3, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Duesternbrookerweg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alexander P Mylnikov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia, 152742
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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20
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Hartenstein V, Martinez P. Phagocytosis in cellular defense and nutrition: a food-centered approach to the evolution of macrophages. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:527-547. [PMID: 31485720 PMCID: PMC6750737 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of macromolecules and larger energy-rich particles into the cell is known as phagocytosis. Phagocytosed material is enzymatically degraded in membrane-bound vesicles of the endosome/lysosome system (intracellular digestion). Whereas most, if not all, cells of the animal body are equipped with the molecular apparatus for phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, a few cell types are specialized for a highly efficient mode of phagocytosis. These are the ("professional") macrophages, motile cells that seek out and eliminate pathogenic invaders or damaged cells. Macrophages form the backbone of the innate immune system. Developmentally, they derive from specialized compartments within the embryonic mesoderm and early vasculature as part of the process of hematopoiesis. Intensive research has revealed in detail molecular and cellular mechanisms of phagocytosis and intracellular digestion in macrophages. In contrast, little is known about a second type of cell that is "professionally" involved in phagocytosis, namely the "enteric phagocyte." Next to secretory (zymogenic) cells, enteric phagocytes form one of the two major cell types of the intestine of most invertebrate animals. Unlike vertebrates, these invertebrates only partially digest food material in the intestinal lumen. The resulting food particles are absorbed by phagocytosis or pinocytosis and digested intracellularly. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the enteric phagocytes described electron microscopically for diverse invertebrate clades, to then to compare these cells with the "canonical" phagocyte ultrastructure established for macrophages. In addition, we will review observations and speculations associated with the hypothesis that macrophages are evolutionarily derived from enteric phagocytes. This idea was already proposed in the late nineteenth century by Elias Metschnikoff who pioneered the research of phagocytosis for both macrophages and enteric phagocytes. We presume that modern approaches to better understand phagocytosis will be helped by considering the deep evolutionary relationship between the two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - P Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA (Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avancats), Passeig Lluı's Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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