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Kobayashi K. Culture Models to Investigate Mechanisms of Milk Production and Blood-Milk Barrier in Mammary Epithelial Cells: a Review and a Protocol. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:8. [PMID: 37126158 PMCID: PMC10151314 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) are the only cell type that produces milk during lactation. MECs also form less-permeable tight junctions (TJs) to prevent the leakage of milk and blood components through the paracellular pathway (blood-milk barrier). Multiple factors that include hormones, cytokines, nutrition, and temperature regulate milk production and TJ formation in MECs. Multiple intracellular signaling pathways that positively and negatively regulate milk production and TJ formation have been reported. However, their regulatory mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In addition, unidentified components that regulate milk production in MECs likely exist in foods, for example plants. Culture models of functional MECs that recapitulate milk production and TJs are useful tools for their study. Such models enable the elimination of indirect effects via cells other than MECs and allows for more detailed experimental conditions. However, culture models of MECs with inappropriate functionality may result in unphysiological reactions that never occur in lactating mammary glands in vivo. Here, I briefly review the physiological functions of alveolar MECs during lactation in vivo and culture models of MECs that feature milk production and less-permeable TJs, together with a protocol for establishment of MEC culture with functional TJ barrier and milk production capability using cell culture inserts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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Kobayashi K, Han L, Koyama T, Lu SN, Nishimura T. Sweet taste receptor subunit T1R3 regulates casein secretion and phosphorylation of STAT5 in mammary epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119448. [PMID: 36878266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
During lactation, mammary epithelial cells (MECs) on the apical membrane are in contact with lactose in milk, while MECs on the basolateral membrane are in contact with glucose in blood. Both glucose and lactose are sweeteners that are sensed by a sweet taste receptor. Previously, we have shown that lactose exposure on the basolateral membrane, but not the apical membrane, inhibits casein production and phosphorylation of STAT5 in MECs. However, it remains unclear whether MECs have a sweet taste receptor. In this study, we confirmed that the sweet taste receptor subunit T1R3 existed in both the apical and basolateral membranes of MECs. Subsequently, we investigated the influence of apical and basolateral sucralose as a ligand for the sweet taste receptor using a cell culture model. In this model, upper and lower media were separated by the MEC layer with less-permeable tight junctions. The results showed in the absence of glucose, both apical and basolateral sucralose induced phosphorylation of STAT5, which is a positive transcriptional factor for milk production. In contrast, the T1R3 inhibitor basolateral lactisole reducing phosphorylated STAT5 and secreted caseins in the presence of glucose. Furthermore, exposure of the apical membrane to sucralose in the presence of glucose inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT5. Simultaneously, GLUT1 was partially translocated from the basolateral membrane to the cytoplasm in MECs. These results suggest that T1R3 functions as a sweet receptor and is closely involved in casein production in MECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Liang Han
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taku Koyama
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shan-Ni Lu
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
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Sanchez L, Epps J, Wall S, McQueen C, Pearson SJ, Scribner K, Wellberg EA, Giles ED, Rijnkels M, Porter WW. SIM2s directed Parkin-mediated mitophagy promotes mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2023:10.1038/s41418-023-01146-9. [PMID: 36966227 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionally differentiated mammary gland adapts to extreme levels of stress from increased demand for energy by activating specific protective mechanisms to support neonatal health. Here, we identify the breast tumor suppressor gene, single-minded 2 s (SIM2s) as a novel regulator of mitophagy, a key component of this stress response. Using tissue-specific mouse models, we found that loss of Sim2 reduced lactation performance, whereas gain (overexpression) of Sim2s enhanced and extended lactation performance and survival of mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Using an in vitro model of MEC differentiation, we observed SIM2s is required for Parkin-mediated mitophagy, which we have previously shown as necessary for functional differentiation. Mechanistically, SIM2s localizes to mitochondria to directly mediate Parkin mitochondrial loading. Together, our data suggest that SIM2s regulates the rapid recycling of mitochondria via mitophagy, enhancing the function and survival of differentiated MECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Sanchez
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jessica Epps
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Steven Wall
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Cole McQueen
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Scott J Pearson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kelly Scribner
- Department of Toxicology, CTEH, 5120 Northshore Drive, Little Rock, AR, 72118, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wellberg
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Erin D Giles
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 830 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Monique Rijnkels
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Weston W Porter
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Lopdell TJ. Using QTL to Identify Genes and Pathways Underlying the Regulation and Production of Milk Components in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050911. [PMID: 36899768 PMCID: PMC10000085 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is a complex liquid, and the concentrations of many of its components are under genetic control. Many genes and pathways are known to regulate milk composition, and the purpose of this review is to highlight how the discoveries of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for milk phenotypes can elucidate these pathways. The main body of this review focuses primarily on QTL discovered in cattle (Bos taurus) as a model species for the biology of lactation, and there are occasional references to sheep genetics. The following section describes a range of techniques that can be used to help identify the causative genes underlying QTL when the underlying mechanism involves the regulation of gene expression. As genotype and phenotype databases continue to grow and diversify, new QTL will continue to be discovered, and although proving the causality of underlying genes and variants remains difficult, these new data sets will further enhance our understanding of the biology of lactation.
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D’Agostino C, Parisis D, Chivasso C, Hajiabbas M, Soyfoo MS, Delporte C. Aquaporin-5 Dynamic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031889. [PMID: 36768212 PMCID: PMC9915196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-5 (AQP5), belonging to the aquaporins (AQPs) family of transmembrane water channels, facilitates osmotically driven water flux across biological membranes and the movement of hydrogen peroxide and CO2. Various mechanisms have been shown to dynamically regulate AQP5 expression, trafficking, and function. Besides fulfilling its primary water permeability function, AQP5 has been shown to regulate downstream effectors playing roles in various cellular processes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the upstream and downstream effectors of AQP5 to gain an in-depth understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological processes involving AQP5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D’Agostino
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dorian Parisis
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Rheumatology Department, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clara Chivasso
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maryam Hajiabbas
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Shahnawaz Soyfoo
- Rheumatology Department, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Calamita G, Delporte C. Aquaporins in Glandular Secretion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:225-249. [PMID: 36717498 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exocrine and endocrine glands deliver their secretory product, respectively, at the surface of the target organs or within the bloodstream. The release of their products has been shown to rely on secretory mechanisms often involving aquaporins (AQPs). This chapter will provide insight into the role of AQPs in secretory glands located within the gastrointestinal tract, including salivary glands, gastric glands, duodenal Brunner's glands, liver, gallbladder, intestinal goblets cells, and pancreas, as well and in other parts of the body, including airway submucosal glands, lacrimal glands, mammary glands, and eccrine sweat glands. The involvement of AQPs in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Clarke-Bland CE, Bill RM, Devitt A. Emerging roles for AQP in mammalian extracellular vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183826. [PMID: 34843700 PMCID: PMC8755917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent research in the aquaporin (AQP) field has identified a role for diverse AQPs in extracellular vesicles (EV). Though still in its infancy, there is a growing body of knowledge in the area; AQPs in EV have been suggested as biomarkers for disease, as drug targets and show potential as therapeutics. To advance further in this field, AQPs in EV must be better understood. Here we summarize current knowledge of the presence and function of AQPs in EV and hypothesise their roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roslyn M Bill
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Andrew Devitt
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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Flores-Gil VN, Toledano-Díaz A, Velázquez R, Oteo M, López-Sebastián A, Santiago-Moreno J. Role of changes in plasma prolactin concentrations on ram and buck sperm cryoresistance. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 76:106624. [PMID: 33866107 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal endocrine changes may modify sperm cryoresistance in certain small ruminant species. The present work examines the effect of prolactin (PRL) on ram and buck sperm cryoresistance. A dopamine agonist (bromocriptine [BCR] 60 mg i.m. twice per week from May 15 to June 15, that is, approaching the summer solstice) or antagonist (sulpiride [SLP] 100 mg s.c. daily from December 15 to January 15, that is, around the winter solstice) was administered under solstice-appropriate photoperiod conditions to modify PRL secretion. Control animals received the vehicle only. Compared to the corresponding controls, BCR reduced PRL secretion to basal levels in both the rams and bucks. In rams, the cryoresistance ratios for sperm curvilinear velocity (P < 0.05) and lateral head displacement (P < 0.01) were higher for the BCR-treated animals. In bucks, neither the characteristics of fresh nor frozen-thawed sperm were affected by BCR treatment. After the administration of SLP, PRL levels increased and remained high for more than 5 h in the rams though they immediately began to fall in the bucks. By 24 h, PRL had returned to basal concentrations in both species. In rams treated with SLP, the cryoresistance ratios for sperm progressive motility, straight line velocity, sperm mean path velocity, cross beat frequency, and the progression ratios linearity, straightness and oscillation, were all lower compared to the controls (P < 0.05), while the amplitude of lateral head displacement was higher (P < 0.01). In bucks, sperm cryoresistance was not affected by SLP administration. Together, these results suggest that high levels of PRL negatively affect the cryoresistance of ram sperm, while buck sperm seems unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Flores-Gil
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Toledano-Díaz
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Velázquez
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Oteo
- Unidad de Aplicaciones Biomedicas y Farmacocinética. CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Adverse effects of LPS on membrane proteins in lactating bovine mammary epithelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:435-448. [PMID: 33433684 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis causes a decrease in milk yield and abnormalities in milk components from dairy cows. Escherichia coli and the E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) cell wall component directly downregulate milk production in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). However, the detailed mechanism by which this occurs in BMECs remains unclear. Various membrane proteins, such as immune sensors (Toll-like receptors, TLR), nutrient transporters (glucose transporter and aquaporin), and tight junction proteins (claudin and occludin) are involved in the onset of mastitis or milk production in BMECs. In this study, we investigated the influence of LPS on membrane proteins using an in vitro culture model. This mastitis model demonstrated a loss of glucose transporter-1 and aquaporin-3 at lateral membranes and a decrease in milk production in response to LPS treatment. LPS disrupted the tight junction barrier and caused compositional changes in localization of claudin-3 and claudin-4, although tight junctions were maintained to separate the apical membrane domains and the basolateral membrane domains. LPS did not significantly affect the expression level and subcellular localization of epidermal growth factor receptor in lactating BMECs with no detectable changes in MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling. In contrast, NFκB was concurrently activated with temporal translocation of TLR-4 in the apical membranes, whereas TLR-2 was not significantly influenced by LPS treatment. These findings indicate the importance of investigating the subcellular localization of membrane proteins to understand the molecular mechanism of LPS in milk production in mastitis.
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