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Helle F, Aubry A, Morel V, Descamps V, Demey B, Brochot E. Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting BK Polyomavirus: Clinical Importance and Therapeutic Potential for Kidney Transplant Recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:1425-1433. [PMID: 39352862 PMCID: PMC11452134 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of the world's adult population is latently infected by the BK polyomavirus. It causes asymptomatic infection in healthy individuals but emerged as a threat to kidney transplant recipients because of virus-associated nephropathy caused by immunosuppressive therapy. In these conditions, when a functional cellular response is impaired by immunosuppression, neutralizing antibodies may play a major role because they can directly prevent infection of target cells, independently of cell-mediated immunity, by binding to the viral particles. Studying the contribution of anti-BK virus neutralizing antibodies in viral control has long been hampered by the lack of convenient in vitro models, but major progress has been made in the past decade. The four BK virus genotypes have been demonstrated to behave as distinct serotypes. A low recipient neutralizing antibody titer against the donor's serotype before kidney transplant has been significantly associated with BK virus replication after transplant. Different mechanisms exploited by the BK virus to evade neutralizing antibodies have been described. Recent studies also support the potential benefit of administering intravenous Igs or monoclonal neutralizing antibodies as a therapeutic strategy, and more interestingly, this could also be used as preventive or preemptive therapy before advanced kidney damage has occurred. Besides, neutralizing antibodies could be induced by vaccination. In this review, we summarize accumulated knowledge on anti-BK virus neutralizing antibodies as well as their clinical importance and therapeutic potential for kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Helle
- UR-UPJV4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Aurélien Aubry
- UR-UPJV4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
| | - Virginie Morel
- UR-UPJV4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
| | - Véronique Descamps
- UR-UPJV4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
| | - Baptiste Demey
- UR-UPJV4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
| | - Etienne Brochot
- UR-UPJV4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
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Rizk SS, Moustafa DM, ElBanna SA, Nour El-Din HT, Attia AS. Nanobodies in the fight against infectious diseases: repurposing nature's tiny weapons. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:209. [PMID: 38771414 PMCID: PMC11108896 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Nanobodies are the smallest known antigen-binding molecules to date. Their small size, good tissue penetration, high stability and solubility, ease of expression, refolding ability, and negligible immunogenicity in the human body have granted them excellence over conventional antibodies. Those exceptional attributes of nanobodies make them promising candidates for various applications in biotechnology, medicine, protein engineering, structural biology, food, and agriculture. This review presents an overview of their structure, development methods, advantages, possible challenges, and applications with special emphasis on infectious diseases-related ones. A showcase of how nanobodies can be harnessed for applications including neutralization of viruses and combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria is detailed. Overall, the impact of nanobodies in vaccine design, rapid diagnostics, and targeted therapies, besides exploring their role in deciphering microbial structures and virulence mechanisms are highlighted. Indeed, nanobodies are reshaping the future of infectious disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha S Rizk
- Microbiology and Immunology Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Dina M Moustafa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt, El Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Shahira A ElBanna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Hanzada T Nour El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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Vandewalle N, Satilmis H, Verheye E, Fan R, Wang Y, De Groof TW, Bridoux J, Kerre T, De Beule N, De Becker A, De Bruyne E, Menu E, Vanderkerken K, Breckpot K, Devoogdt N, De Veirman K. AXL-specific single domain antibodies show diagnostic potential and anti-tumor activity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Theranostics 2024; 14:2656-2674. [PMID: 38773967 PMCID: PMC11103505 DOI: 10.7150/thno.91456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: AXL expression has been identified as a prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is detectable in approximately 50% of AML patients. In this study, we developed AXL-specific single domain antibodies (sdAbs), cross-reactive for both mouse and human AXL protein, to non-invasively image and treat AXL-expressing cancer cells. Methods: AXL-specific sdAbs were induced by immunizing an alpaca with mouse and human AXL proteins. SdAbs were characterized using ELISA, flow cytometry, surface plasmon resonance and the AlphaFold2 software. A lead compound was selected and labeled with 99mTc for evaluation as a diagnostic tool in mouse models of human (THP-1 cells) or mouse (C1498 cells) AML using SPECT/CT imaging. For therapeutic purposes, the lead compound was fused to a mouse IgG2a-Fc tail and in vitro functionality tests were performed including viability, apoptosis and proliferation assays in human AML cell lines and primary patient samples. Using these in vitro models, its anti-tumor effect was evaluated as a single agent, and in combination with standard of care agents venetoclax or cytarabine. Results: Based on its cell binding potential, cross-reactivity, nanomolar affinity and GAS6/AXL blocking capacity, we selected sdAb20 for further evaluation. Using SPECT/CT imaging, we observed tumor uptake of 99mTc-sdAb20 in mice with AXL-positive THP-1 or C1498 tumors. In THP-1 xenografts, an optimized protocol using pre-injection of cold sdAb20-Fc was required to maximize the tumor-to-background signal. Besides its diagnostic value, we observed a significant reduction in tumor cell proliferation and viability using sdAb20-Fc in vitro. Moreover, combining sdAb20-Fc and cytarabine synergistically induced apoptosis in human AML cell lines, while these effects were less clear when combined with venetoclax. Conclusions: Because of their diagnostic potential, sdAbs could be used to screen patients eligible for AXL-targeted therapy and to follow-up AXL expression during treatment and disease progression. When fused to an Fc-domain, sdAbs acquire additional therapeutic properties that can lead to a multidrug approach for the treatment of AXL-positive cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vandewalle
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC), team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hatice Satilmis
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC), team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emma Verheye
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC), team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology and Cancer Immunotherapy, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Brussels Center of Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rong Fan
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC), team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yanmeng Wang
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC), team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Timo W.M. De Groof
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (MITH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jessica Bridoux
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (MITH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathan De Beule
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC), team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann De Becker
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC), team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC), team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC), team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC), team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC), Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (MITH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC), team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC), team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Zheng Y, Li Y, Li M, Wang R, Jiang Y, Zhao M, Lu J, Li R, Li X, Shi S. COVID-19 cooling: Nanostrategies targeting cytokine storm for controlling severe and critical symptoms. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:738-811. [PMID: 37990647 DOI: 10.1002/med.21997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants continue to wreak havoc worldwide, the "Cytokine Storm" (CS, also known as the inflammatory storm) or Cytokine Release Syndrome has reemerged in the public consciousness. CS is a significant contributor to the deterioration of infected individuals. Therefore, CS control is of great significance for the treatment of critically ill patients and the reduction of mortality rates. With the occurrence of variants, concerns regarding the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs with a broad spectrum have grown. We should make an effort to modernize treatment strategies to address the challenges posed by mutations. Thus, in addition to the requirement for additional clinical data to monitor the long-term effects of vaccines and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, we can use CS as an entry point and therapeutic target to alleviate the severity of the disease in patients. To effectively combat the mutation, new technologies for neutralizing or controlling CS must be developed. In recent years, nanotechnology has been widely applied in the biomedical field, opening up a plethora of opportunities for CS. Here, we put forward the view of cytokine storm as a therapeutic target can be used to treat critically ill patients by expounding the relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and CS and the mechanisms associated with CS. We pay special attention to the representative strategies of nanomaterials in current neutral and CS research, as well as their potential chemical design and principles. We hope that the nanostrategies described in this review provide attractive treatment options for severe and critical COVID-19 caused by CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mao Li
- Health Management Centre, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Fast MS, Weyer K, Pedersen H, Andersen GR, Birn H. Filtration and tubular handling of EWE-hC3Nb1, a complement inhibitor nanobody, in wild type mice and a mouse model of proteinuric kidney disease. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:322-330. [PMID: 38124617 PMCID: PMC10839346 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubular activation and deposition of filtered complement proteins have been implicated in the progression of proteinuric kidney disease. The potent C3b-specific nanobody inhibitor of the alternative pathway, EWE-hC3Nb1, is likely freely filtered in the glomerulus to allow complement inhibition in the tubular lumen and may provide a novel treatment option to prevent tubulointerstitial injury. However, more information on the pharmacokinetic properties and renal tubular handling of EWE-hC3Nb1 nanobody is required for its pharmacological application in relation to kidney disease. Here, we examined the pharmacokinetic properties of free EWE-hC3Nb1 in mouse plasma and urine, following subcutaneous injection in wild-type control and podocin knock out (KO) mice with severe proteinuria. Tubular handling of filtered EWE-hC3Nb1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on kidney tissue from control, proteinuric mice, and KO mice deficient in the proximal tubule endocytic receptor megalin. Rapid plasma absorption and elimination of EWE-hC3Nb1 was observed in both control and proteinuric mice; however, urinary excretion of EWE-hC3Nb1 was markedly increased in proteinuric mice. Urinary EWE-hC3Nb1 excretion was amplified in megalin KO mice, and substantial accumulation of EWE-hC3Nb1 was observed in megalin-expressing renal proximal tubules by IHC. Moreover, free EWE-hC3Nb1 was found to be rapidly cleared from plasma. In conclusion, filtered EWE-hC3Nb1 is reabsorbed by a megalin-dependent process in the proximal tubules. Increased load of filtered proteins in the tubular fluid may inhibit the megalin-dependent uptake of EWE-hC3Nb1 in proteinuric mice. Treatment with EWE-hC3Nb1 may allow investigation of the effects of complement inhibition in the tubular fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics – Protein ScienceAarhus UniversityDenmark
| | - Gregers Rom Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics – Protein ScienceAarhus UniversityDenmark
| | - Henrik Birn
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityDenmark
- Departments of Clinical MedicineAarhus University and Renal Medicine, Aarhus University HospitalDenmark
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Ganji M, Safarzadeh Kozani P, Rahbarizadeh F. Characterization of novel CD19-specific VHHs isolated from a camelid immune library by phage display. J Transl Med 2023; 21:891. [PMID: 38066569 PMCID: PMC10709854 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based immunotherapies have achieved promising outcomes in the treatment of immunological and oncological indications. CD19 is considered one of the most qualified antigens in the treatment of B-cell neoplasms. VHHs (nanobodies) are known for their physicochemical advantages over conventional mAbs rendering them suitable therapeutics and diagnostic tools. Herein, we aimed to isolate CD19-specific VHHs from a novel immune library using phage display. METHODS An immune VHH gene library was constructed. Using phage display and after five biopanning rounds, two monoclonal CD19-specific VHHs were isolated. The selected VHHs were expressed, purified, and characterized in terms of their affinity, specificity, sensitivity, and ability to target CD19-positive cell lines. Moreover, in silico analyses were employed for further characterization. RESULTS A VHH library was developed, and because the outputs of the 4th biopanning round exhibited the most favorable characteristics, a panel of random VHHs was selected from them. Ultimately, two of the most favorable VHHs were selected and DNA sequenced (designated as GR37 and GR41). Precise experiments indicated that GR37 and GR41 exhibited considerable specificity, sensitivity, and affinity (1.15 × 107 M-1 and 2.08 × 107 M-1, respectively) to CD19. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that GR37 and GR41 could bind CD19 on the surface of cell lines expressing the antigen. Moreover, in silico experiments predicted that both VHHs target epitopes that are distinct from that targeted by the CD19-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) FMC63. CONCLUSION The selected VHHs can be used as potential targeting tools for the development of CD19-based immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ganji
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
- Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Li S, Hoefnagel SJM, Krishnadath KK. Single domain Camelid antibody fragments for molecular imaging and therapy of cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1257175. [PMID: 37746282 PMCID: PMC10514897 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1257175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite innovations in cancer therapeutics, cancer remains associated with high mortality and is one of biggest health challenges worldwide. Therefore, developing precise cancer imaging and effective treatments is an unmet clinical need. A relatively novel type of therapeutics are heavy chain variable domain antibody fragments (VHHs) derived from llamas. Here, we explored the suitability of VHHs for cancer imaging and therapy through reviewing the existing literature. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases and identified 32 papers on molecular imaging and 41 papers on therapy that were suitable for comprehensive reviewing. We found that VHHs harbor a higher specificity and affinity compared to mAbs, which contributes to high-quality imaging and less side-effects on healthy cells. The employment of VHHs in cancer imaging showed remarkably shorter times between administration and imaging. Studies showed that 18F and 99mTc are two optimal radionuclides for imaging with VHHs and that site-specific labelling is the optimal conjugation modality for VHHs with radionuclide or fluorescent molecules. We found different solutions for reducing kidney retention and immunogenicity of VHHs. VHHs as anticancer therapeutics have been tested in photodynamic therapy, targeted radionuclide therapy, immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. These studies showed that VHHs target unique antigen epitopes, which are distinct from the ones recognized by mAbs. This advantage means that VHHs may be more effective for targeted anticancer therapy and can be combined with mAbs. We found that high cellular internalization and specificity of VHHs contributes to the effectiveness and safety of VHHs as anticancer therapeutics. Two clinical trials have confirmed that VHHs are effective and safe for cancer imaging and therapy. Together, VHHs seem to harbor several advantages compared to mAbs and show potential for application in personalized treatment for cancer patients. VHH-based imaging and therapy are promising options for improving outcomes of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Li
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Kausilia Krishnawatie Krishnadath
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Imig JD, Merk D, Proschak E. Multi-Target Drugs for Kidney Diseases. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:1645-1653. [PMID: 35372984 PMCID: PMC8785794 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0003582021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Kidney diseases such as AKI, CKD, and GN can lead to dialysis and the need for kidney transplantation. The pathologies for kidney diseases are extremely complex, progress at different rates, and involve several cell types and cell signaling pathways. Complex kidney diseases require therapeutics that can act on multiple targets. In the past 10 years, in silico design of drugs has allowed for multi-target drugs to progress quickly from concept to reality. Several multi-target drugs have been made successfully to target AA pathways and transcription factors for the treatment of inflammatory, fibrotic, and metabolic diseases. Multi-target drugs have also demonstrated great potential to treat diabetic nephropathy and fibrotic kidney disease. These drugs act by decreasing renal TGF-β signaling, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. There are several other recently developed multi-target drugs that have yet to be tested for their ability to combat kidney diseases. Overall, there is excellent potential for multi-target drugs that act on several cell types and signaling pathways to treat kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Imig
- Drug Discovery Center and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eugen Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Immune-mediated glomerular diseases: new basic concepts and clinical implications. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:277-279. [PMID: 34463820 PMCID: PMC8523466 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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