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Rist S, Rask S, Ntinou IV, Varpe Ø, Lindegren M, Ugwu K, Larsson M, Sjöberg V, Nielsen TG. Cumulative Impacts of Oil Pollution, Ocean Warming, and Coastal Freshening on the Feeding of Arctic Copepods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38321867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The Arctic is undergoing rapid changes, and biota are exposed to multiple stressors, including pollution and climate change. Still, little is known about their joint impact. Here, we investigated the cumulative impact of crude oil, warming, and freshening on the copepod species Calanus glacialis and Calanus finmarchicus. Adult females were exposed to ambient conditions (control; 0 °C + 33 psu) and combined warming and freshening: 5 °C + 27 psu (Scenario 1), 5 °C + 20 psu (Scenario 2) for 6 days. All three conditions were tested with and without dispersed crude oil. In Scenario 1, fecal pellet production (FPP) significantly increased by 40-78% and 42-122% for C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus, respectively. In Scenario 2, FPP decreased by 6-57% for C. glacialis, while it fluctuated for C. finmarchicus. For both species, oil had the strongest effect on FPP, leading to a 68-83% reduction. This overshadowed the differences between climatic scenarios. All variables (temperature, salinity, and oil) had significant single effects and several joint effects on FPP. Our results demonstrate that Arctic copepods are sensitive to environmentally realistic concentrations of crude oil and climate change. Strong reductions in feeding can reduce the copepods' energy content with potential large-scale impacts on the Arctic marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinja Rist
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sofie Rask
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Iliana V Ntinou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Martin Lindegren
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kevin Ugwu
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Viktor Sjöberg
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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2
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Serandour B, Jan KMG, Novotny A, Winder M. Opportunistic vs selective feeding strategies of zooplankton under changing environmental conditions. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2023; 45:389-403. [PMID: 37012975 PMCID: PMC10066809 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The plankton community consists of diverse interacting species. The estimation of species interactions in nature is challenging. There is limited knowledge on how plankton interactions are influenced by environmental conditions because of limited understanding of zooplankton feeding strategies and factors affecting trophic interactions. In this study, we used DNA-metabarcoding to investigate trophic interactions in mesozooplankton predators and the influence of prey availability on their feeding behavior. We found that mesozooplankton feeding strategies vary within species across an environmental gradient. Some species, such as Temora longicornis consistently used a selective strategy, while diets of Centropages hamatus and Acartia spp. varied between stations, showing a trophic plasticity with the prey community. We found a dominance of Synechococcales reads in Temora's gut content and a high prey diversity for the cladoceran Evadne nordmanni. Our study shows the wide range of prey species that supports mesozooplankton community and helps to understand the spatial and temporal complexity of plankton species interactions and discriminate the selectivity ability of four zooplankton key species. Due to the central role of plankton in marine waters, a better comprehension of the spatiotemporal variability in species interactions helps to estimate fluxes to benthic and pelagic predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Serandour
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Universitetsvägen 10A, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kinlan M G Jan
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Universitetsvägen 10A, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Novotny
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Universitetsvägen 10A, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Winder
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Universitetsvägen 10A, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Macedo M, Fabré NN, da Silva VEL, Santos MEF, Albuquerque-Tenório MD, Angelini R. Influence of the river flow pulse on the maturity, resilience, and sustainability of tropical coastal ecosystems. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 183:105806. [PMID: 36459755 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Coastal marine ecosystems have structural and functional features usually connected by the seasonal transfer of nutrients and organisms. These environments can utilize inter-ecosystem subsidies to increase resilience and maturity and support human activities like fishing. However, the importance of the connection and the role of the seasonal pulse of energy flows to enhance maturity are still poorly understood and reported. Our objective in this paper is to assess the effect of seasonal hydrological pulses on two tropical coastal interconnected ecosystems. Thus, we made four Ecopath models for estuarine and neritic environments considering the dry and rainy seasons, with a similar sampling design that allowed them to be compared. Our results provide evidence for the occurrence of the pulsed ecosystems since both environments seem driven by the river flow. Estuary presents more and more substantial differences (measured by ecosystem attributes) in both seasons because it is directly affected by river floods than the neritic environment. The neritic is affected indirectly by the movement of species from the estuary and by a weaker river flow. In the dry season, the differences between ecosystems are lower because the dry season trend to homogenize cycling, maturity, homeostasis, and resilience. We found that the seasonal river flow (pulse) forces the variability of biomass, flows, and ecosystem features, and this variance creates the required stability for both ecosystems. Still, these environments benefit through the exchange of components that relieve the pressures of predation on specific groups and maintain the energy flow necessary for the functioning of their trophic webs. The pulse by the rainfall favors connectivity and equalizes the two systems, increasing the connectivity between them and the exchange of subsidies that strengthens the trophic structures, contributing to the increase in maturity. In these ecosystems, seasonal changes become a key factor for exchanging flows that will promote sustainability, the accumulation of more biomass (growth), and the optimization of reserve energy (development) in both systems. This efficient joint strategy of perpetuation is what promotes resistance and resilience to these ecosystems, which together can reach different states of equilibrium, translated into maturity to withstand new environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Macedo
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Peixes e Pesca - Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Alagoas, 57072-900, Brazil.
| | - N N Fabré
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Peixes e Pesca - Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Alagoas, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - V E L da Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Peixes e Pesca - Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Alagoas, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - M E F Santos
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Peixes e Pesca - Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Alagoas, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - M D Albuquerque-Tenório
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Peixes e Pesca - Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Alagoas, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - R Angelini
- Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59078-970, Brazil
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Darnaude A, Arnaud-Haond S, Hunter E, Gaggiotti O, Sturrock A, Beger M, Volckaert F, Pérez-Ruzafa A, López-López L, Tanner SE, Turan C, Ahmet Doğdu S, Katsanevakis S, Costantini F. Unifying approaches to Functional Marine Connectivity for improved marine resource management: the European SEA-UNICORN COST Action. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.8.e98874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Truly sustainable development in a human-altered, fragmented marine environment subject to unprecedented climate change, demands informed planning strategies in order to be successful. Beyond a simple understanding of the distribution of marine species, data describing how variations in spatio-temporal dynamics impact ecosystem functioning and the evolution of species are required. Marine Functional Connectivity (MFC) characterizes the flows of matter, genes and energy produced by organism movements and migrations across the seascape. As such, MFC determines the ecological and evolutionary interdependency of populations, and ultimately the fate of species and ecosystems. Gathering effective MFC knowledge can therefore improve predictions of the impacts of environmental change and help to refine management and conservation strategies for the seas and oceans. Gathering these data are challenging however, as access to, and survey of marine ecosystems still presents significant challenge. Over 50 European institutions currently investigate aspects of MFC using complementary methods across multiple research fields, to understand the ecology and evolution of marine species. The aim of SEA-UNICORN, a COST Action supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), is to bring together this research effort, unite the multiple approaches to MFC, and to integrate these under a common conceptual and analytical framework. The consortium brings together a diverse group of scientists to collate existing MFC data, to identify knowledge gaps, to enhance complementarity among disciplines, and to devise common approaches to MFC. SEA-UNICORN will promote co-working between connectivity practitioners and ecosystem modelers to facilitate the incorporation of MFC data into the predictive models used to identify marine conservation priorities. Ultimately, SEA-UNICORN will forge strong forward-working links between scientists, policy-makers and stakeholders to facilitate the integration of MFC knowledge into decision support tools for marine management and environmental policies.
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Weydmann‐Zwolicka A, Cottier F, Berge J, Majaneva S, Kukliński P, Zwolicki A. Environmental niche overlap in sibling planktonic species Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis in Arctic fjords. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9569. [PMID: 36514547 PMCID: PMC9731911 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of environmental preferences of the key planktonic species, such as Calanus copepods in the Arctic, is crucial to understand ecosystem function and its future under climate change. Here, we assessed the environmental conditions influencing the development stages of Atlantic Calanus finmarchicus and Arctic Calanus glacialis, and we quantified the extent to which their niches overlap by incorporating multiple environmental data. We based our analysis on a 3-year seasonal collection of zooplankton by sediment traps, located on moorings in two contrasting Svalbard fjords: the Arctic Rijpfjorden and the Atlantic-influenced Kongsfjorden. Despite large differences in water temperature between the fjords, local realized ecological niches of the sibling Calanus species overlapped almost perfectly. The exception was the earliest copepodites of C. glacialis in Rijpfjorden, which probably utilized the local ice algal bloom in spring. However, during periods with no sea ice, like in Kongsfjorden, the siblings of both Calanus species showed high synchronization in the population structure. Interestingly, differences in temperature preferences of C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis were much higher between the studied fjords than between the species. Our analysis confirmed the high plasticity of Calanus copepods and their abilities to adapt to highly variable environmental settings, not only on an interannual basis but also in a climate warming context, indicating some resilience in the Calanus community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Weydmann‐Zwolicka
- Department of Marine Plankton Research, Institute of OceanographyUniversity of GdanskGdyniaPoland
| | - Finlo Cottier
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsThe Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- Scottish Association for Marine ScienceObanUK
| | - Jørgen Berge
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsThe Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Sanna Majaneva
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsThe Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Piotr Kukliński
- Department of EcologyInstitute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of SciencesSopotPoland
| | - Adrian Zwolicki
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of GdanskGdańskPoland
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6
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Evans SR, Bearhop S. Variation in movement strategies: Capital versus income migration. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1961-1974. [PMID: 35962601 PMCID: PMC9825870 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Animal migrations represent the regular movements of trillions of individuals. The scale of these movements has inspired human intrigue for millennia and has been intensively studied by biologists. This research has highlighted the diversity of migratory strategies seen across and within migratory taxa: while some migrants temporarily express phenotypes dedicated to travel, others show little or no phenotypic flexibility in association with migration. However, a vocabulary for describing these contrasting solutions to the performance trade-offs inherent to the highly dynamic lifestyle of migrants (and strategies intermediate between these two extremes) is currently missing. We propose a taxon-independent organising framework based on energetics, distinguishing between migrants that forage as they travel (income migrants) and those that fuel migration using energy acquired before departure (capital migrants). Not only does our capital:income continuum of migratory energetics account for the variable extent of phenotypic flexibility within and across migrant populations, but it also aligns with theoreticians' treatment of migration and clarifies how migration impacts other phases of the life cycle. As such, it provides a unifying scale and common vacabulary for comparing the migratory strategies of divergent taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. Evans
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Stuart Bearhop
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
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7
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Darnaude A, Arnaud-Haond S, Hunter E, Gaggiotti O, Sturrock A, Beger M, Volckaert F, Pérez-Ruzafa A, López-López L, Tanner SE, Turon C, Ahmet Doğdu S, Katsanevakis S, Costantini F. Unifying approaches to Functional Marine Connectivity for improved marine resource management: the European SEA-UNICORN COST Action. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.8.e80223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Truly sustainable development in a human-altered, fragmented marine environment subject to unprecedented climate change, demands informed planning strategies in order to be successful. Beyond a simple understanding of the distribution of marine species, data describing how variations in spatio-temporal dynamics impact ecosystem functioning and the evolution of species are required. Marine Functional Connectivity (MFC) characterizes the flows of matter, genes and energy produced by organism movements and migrations across the seascape. As such, MFC determines the ecological and evolutionary interdependency of populations, and ultimately the fate of species and ecosystems. Gathering effective MFC knowledge can therefore improve predictions of the impacts of environmental change and help to refine management and conservation strategies for the seas and oceans. Gathering these data are challenging however, as access to, and survey of marine ecosystems still presents significant challenge. Over 50 European institutions currently investigate aspects of MFC using complementary methods across multiple research fields, to understand the ecology and evolution of marine species. The aim of SEA-UNICORN, a COST Action within the European Union Horizon 2020 framework programme, is to bring together this research effort, unite the multiple approaches to MFC, and to integrate these under a common conceptual and analytical framework. The consortium brings together a diverse group of scientists to collate existing MFC data, to identify knowledge gaps, to enhance complementarity among disciplines, and to devise common approaches to MFC. SEA-UNICORN will promote co-working between connectivity practitioners and ecosystem modelers to facilitate the incorporation of MFC data into the predictive models used to identify marine conservation priorities. Ultimately, SEA-UNICORN will forge strong forward-working links between scientists, policy-makers and stakeholders to facilitate the integration of MFC knowledge into decision support tools for marine management and environmental policies.
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8
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Nutrient fluxes from an Arctic seabird colony to the adjacent coastal marine ecosystem. Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSeabirds are important vectors for nutrient transfer across ecosystem boundaries. In this seasonal study, we evaluate the impact of an Arctic colony (Alkhornet, Svalbard) of Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and Brünnich’s Guillemots (Uria lomvia) on stream nutrient concentrations and fluxes, as well as utilization by coastal biota. Water samples from seabird-impacted and control streams were collected regularly throughout the melt season (June–September) for nutrient and organic carbon analysis. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) was used to assess whether seabird-derived nitrogen (N) could be traced into filamentous stream algae and marine algae as well as consumers (amphipods). Concentrations of nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−) peaked in July at 9200 µg N L−1 in seabird-impacted streams, 70 times higher than for control streams. Mean concentrations of phosphate (PO43−) in seabird-impacted streams were 21.9 µg P L−1, tenfold higher than in controls. Areal fluxes from seabird-impacted study catchments of NO3− + NO2− and PO43− had estimated ranges of 400–2100 kg N km−2 and 15–70 kg P km−2, respectively. Higher δ15N was found in all biota collected from seabird-impacted sites, indicating utilization of seabird-derived nitrogen. Acrosiphonia sp. from seabird-impacted sites had higher δ15N values (20–23‰ vs. 3–6‰) and lower C:N ratios (10.9 vs. 14.3) than specimens collected from control sites, indicating reliance on seabird-derived nitrogen sources and potentially higher N-availability at seabird-impacted nearshore sites. Our study demonstrates how marine nutrients brought onshore by seabirds also can return to the ocean and be utilized by nearshore primary producers and consumers.
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Behrens JW, Ryberg MP, Einberg H, Eschbaum R, Florin AB, Grygiel W, Herrmann JP, Huwer B, Hüssy K, Knospina E, Nõomaa K, Oesterwind D, Polte P, Smoliński S, Ustups D, van Deurs M, Ojaveer H. Seasonal depth distribution and thermal experience of the non-indigenous round goby Neogobius melanostomus in the Baltic Sea: implications to key trophic relations. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02662-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNative to the Ponto-Caspian region, the benthic round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) has invaded several European inland waterbodies as well as the North American Great Lakes and the Baltic Sea. The species is capable of reaching very high densities in the invaded ecosystems, with not only evidence for significant food-web effects on the native biota and habitats, but also negative implications to coastal fishers. Although generally considered a coastal species, it has been shown that round goby migrate to deeper areas of the Great Lakes and other inland lakes during the cold season. Such seasonal movements may create new spatio-temporal ecosystem consequences in invaded systems. To seek evidence for seasonal depth distribution in coastal marine habitats, we compiled all available catch data for round goby in the Baltic Sea since its invasion and until 2017. We furthermore related the depths at capture for each season with the ambient thermal environment. The round goby spend autumn and winter at significantly deeper and offshore areas compared to spring and summer months; few fish were captured at depths < 25 m in these colder months. Similarly, in spring and summer, round goby were not captured at depths > 25 m. The thermal conditions at which round goby were caught varied significantly between seasons, being on average 18.3 °C during summer, and dropping to a low 3.8 °C during winter months. Overall, the fish sought the depths within each season with the highest possible temperatures. The spatial distribution of the round goby substantially overlaps with that of its main and preferred prey (mussels) and with that of its competitor for food (flatfish), but only moderately with the coastal predatory fish (perch), indicating thereby very complex trophic interactions associated with this invasion. Further investigations should aim at quantifying the food web consequences and coupling effects between different habitats related to seasonal migrations of the round goby, both in terms of the species as a competitor, predator and prey.
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Bopp JJ, Sclafani M, Frisk MG, McKown K, Ziegler‐Fede C, Smith DR, Cerrato RM. Telemetry reveals migratory drivers and disparate space use across seasons and age‐groups in American horseshoe crabs. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Bopp
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University 145 Endeavour Hall Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Matthew Sclafani
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University 145 Endeavour Hall Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
- Cornell University Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County 23 Griffing Avenue # 100 Riverhead New York 1190 USA
| | - Michael G. Frisk
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University 145 Endeavour Hall Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Kim McKown
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 205 North Belle Meade Road, Suite 1 East Setauket New York 11733 USA
| | - Catherine Ziegler‐Fede
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 205 North Belle Meade Road, Suite 1 East Setauket New York 11733 USA
| | - David R. Smith
- United States Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center 11649 Kearneysville Road Kearneysville West Virginia 25430 USA
| | - Robert M. Cerrato
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University 145 Endeavour Hall Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
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Aune M, Raskhozheva E, Andrade H, Augustine S, Bambulyak A, Camus L, Carroll J, Dolgov AV, Hop H, Moiseev D, Renaud PE, Varpe Ø. Distribution and ecology of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) in the eastern Barents Sea: A review of historical literature. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 166:105262. [PMID: 33513484 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The polar cod (Boreogadus saida) has a circumpolar distribution and is the most abundant planktivorous fish in the Arctic. Declining sea-ice coverage impacts polar cod directly and also facilitates expansion of human activities in the region leading to increasing anthropogenic pressures on biota. Here we summarize current data and knowledge on polar cod from the Russian sector of the Barents Sea and discuss knowledge needs for the management of polar cod under changing environmental conditions and anthropogenic impacts. We review 36 Russian historical (1935 - 2020) sources of data and knowledge largely unknown to western researchers, in addition to sources already published in the English language. This effort allowed for digitalization and visualization of 69 separate datasets on polar cod ecology, including maturation, fertility, feeding intensity, diet, lipid content, length-weight relationships and seasonal variation in larval size. Our review suggests that polar cod abundances are particularly large in the eastern Barents Sea and adjacent waters. Here, we identify and discuss key knowledge gaps. The review of polar cod in the eastern Barents Sea revealed 1) major variation in the timing and area of polar cod spawning, 2) uncertainty as to what degree the polar cod is dependent on sea ice, 3) deficient knowledge of juvenile (e.g., 0-group) distributions, particularly in the north-eastern Barents Sea, 4) deficient knowledge of the species' genetic structure and spatio-temporal distributions, and 5) insufficient understanding as to whether ongoing environmental change may induce phenological changes affecting the availability of potential food items for polar cod larvae and their match in space and time. Filling these knowledge gaps would provide an important step towards the reliable knowledge base needed in order to perform well-founded management and impact assessment under environmental changes and increasing anthropogenic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Aune
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, 9007, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Evgeniia Raskhozheva
- Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Vladimirskaya St. 17, 183010, Murmansk, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | - Lionel Camus
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, 9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Andrey V Dolgov
- Polar Branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography" ("PINRO" named after N. M. Knipovich), 6 Knipovich Street, 183038, Murmansk, Russian Federation; Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education "Murmansk State Technical University",13, Sportivnaya Street, Murmansk, 183010, Russia; Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Haakon Hop
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Denis Moiseev
- Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Vladimirskaya St. 17, 183010, Murmansk, Russian Federation
| | - Paul E Renaud
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, 9007, Tromsø, Norway; University Centre in Svalbard; 9071, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, 9007, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 53 A/B, 5020, Bergen, Norway
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12
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From Marine Metacommunities to Meta-ecosystems: Examining the Nature, Scale and Significance of Resource Flows in Benthic Marine Environments. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Ceballos-Francisco D, Carrillo NG, Pardo-Fernández FJ, Cuesta A, Esteban MÁ. Radiological characterization of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) by X-ray computed tomography. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:1440-1447. [PMID: 32840010 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing use of fish as new animal models in scientific research and the growth of fish farming (mainly for human consumption) have highlighted the need for advanced technology to deepen our knowledge of fish biology. Hence, the present study was carried out to radiologically analyse the whole body of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) specimens using X-ray computed tomography (CT). Images were acquired in an Albira SPECT/PET/CT tri-modal preclinical-scanner. Segmentation, measurements and three-dimensional reconstruction were made using the Carestream Molecular imaging Albira CT system in conjunction with Pmod, AMIDE and Amira software packages. The results showed that the density values of gilthead seabream are in the range -700 to +2500 HU for the whole body. We also determined the density ranges that topographically coincide with the swim bladder, soft tissues, fat, skin and skeleton. This work describes, validates and demonstrates the application of a fully automated image analysis technique to study and quantify fish body composition, whether segmented or as a whole. In addition, the basis for applying this image technique in other in vivo studies is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ceballos-Francisco
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria G Carrillo
- Preclinical Imaging Unit, Laboratory Animal Service, Core Facilities University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Á Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Helenius L, Budge SM, Nadeau H, Johnson CL. Ambient temperature and algal prey type affect essential fatty acid incorporation and trophic upgrading in a herbivorous marine copepod. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20200039. [PMID: 32536313 PMCID: PMC7333969 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential fatty acids (EFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are critical nutrients for all organisms, and the temperature sensitivity of their trophic transfer in marine systems is of concern because of rising ocean temperatures. Laboratory-reared copepodites of the marine calanoid Calanus finmarchicus were used to test the effects of temperature (at 6°C, 12°C and increasing temperature stress) and prey type (the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra and the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii) on the extent and efficiency of dietary EPA and DHA incorporation from phytoplankton to copepods in a set of feeding experiments using 13C labelling. Temperature was a significant determinant of C. finmarchicus copepodites' EFA incorporation and gross growth efficiency, defined as the fraction of ingested EFA retained in copepod tissue. Ingestion and incorporation of both EFA were higher at warmer temperature, except in the case of DHA in copepods feeding on diatoms. DHA-associated growth efficiency was higher at the higher temperature for copepodites consuming the dinoflagellate, but temperature-related variation in algal EFA content was also a predictive factor. Moreover, our results strongly suggest that copepodites are capable of synthesizing EPA when consuming an EPA-depleted diet. Our study implies that the copepod link of marine food webs is resilient in terms of EFA transfer when confronted with alterations of ambient temperature and prey type availability. Measurements presented here are critical for estimating how EFA transfer dynamics respond to intra- and interannual environmental variability. This article is part of the theme issue 'The next horizons for lipids as 'trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Helenius
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaB3H 4R2
| | - Suzanne M. Budge
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaB3H 4R2
| | - Heather Nadeau
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaB3H 4R2
| | - Catherine L. Johnson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, CanadaB2Y 4A2
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15
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Pershing AJ, Stamieszkin K. The North Atlantic Ecosystem, from Plankton to Whales. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2020; 12:339-359. [PMID: 31226030 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Compared with terrestrial ecosystems, marine ecosystems have a higher proportion of heterotrophic biomass. Building from this observation, we define the North Atlantic biome as the region where the large, lipid-rich copepod Calanus finmarchicus is the dominant mesozooplankton species. This species is superbly adapted to take advantage of the intense pulse of productivity associated with the North Atlantic spring bloom. Most of the characteristic North Atlantic species, including cod, herring, and right whales, rely on C. finmarchicus either directly or indirectly. The notion of a biome rests inherently on an assumption of stability, yet conditions in the North Atlantic are anything but stable. Humans have reduced the abundance of many fish and whales (though some recovery is underway). Humans are also introducing physical and chemical trends associated with global climate change. Thus, the future of the North Atlantic depends on the biome's newest species, Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Stamieszkin
- Virginia Institute for Marine Sciences, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA;
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16
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Toxværd K, Dinh KV, Henriksen O, Hjorth M, Nielsen TG. Delayed effects of pyrene exposure during overwintering on the Arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 217:105332. [PMID: 31698182 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Calanus hyperboreus is the largest copepod and a key species in the Arctic food web. During the spring bloom, C. hyperboreus builds up large lipid reserves, which enable it to survive and produce eggs during overwintering. The ecological effects of oil exposure on overwintering C. hyperboreus are unknown. The present study empirically tested if exposure to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pyrene from crude oil affects the survival, egg production, and hatching success of overwintering C. hyperboreus. We also tested the delayed effects on faecal pellet production and lipid recovery in clean seawater. Direct exposure did not reduce survival and egg production, but reduced hatching success 3-18 times by the end of the exposure period. Remarkably, we documented strong delayed effects of pyrene on faecal pellet production and the recovery of lipid reserves. The current study reveals a high vulnerability of this key species of Arctic zooplankton to oil exposure during winter. Together with our previous study on C. glacialis, we complete the picture of the impact of oil on the largest and most lipid-rich copepod C. hyperboreus, which potentially can have huge ecological consequences for the fragile Arctic marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine Toxværd
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Cowi Denmark, Department of Water & Nature, Parallelvej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Khuong V Dinh
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ole Henriksen
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Morten Hjorth
- Cowi Denmark, Department of Water & Nature, Parallelvej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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17
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McInturf AG, Pollack L, Yang LH, Spiegel O. Vectors with autonomy: what distinguishes animal‐mediated nutrient transport from abiotic vectors? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1761-1773. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. McInturf
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Lea Pollack
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Louie H. Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616 U.S.A
| | - Orr Spiegel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences Sherman Building, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
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18
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Distribution and Phylogeny of Erythrocytic Necrosis Virus (ENV) in Salmon Suggests Marine Origin. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040358. [PMID: 31003511 PMCID: PMC6520742 DOI: 10.3390/v11040358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) affects over 20 species of marine and anadromous fishes in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. However, the distribution and strain variation of its viral causative agent, erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV), has not been well characterized within Pacific salmon. Here, metatranscriptomic sequencing of Chinook salmon revealed that ENV infecting salmon was closely related to ENV from Pacific herring, with inferred amino-acid sequences from Chinook salmon being 99% identical to those reported for herring. Sequence analysis also revealed 89 protein-encoding sequences attributed to ENV, greatly expanding the amount of genetic information available for this virus. High-throughput PCR of over 19,000 fish showed that ENV is widely distributed in the NE Pacific Ocean and was detected in 12 of 16 tested species, including in 27% of herring, 38% of anchovy, 17% of pollock, and 13% of sand lance. Despite frequent detection in marine fish, ENV prevalence was significantly lower in fish from freshwater (0.03%), as assessed with a generalized linear mixed effects model (p = 5.5 × 10−8). Thus, marine fish are likely a reservoir for the virus. High genetic similarity between ENV obtained from salmon and herring also suggests that transmission between these hosts is likely.
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19
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Zuercher R, Galloway AWE. Coastal marine ecosystem connectivity: pelagic ocean to kelp forest subsidies. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Zuercher
- University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California 95060 USA
| | - Aaron W. E. Galloway
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston Oregon 97420 USA
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20
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Subalusky AL, Post DM. Context dependency of animal resource subsidies. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:517-538. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Subalusky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT 06511 U.S.A
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook NY 12545 U.S.A
| | - David M. Post
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT 06511 U.S.A
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21
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Abstract
Seasonality creates a template for many natural processes and evolutionary adaptations. Organisms are often faced with an annual cycle consisting of a productive (favorable) and unproductive period. This yearly cycle along with other seasonal variations in abiotic factors and associated biotic interactions form strong selection pressures shaping the scheduling of annual activities and the developmental stages and modes of life through the year. Annual decisions impact trade-offs that involve both current and future reproductive value (RV), and life history theory provides the foundation to understand these linkages between phenology and an organism's full life. Annual routine models further allow for multiple annual decisions to be optimized and predicted with respect to lifetime consequences. Studies of life history adaptations to seasonality are concerned with questions such as: within the productive season, should growth come first, followed by reproduction, or the other way around? What is the best time to diapause or migrate, and how will this timing impact other life history traits? Should energy reserves be built, to transfer resources from 1 year to the next, and allow for the spatial and temporal freedom of capital breeding? If offspring value is low during parts of the productive season, what is then the best alternative to reproduction: accumulate stores, grow, or wait in safety? To help answer these and other questions, I provide an overview of key theoretical concepts and some of the main life schedules, annual routines, and trade-offs involved. Adaptations to the unproductive period include diapause (dormancy), embryonic resting stages (eggs, seeds), energy reserves, and seasonal migrations. Adaptations to the productive window include rapid growth, high reproductive effort, capital breeding, and reproduction entrained to the annual cycle and with precise timing. Distinct annual routines, large body size, energy storage capacities, and parental care are also adaptations to seasonality. Phenotypic plasticity and state-dependence are important parts of these traits and are adaptations in their own. I give particular attention to timing of breeding and the associated birth-time dependent contributions to fitness. Seasonality in offspring value impacts the scheduling of growth, storage, and reproduction and may create parent-offspring conflicts over breeding timing. A combined offspring and parent value perspective should be adopted more broadly, also because of the management implications. I further argue for strategic but careful use of latitudinal (and altitudinal) gradients, and more attention to the role of seasonally varying predation risk as a selective force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Varpe
- Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway.,Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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22
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Bachiller E, Utne KR, Jansen T, Huse G. Bioenergetics modeling of the annual consumption of zooplankton by pelagic fish feeding in the Northeast Atlantic. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190345. [PMID: 29293577 PMCID: PMC5749802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study uses bioenergetics modeling to estimate the annual consumption of the main zooplankton groups by some of the most commercially important planktivorous fish stocks in the Northeast Atlantic, namely Norwegian spring-spawning (NSS) herring (Clupea harengus), blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) and NEA mackerel (Scomber scombrus). The data was obtained from scientific surveys in the main feeding area (Norwegian Sea) in the period 2005–2010. By incorporating novel information about ambient temperature, seasonal growth and changes in the diet from stomach content analyses, annual consumption of the different zooplankton groups by pelagic fish is estimated. The present study estimates higher consumption estimates than previous studies for the three species and suggests that fish might have a greater impact on the zooplankton community as foragers. This way, NEA mackerel, showing the highest daily consumption rates, and NSS herring, annually consume around 10 times their total biomass, whereas blue whiting consume about 6 times their biomass in zooplankton. The three species were estimated to consume an average of 135 million (M) tonnes of zooplankton each year, consisting of 53–85 M tonnes of copepods, 20–32 M tonnes of krill, 8–42 M tonnes of appendicularians and 0.2–1.2 M tonnes of fish, depending on the year. For NSS herring and NEA mackerel the main prey groups are calanoids and appendicularians, showing a peak in consumption during June and June–July, respectively, and suggesting high potential for inter-specific feeding competition between these species. In contrast, blue whiting maintain a low consumption rate from April to September, consuming mainly larger euphausiids. Our results suggest that the three species can coexist regardless of their high abundance, zooplankton consumption rates and overlapping diet. Accordingly, the species might have niche segregation, as they are species specific, showing annual and inter-annual variability in total consumption of the different prey species. These estimates and their inter-annual and inter-specific variation are fundamental for understanding fundamental pelagic predator-prey interactions as well as to inform advanced multispecies ecosystem models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneko Bachiller
- Pelagic Fish Research Group, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Kjell Rong Utne
- Pelagic Fish Research Group, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - Teunis Jansen
- GINR–Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
- DTU Aqua–National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund Castle, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Geir Huse
- Pelagic Fish Research Group, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
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23
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Weydmann A, Walczowski W, Carstensen J, Kwaśniewski S. Warming of Subarctic waters accelerates development of a key marine zooplankton Calanus finmarchicus. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:172-183. [PMID: 28801968 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent observations confirm the rising temperatures of Atlantic waters transported into the Arctic Ocean via the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC). We studied the overall abundance and population structure of the North Atlantic keystone zooplankton copepod Calanus finmarchicus, which is the main prey for pelagic fish and some seabirds, in relation to selected environmental variables in this area between 2001 and 2011, when warming in the Arctic and Subarctic was particularly pronounced. Sampling within a 3-week time window each summer demonstrated that trends in the overall abundance of C. finmarchicus varied between years, with the highest values in "extreme" years, due to high numbers of nauplii and early copepodite stages in colder years (2001, 2004, 2010), and contrary to that, the fifth copepodite stage (C5) peaking in warm years (2006, 2007, 2009). The most influential environmental variable driving C. finmarchicus life cycle was temperature, which promoted an increased C5 abundance when the temperature was above 6°C, indicating earlier spawning and/or accelerated development, and possibly leading to their development to adults later in the summer and spawning for the second time, given adequate food supply. Based on the presented high interannual and spatial variability, we hypothesize that under a warmer climate, C. finmarchicus may annually produce two generations in the southern part of the WSC, what in turn could lead to food web reorganization of important top predators, such as little auks, and induce northward migrations of fish, especially the Norwegian herring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Weydmann
- Department of Marine Plankton Research, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
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24
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Global patterns in marine predatory fish. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 2:65-70. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Espinasse M, Halsband C, Varpe Ø, Gislason A, Gudmundsson K, Falk-Petersen S, Eiane K. The role of local and regional environmental factors for Calanus finmarchicus and C. hyperboreus abundances in the Nordic Seas. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Hu G, Lim KS, Horvitz N, Clark SJ, Reynolds DR, Sapir N, Chapman JW. Mass seasonal bioflows of high-flying insect migrants. Science 2016; 354:1584-1587. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aah4379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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27
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Childress ES, McIntyre PB. Life history traits and spawning behavior modulate ecosystem‐level effects of nutrient subsidies from fish migrations. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evan S. Childress
- Center for LimnologyUniversity of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Peter B. McIntyre
- Center for LimnologyUniversity of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
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28
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van Deurs M, Persson A, Lindegren M, Jacobsen C, Neuenfeldt S, Jørgensen C, Nilsson PA. Marine ecosystem connectivity mediated by migrant-resident interactions and the concomitant cross-system flux of lipids. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4076-87. [PMID: 27516865 PMCID: PMC4972233 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating research argues that migrants influence the functioning and productivity of local habitats and ecosystems along migration routes and potentially drive cross-system energy fluxes of considerable magnitude, yet empirical documentation of local ecological effects and descriptions of the underlying mechanisms are surprisingly rare. In this study, we discovered migrant-resident interactions and substantial cross-system lipid transportation in the transition zone between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea where a resident cod population (predators) was found to interact with a herring population (prey) on a seasonal basis. We traced the lipids, using fatty acid trophic markers (FATM), from the herring feeding grounds in the North Sea to the cod livers in the Western Baltic Sea. Time series analysis of population dynamics indicated that population-level production of cod is positively affected by the herring subsidies. However, the underlying mechanisms were more complicated than anticipated. During the herring season, large cod received most of its dietary lipids from the herring, whereas smaller cod were prevented from accessing the lipid pool due to a mismatch in predator-prey size ratio. Furthermore, while the herring were extremely rich in bulk energy, they were surprisingly poor in a specific functional fatty acid. Hence, our study was the first to illustrate how the magnitude cross-system fluxes of subsidies in migrant-resident systems are potentially constrained by the size structure of the resident predator population and the nutritional quality of the migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael van Deurs
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology Lund University Ecology Building SE-223 62 Lund Sweden; National Institute for Aquatic resources - Section for Marine Living Resources Technical University of Denmark Jægersborgs alle 1DK-2920 Charlottenlund Denmark
| | - Anders Persson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology Lund University Ecology Building SE-223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Martin Lindegren
- National Institute for Aquatic resources - Section for Marine Living Resources Technical University of Denmark Jægersborgs alle 1 DK-2920 Charlottenlund Denmark
| | - Charlotte Jacobsen
- National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark Søltofts plads Building 221 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Stefan Neuenfeldt
- National Institute for Aquatic resources - Section for Marine Living Resources Technical University of Denmark Jægersborgs alle 1 DK-2920 Charlottenlund Denmark
| | - Christian Jørgensen
- Department of Biology - Theoretical Ecology Group and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics University of Bergen N-5020 Bergen Norway
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology Lund University Ecology Building SE-223 62 Lund Sweden; Department of Environmental and Life Sciences - Biology Karlstad University SE-651 88 Karlstad Sweden
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29
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Ejsmond MJ, Varpe Ø, Czarnoleski M, Kozłowski J. Seasonality in Offspring Value and Trade-Offs with Growth Explain Capital Breeding. Am Nat 2015. [DOI: 10.1086/683119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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30
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Fox CH, Paquet PC, Reimchen TE. Novel species interactions: American black bears respond to Pacific herring spawn. BMC Ecol 2015; 15:14. [PMID: 26013706 PMCID: PMC4445564 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-015-0045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to the decline and extinction of the world’s species, the decline and eventual loss of species interactions is one of the major consequences of the biodiversity crisis. On the Pacific coast of North America, diminished runs of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) drive numerous marine–terrestrial interactions, many of which have been intensively studied, but marine–terrestrial interactions driven by other species remain relatively unknown. Bears (Ursus spp.) are major vectors of salmon into terrestrial ecosystems, but their participation in other cross-ecosystem interactions is similarly poorly described. Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), a migratory forage fish in coastal marine ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean and the dominant forage fish in British Columbia (BC), spawn in nearshore subtidal and intertidal zones. Spawn resources (eggs, milt, and spawning adults) at these events are available to coastal predators and scavengers, including terrestrial species. In this study, we investigated the interaction between American black bears (Ursus americanus) and Pacific herring at spawn events in Quatsino Sound, BC, Canada. Results Using remote cameras to monitor bear activity (1,467 camera days, 29 sites, years 2010–2012) in supratidal and intertidal zones and a machine learning approach, we determined that the quantity of Pacific herring eggs in supratidal and intertidal zones was a leading predictor of black bear activity, with bears positively responding to increasing herring egg masses. Other important predictors included day of the year and Talitrid amphipod (Traskorchestia spp.) mass. A complementary analysis of black bear scats indicated that Pacific herring egg mass was the highest ranked predictor of egg consumption by bears. Pacific herring eggs constituted a substantial yet variable component of the early springtime diet of black bears in Quatsino Sound (frequency of occurrence 0–34%; estimated dietary content 0–63%). Other major dietary items included graminoids (grasses and sedges), Phaeophyta (brown algae), Zosteraceae (seagrasses), and Talitrid amphipods. Conclusion This research represents the first scientific evidence of a cross-ecosystem interaction between Pacific herring and American black bears. Our findings also expand knowledge of the ecological roles of both species. Combined, evidence of anthropogenic constraints on both black bears and Pacific herring suggests that bear-herring interactions were potentially stronger and more widespread in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hazel Fox
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, PO Box 2429, Sidney, BC, V8L 3Y3, Canada. .,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada. .,Department of Geography, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Paul Charles Paquet
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, PO Box 2429, Sidney, BC, V8L 3Y3, Canada. .,Department of Geography, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Thomas Edward Reimchen
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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31
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Modelling harvesting strategies for the lobster fishery in northern Europe: the importance of protecting egg-bearing females. POPUL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-014-0460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Gounand I, Mouquet N, Canard E, Guichard F, Hauzy C, Gravel D. The Paradox of Enrichment in Metaecosystems. Am Nat 2014; 184:752-63. [DOI: 10.1086/678406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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33
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Bauer S, Hoye BJ. Migratory animals couple biodiversity and ecosystem functioning worldwide. Science 2014; 344:1242552. [PMID: 24700862 DOI: 10.1126/science.1242552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Animal migrations span the globe, involving immense numbers of individuals from a wide range of taxa. Migrants transport nutrients, energy, and other organisms as they forage and are preyed upon throughout their journeys. These highly predictable, pulsed movements across large spatial scales render migration a potentially powerful yet underappreciated dimension of biodiversity that is intimately embedded within resident communities. We review examples from across the animal kingdom to distill fundamental processes by which migratory animals influence communities and ecosystems, demonstrating that they can uniquely alter energy flow, food-web topology and stability, trophic cascades, and the structure of metacommunities. Given the potential for migration to alter ecological networks worldwide, we suggest an integrative framework through which community dynamics and ecosystem functioning may explicitly consider animal migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bauer
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland
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Gabrielsen TM, Merkel B, Søreide JE, Johansson-Karlsson E, Bailey A, Vogedes D, Nygård H, Varpe Ø, Berge J. Potential misidentifications of two climate indicator species of the marine arctic ecosystem: Calanus glacialis and C. finmarchicus. Polar Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-012-1202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Berge J, Gabrielsen TM, Moline M, Renaud PE. Evolution of the Arctic Calanus complex: an Arctic marine avocado? JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2012; 34:191-195. [PMID: 22312184 PMCID: PMC3272840 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbr103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Before man hunted the large baleen whales to near extinction by the end of the nineteenth century, Arctic ecosystems were strongly influenced by these large predators. Their main prey were zooplankton, among which the calanoid copepod species of the genus Calanus, long considered key elements of polar marine ecosystems, are particularly abundant. These herbivorous zooplankters display a range of adaptations to the highly seasonal environments of the polar oceans, most notably extensive energy reserves and seasonal migrations to deep waters where the non-feeding season is spent in diapause. Classical work in marine ecology has suggested that slow growth, long lifespan and large body size in zooplankton are specific adaptations to life in cold waters with short and unpredictable feeding seasons. Here, we challenge this understanding and, by using an analogy from the evolutionary and contemporary history of the avocado, argue that predation pressure by the now nearly extinct baleen whales was an important driving force in the evolution of life history diversity in the Arctic Calanus complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Berge
- University Centre on Svalbard, PB 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
- Faculty Of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Mark Moline
- University Centre on Svalbard, PB 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Paul E. Renaud
- University Centre on Svalbard, PB 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
- Akvaplan-Niva. Fram Centre for Climate and the Environment, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
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Eriksson BK, Sieben K, Eklöf J, Ljunggren L, Olsson J, Casini M, Bergström U. Effects of altered offshore food webs on coastal ecosystems emphasize the need for cross-ecosystem management. AMBIO 2011; 40:786-97. [PMID: 22338716 PMCID: PMC3357745 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-011-0158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
By mainly targeting larger predatory fish, commercial fisheries have indirectly promoted rapid increases in densities of their prey; smaller predatory fish like sprat, stickleback and gobies. This process, known as mesopredator release, has effectively transformed many marine offshore basins into mesopredator-dominated ecosystems. In this article, we discuss recent indications of trophic cascades on the Atlantic and Baltic coasts of Sweden, where increased abundances of mesopredatory fish are linked to increased nearshore production and biomass of ephemeral algae. Based on synthesis of monitoring data, we suggest that offshore exploitation of larger predatory fish has contributed to the increase in mesopredator fish also along the coasts, with indirect negative effects on important benthic habitats and coastal water quality. The results emphasize the need to rebuild offshore and coastal populations of larger predatory fish to levels where they regain their control over lower trophic levels and important links between offshore and coastal systems are restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britas Klemens Eriksson
- Department of Marine Benthic Ecology & Evolution, Centre for Ecological & Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Vogedes D, Varpe Ø, Søreide JE, Graeve M, Berge J, Falk-Petersen S. Lipid sac area as a proxy for individual lipid content of arctic calanoid copepods. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2010; 32:1471-1477. [PMID: 20824043 PMCID: PMC2933133 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbq068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present an accurate, fast, simple and non-destructive photographic method to estimate wax ester and lipid content in single individuals of the calanoid copepod genus Calanus and test this method against gas-chromatographic lipid measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vogedes
- University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
- University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Polar Environmental Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Janne E. Søreide
- University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Martin Graeve
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Jørgen Berge
- University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
- Akvaplan-niva, Polar Environmental Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stig Falk-Petersen
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Polar Environmental Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Gravel
- Biology Department, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.
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Varpe Ø, Fiksen Ø. Seasonal plankton–fish interactions: light regime, prey phenology, and herring foraging. Ecology 2010; 91:311-8. [DOI: 10.1890/08-1817.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Brix O, Grüner R, Rønnestad I, Gemballa S. Whether depositing fat or losing weight, fish maintain a balance. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:3777-82. [PMID: 19675008 PMCID: PMC2817288 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In fish, the relative amount of tissues of different densities changes significantly over short periods throughout the year, depending on the availability of food, nutrition and their developmental status, such as sexual maturation. If a land-living animal accumulates fat it influences not only its general state of health, but also markedly increases its energy expenditure for locomotion owing to the force of gravity. On a body submerged in water, this force, which acts on the centre of gravity (COG), is counterbalanced by a lifting force that is negligible in air and which acts on the centre of buoyancy (COB). Any difference in the longitudinal positions of the two centres will therefore result in pitching moments that must be counteracted by body or fin movements. The displacement of the COG away from the COB is a result of tissues of different density (e.g. bones and fat) not being distributed homogeneously along the body axis. Moreover, the proportions of tissues of different densities change significantly with feeding status. It is still unknown whether these changes produce a displacement of the COG and thus affect the hydrostatic stability of fish. Analysis of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging images of Atlantic herring, Atlantic salmon and Atlantic mackerel reveals that the COG is fairly constant in each species, although we recorded major interspecies differences in the relative amount of fat, muscle and bone. We conclude that the distribution of different tissues along the body axis is very closely adjusted to the swimming mode of the fish by keeping the COG constant, independent of the body fat status, and that fish can cope with large variations in energy intake without jeopardizing their COG and thus their swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Brix
- The Michelsen Centre for Industrial Measurement Science and Technology, Bergen, Norway.
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Varpe Ø, Jørgensen C, Tarling GA, Fiksen Ø. The adaptive value of energy storage and capital breeding in seasonal environments. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Varpe Ø, Jørgensen C, Tarling GA, Fiksen Ø. Early is better: seasonal egg fitness and timing of reproduction in a zooplankton life-history model. OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Engelhard GH, Heino M. Climate change and condition of herring (Clupea harengus) explain long-term trends in extent of skipped reproduction. Oecologia 2006; 149:593-603. [PMID: 16865409 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that iteroparous fish, once mature, normally reproduce in all consecutive seasons. Recent work has suggested, however, that in Norwegian spring-spawning herring-a population that undertakes extensive spawning migrations-almost one in two adults may skip their second spawning migration. Why should herring not return to spawn the year after first spawning, but instead wait an extra year? For herring, participation in distant, energetically costly, and risky spawning migrations will only pay off in terms of fitness if individuals are sufficiently large, and in sufficient condition, to both successfully migrate and spawn. Changes in the environment and individual condition should therefore affect the likelihood of skipped spawning. This paper describes long-term changes in the extent to which the second reproductive season is skipped in this herring population. These are shown to be linked to the size and condition of herring as first-time spawners, and to climatic factors possibly related to food availability. The findings corroborate the hypothesis that skipped reproduction results from trade-offs between current and future reproduction, growth and survival.
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