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Zamora-Camacho FJ. Keep the ball rolling: sexual differences in conglobation behavior of a terrestrial isopod under different degrees of perceived predation pressure. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16696. [PMID: 38144184 PMCID: PMC10740659 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antipredator behaviors are theoretically subjected to a balance by which their display should be minimized when their benefits do not outweigh their costs. Such costs may be not only energetic, but also entail a reduction in the time available for other fitness-enhancing behaviors. However, these behaviors are only beneficial under predation risk. Therefore, antipredator behaviors are predicted to be maximized under strong predation risk. Moreover, predation pressure can differ among individuals according to traits such as sex or body size, if these traits increase vulnerability. Antipredator behaviors are expected to be maximized in individuals whose traits make them more conspicuous to predators. However, how sex, body size and antipredator behaviors interact is not always understood. Methods In this work, I tested the interaction between sex, body size and antipredator behavior in the common pill woodlouse (Armadillidium vulgare), which conglobate (i.e., they roll up their bodies almost conforming a sphere that conceals their appendages) in response to predator attacks. Specifically, I tested whether latency to unroll after a standardized mechanical induction was greater in animals exposed to predator chemical cues (toad feces) than in conspecifics exposed to cues of non-predatory animals (rabbits) or no chemical cues whatsoever (distilled water), incorporating sex and body mass in the analyses. Results In agreement with my prediction, latency to unroll was greater in individuals exposed to predator chemical cues. In other words, these animals engage in conglobation for longer under perceived predator vicinity. However, this result was only true for males. This sexual dimorphism in antipredator behavior could result from males being under greater predation risk than females, thus having evolved more refined antipredator strategies. Indeed, males of this species are known to actively search for females, which makes them more prone to superficial ground mobility, and likely to being detected by predators. Body size was unrelated to latency to unroll. As a whole, these results support the hypothesis that antipredator behavior is tuned to predator cues in a way consistent with a balance between costs and benefits, which might differ between the sexes.
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Scaramella N, Mausbach J, Laurila A, Stednitz S, Räsänen K. Short-term responses of Rana arvalis tadpoles to pH and predator stress: adaptive divergence in behavioural and physiological plasticity? J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:669-682. [PMID: 35857071 PMCID: PMC9388420 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress is a major driver of ecological and evolutionary processes in nature. To cope with stress, organisms can adjust through phenotypic plasticity and/or adapt through genetic change. Here, we compared short-term behavioural (activity) and physiological (corticosterone levels, CORT) responses of Rana arvalis tadpoles from two divergent populations (acid origin, AOP, versus neutral origin, NOP) to acid and predator stress. Tadpoles were initially reared in benign conditions at pH 7 and then exposed to a combination of two pH (acid versus neutral) and two predator cue (predator cue versus no predator cue) treatments. We assessed behavioural activity within the first 15 min, and tissue CORT within 8 and 24 h of stress exposure. Both AOP and NOP tadpoles reduced their activity in acidic pH, but the response to the predator cue differed between the populations: AOP tadpoles increased whereas NOP tadpoles decreased their activity. The AOP and NOP tadpoles differed also in their CORT responses, with AOP being more responsive (CORT levels of NOP tadpoles did not differ statistically across treatments). After 8 h exposure, AOP tadpoles had elevated CORT levels in the acid-predator cue treatment and after 24 h exposure they had elevated CORT levels in all three stress treatments (relative to the benign neutral-no-cue treatment). These results suggest that adaptation to environmental acidification in R. arvalis is mediated, in part, via behavioural and hormonal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Scaramella
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas Alé 8, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jelena Mausbach
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Stednitz
- Department Sensory and Sensorimotor Systems, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Räsänen
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9C, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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3
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Rowiński PK, Laurila A, Gotthard K, Sowersby W, Lind MI, Richter-Boix A, Eckerström-Liedholm S, Rogell B. Parental effects influence life history traits and covary with an environmental cline in common frog populations. Oecologia 2020; 192:1013-1022. [PMID: 32277360 PMCID: PMC7165185 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Across latitudinal clines, the juvenile developmental rates of ectotherms often covary with the length of the growing season, due to life-history trade-offs imposed by the time-constrained environments. However, as the start of the growing season often varies substantially across years, adaptive parental effects on juvenile developmental rates may mediate the costs of a delayed season. By employing a meta-analysis, we tested whether larval developmental rates across a latitudinal cline of the common frog (Rana temporaria) are affected by fluctuating onsets of breeding, across years. We predicted that larval developmental rate will be inversely related to the onset of breeding, and that northern populations will be more prone to shorten their developmental rate in response to late breeding, as the costs of delayed metamorphosis should be highest in areas with a shorter growing season. We found that the larval period of both northern and southern populations responded to parental environmental conditions to a similar degree in absolute terms, but in different directions. In northern populations, a late season start correlated with decreased development time, suggesting that the evolution of parental effects aids population persistence in time-constrained environments. In southern populations, late season start correlated with increased development time, which could potentially be explained as a predator avoidance strategy. Our findings suggest that local ecological variables can induce adaptive parental effects, but responses are complex, and likely trade-off with other ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr K Rowiński
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Will Sowersby
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin I Lind
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alex Richter-Boix
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Rogell
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 178 93, Drottningholm, Sweden.
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Urban MC, Scarpa A, Travis JMJ, Bocedi G. Maladapted Prey Subsidize Predators and Facilitate Range Expansion. Am Nat 2019; 194:590-612. [PMID: 31490731 DOI: 10.1086/704780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal of prey from predator-free patches frequently supplies a trophic subsidy to predators by providing more prey than are produced locally. Prey arriving from predator-free patches might also have evolved weaker defenses against predators and thus enhance trophic subsidies by providing easily captured prey. Using local models assuming a linear or accelerating trade-off between defense and population growth rate, we demonstrate that immigration of undefended prey increased predator abundances and decreased defended prey through eco-evolutionary apparent competition. In individual-based models with spatial structure, explicit genetics, and gene flow along an environmental gradient, prey became maladapted to predators at the predator's range edge, and greater gene flow enhanced this maladaptation. The predator gained a subsidy from these easily captured prey, which enhanced its abundance, facilitated its persistence in marginal habitats, extended its range extent, and enhanced range shifts during environmental changes, such as climate change. Once the predator expanded, prey adapted to it and the advantage disappeared, resulting in an elastic predator range margin driven by eco-evolutionary dynamics. Overall, the results indicate a need to consider gene flow-induced maladaptation and species interactions as mutual forces that frequently determine ecological and evolutionary dynamics and patterns in nature.
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5
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Meyer‐Lucht Y, Luquet E, Jóhannesdóttir F, Rödin‐Mörch P, Quintela M, Richter‐Boix A, Höglund J, Laurila A. Genetic basis of amphibian larval development along a latitudinal gradient: Gene diversity, selection and links with phenotypic variation in transcription factor
C/EBP‐1. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2786-2801. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Meyer‐Lucht
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Emilien Luquet
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés Université Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
| | - Fríða Jóhannesdóttir
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Patrik Rödin‐Mörch
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - María Quintela
- Department of Population Genetics Institute of Marine Research Bergen Norway
| | - Alex Richter‐Boix
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jacob Höglund
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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6
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Debecker S, Stoks R. Pace of life syndrome under warming and pollution: integrating life history, behavior, and physiology across latitudes. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Debecker
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology; KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Charles Deberiotstraat 32 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology; KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Charles Deberiotstraat 32 3000 Leuven Belgium
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Relyea RA, Rosenberger D. Predator Effects on Metamorphosis: The Effects of Scaring Versus Thinning at High Prey Densities. COPEIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-18-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Orizaola G, Richter-Boix A, Laurila A. Transgenerational effects and impact of compensatory responses to changes in breeding phenology on antipredator defenses. Ecology 2018; 97:2470-2478. [PMID: 27859081 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As organisms living in temperate environments often have only a short time window for growth and reproduction, their life-history strategies are expected to be influenced by these time constraints. Parents may alter the pace of offspring life-history as a response to changes in breeding phenology. However, the responses to changes in time constraints must be balanced with those against other stressors, such as predation, one of the strongest and more ubiquitous selective factors in nature. Here, after experimentally modifying the timing of breeding and hatching in the moor frog (Rana arvalis), we studied how compensatory responses to delayed breeding and hatching affect antipredator strategies in amphibian larvae. We examined the activity patterns, morphology and life-history responses in tadpoles exposed to different combinations of breeding and hatching delays in the presence and absence of predators. We found clear evidence of adaptive transgenerational effects since tadpoles from delayed breeding treatments increased growth and development independently of predation risk. The presence of predators reduced tadpole activity, tadpoles from delayed breeding treatments maintaining lower activity than non-delayed ones also in the absence of predators. Tadpoles reared with predators developed deeper tails and bodies, however, tadpoles from breeding delay treatments had reduced morphological defenses as compared to non-delayed individuals. No significant effects of hatching delay were detected in this study. Our study reveals that amphibian larvae exposed to breeding delay develop compensatory life-history responses even under predation risk, but these responses trade-off with the development of morphological antipredator defenses. These results suggest that under strong time constraints organisms are selected to develop fast growth and development responses, and rely on lower activity rates as their main antipredator defense. Examining how responses to changes in phenology affect species interactions is highly relevant for better understanding ecological responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Orizaola
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 75236, Sweden
| | - Alex Richter-Boix
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 75236, Sweden
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 75236, Sweden
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9
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Defense investments and growth responses under different predation risks and gape-limitation predation threats in a tadpole prey. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Lindgren B, Orizaola G, Laurila A. Interacting effects of predation risk and resource level on escape speed of amphibian larvae along a latitudinal gradient. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1216-1226. [PMID: 29802672 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fast-growing genotypes living in time-constrained environments are often more prone to predation, suggesting that growth-predation risk trade-offs are important factors maintaining variation in growth along climatic gradients. However, the mechanisms underlying how fast growth increases predation-mediated mortality are not well understood. Here, we investigated if slow-growing, low-latitude individuals have faster escape swimming speed than fast-growing high-latitude individuals using common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles from eight populations collected along a 1500 km latitudinal gradient. We measured escape speed in terms of burst and endurance speeds in tadpoles raised in the laboratory at two food levels and in the presence and absence of a predator (Aeshna dragonfly larvae). We did not find any latitudinal trend in escape speed performance. In low food treatments, burst speed was higher in tadpoles reared with predators but did not differ between high-food treatments. Endurance speed, on the contrary, was lower in high-food tadpoles reared with predators and did not differ between treatments at low food levels. Tadpoles reared with predators showed inducible morphology (increased relative body size and tail depth), which had positive effects on speed endurance at low but not at high food levels. Burst speed was positively affected by tail length and tail muscle size in the absence of predators. Our results suggest that escape speed does not trade-off with fast growth along the latitudinal gradient in R. temporaria tadpoles. Instead, escape speed is a plastic trait and strongly influenced by the interaction between resource level and predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Lindgren
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Germán Orizaola
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Baxter-Gilbert J, Riley JL, Whiting MJ. Runners and fighters: clutch effects and body size drive innate antipredator behaviour in hatchling lizards. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Loman
- Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden
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13
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Manenti R, Melotto A, Denoël M, Ficetola GF. Amphibians breeding in refuge habitats have larvae with stronger antipredator responses. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Warmer temperatures reduce the costs of inducible defences in the marine toad, Rhinella marinus. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 186:123-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Hettyey A, Tóth Z, Thonhauser KE, Frommen JG, Penn DJ, Van Buskirk J. The relative importance of prey-borne and predator-borne chemical cues for inducible antipredator responses in tadpoles. Oecologia 2015; 179:699-710. [PMID: 26163350 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical cues that evoke anti-predator developmental changes have received considerable attention, but it is not known to what extent prey use information from the smell of predators and from cues released through digestion. We conducted an experiment to determine the importance of various types of cues for the adjustment of anti-predator defences. We exposed tadpoles (common frog, Rana temporaria) to water originating from predators (caged dragonfly larvae, Aeshna cyanea) that were fed different types and quantities of prey outside of tadpole-rearing containers. Variation among treatments in the magnitude of morphological and behavioural responses was highly consistent. Our results demonstrate that tadpoles can assess the threat posed by predators through digestion-released, prey-borne cues and continually released predator-borne cues. These cues may play an important role in the fine-tuning of anti-predator responses and significantly affect the outcome of interactions between predators and prey in aquatic ecosystems. There has been much confusion regards terminology used in the literature, and therefore we also propose a more precise and consistent binomial nomenclature based on the timing of chemical cue release (stress-, attack-, capture-, digestion- or continually released cues) and the origin of cues (prey-borne or predator-borne cues). We hope that this new nomenclature will improve comparisons among studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Hettyey
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kerstin E Thonhauser
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim G Frommen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
| | - Dustin J Penn
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josh Van Buskirk
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Urban MC, Richardson JL. The evolution of foraging rate across local and geographic gradients in predation risk and competition. Am Nat 2015; 186:E16-32. [PMID: 26098352 DOI: 10.1086/681716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Multiple theories predict the evolution of foraging rates in response to environmental variation in predation risk, intraspecific competition, time constraints, and temperature. We tested six hypotheses for the evolution of foraging rate in 24 spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) populations from three latitudinally divergent sites using structural equation models derived from theory and applied to our system. We raised salamander larvae in a common-garden experiment and then assayed foraging rate under controlled conditions. Gape-limited predation risk from marbled salamanders solely explained foraging rate variation among populations at the southern site, which was dominated by this form of selection. However, at the middle and northern sites, populations evolved different foraging rates depending on their unique responses to local intraspecific density. The coupling of gape-limited predation risk from marbled salamanders and high intraspecific density at the middle site jointly contributed to selection for rapid foraging rate. At the northernmost site, intraspecific density alone explained 97% of the interpopulation variation in foraging rate. These results suggest that foraging rate has evolved multiple times in response to varying contributions from predation risk and intraspecific competition. Predation risk often varies along environmental gradients, and, thus, organisms might often shift evolutionary responses from minimizing predation risk to maximizing intraspecific competitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
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17
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Tibblin P, Forsman A, Koch-Schmidt P, Nordahl O, Johannessen P, Nilsson J, Larsson P. Evolutionary divergence of adult body size and juvenile growth in sympatric subpopulations of a top predator in aquatic ecosystems. Am Nat 2015; 186:98-110. [PMID: 26098342 DOI: 10.1086/681597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary theory predicts that different selective regimes may contribute to divergent evolution of body size and growth rate among populations, but most studies have focused on allopatric populations. Here, we studied five sympatric subpopulations of anadromous northern pike (Esox lucius) in the Baltic Sea subjected to allopatric habitats for a short period of their life cycle due to homing behavior. We report differences in adult body size among subpopulations that were in part due to variation in growth rate. Body size of emigrating juveniles also differed among subpopulations, and differences remained when individuals were reared in a common environment, thus indicating evolutionary divergence among subpopulations. Furthermore, a QST-FST comparison indicated that differences had evolved due to divergent selection rather than genetic drift, possibly in response to differences in selective mortality among spawning habitats during the allopatric life stage. Adult and juvenile size were negatively correlated across subpopulations, and reconstruction of growth trajectories of adult fishes suggested that body size differences developed gradually and became accentuated throughout the first years of life. These results represent rare evidence that sympatric subpopulations can evolve differences in key life-history traits despite being subjected to allopatric habitats during only a very short fraction of their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Tibblin
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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18
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Hirsch PE, Cayon D, Svanbäck R. Plastic responses of a sessile prey to multiple predators: a field and experimental study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115192. [PMID: 25517986 PMCID: PMC4269437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Theory predicts that prey facing a combination of predators with different feeding modes have two options: to express a response against the feeding mode of the most dangerous predator, or to express an intermediate response. Intermediate phenotypes protect equally well against several feeding modes, rather than providing specific protection against a single predator. Anti-predator traits that protect against a common feeding mode displayed by all predators should be expressed regardless of predator combination, as there is no need for trade-offs. Principal Findings We studied phenotypic anti-predator responses of zebra mussels to predation threat from a handling-time-limited (crayfish) and a gape-size-limited (roach) predator. Both predators dislodge mussels from the substrate but diverge in their further feeding modes. Mussels increased expression of a non-specific defense trait (attachment strength) against all combinations of predators relative to a control. In response to roach alone, mussels showed a tendency to develop a weaker and more elongated shell. In response to crayfish, mussels developed a harder and rounder shell. When exposed to either a combination of predators or no predator, mussels developed an intermediate phenotype. Mussel growth rate was positively correlated with an elongated weaker shell and negatively correlated with a round strong shell, indicating a trade-off between anti-predator responses. Field observations of prey phenotypes revealed the presence of both anti-predator phenotypes and the trade-off with growth, but intra-specific population density and bottom substrate had a greater influence than predator density. Conclusions Our results show that two different predators can exert both functionally equivalent and inverse selection pressures on a single prey. Our field study suggests that abiotic factors and prey population density should be considered when attempting to explain phenotypic diversity in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Emanuel Hirsch
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Limnology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - David Cayon
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Limnology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Limnology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Phenotypic divergence of the common toad (Bufo bufo) along an altitudinal gradient: evidence for local adaptation. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 114:69-79. [PMID: 25074572 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in the environment can induce different patterns of genetic and phenotypic differentiation among populations. Both neutral processes and selection can influence phenotypic differentiation. Altitudinal phenotypic variation is of particular interest in disentangling the interplay between neutral processes and selection in the dynamics of local adaptation processes but remains little explored. We conducted a common garden experiment to study the phenotypic divergence in larval life-history traits among nine populations of the common toad (Bufo bufo) along an altitudinal gradient in France. We further used correlation among population pairwise estimates of quantitative trait (QST) and neutral genetic divergence (FST from neutral microsatellite markers), as well as altitudinal difference, to estimate the relative role of divergent selection and neutral genetic processes in phenotypic divergence. We provided evidence for a neutral genetic differentiation resulting from both isolation by distance and difference in altitude. We found evidence for phenotypic divergence along the altitudinal gradient (faster development, lower growth rate and smaller metamorphic size). The correlation between pairwise QSTs-FSTs and altitude differences suggested that this phenotypic differentiation was most likely driven by altitude-mediated selection rather than by neutral genetic processes. Moreover, we found different divergence patterns for larval traits, suggesting that different selective agents may act on these traits and/or selection on one trait may constrain the evolution on another through genetic correlation. Our study highlighted the need to design more integrative studies on the common toad to unravel the underlying processes of phenotypic divergence and its selective agents in the context of environmental clines.
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Davenport JM, Hossack BR, Lowe WH. Partitioning the non-consumptive effects of predators on prey with complex life histories. Oecologia 2014; 176:149-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Egea-Serrano A, Hangartner S, Laurila A, Räsänen K. Multifarious selection through environmental change: acidity and predator-mediated adaptive divergence in the moor frog (Rana arvalis). Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20133266. [PMID: 24552840 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental change can simultaneously cause abiotic stress and alter biological communities, yet adaptation of natural populations to co-changing environmental factors is poorly understood. We studied adaptation to acid and predator stress in six moor frog (Rana arvalis) populations along an acidification gradient, where abundance of invertebrate predators increases with increasing acidity of R. arvalis breeding ponds. First, we quantified divergence among the populations in anti-predator traits (behaviour and morphology) at different rearing conditions in the laboratory (factorial combinations of acid or neutral pH and the presence or the absence of a caged predator). Second, we evaluated relative fitness (survival) of the populations by exposing tadpoles from the different rearing conditions to predation by free-ranging dragonfly larvae. We found that morphological defences (relative tail depth) as well as survival of tadpoles under predation increased with increasing pond acidity (under most experimental conditions). Tail depth and larval size mediated survival differences among populations, but the contribution of trait divergence to survival was strongly dependent on prior rearing conditions. Our results indicate that R. arvalis populations are adapted to the elevated predator pressure in acidified ponds and emphasize the importance of multifarious selection via both direct (here: pH) and indirect (here: predators) environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Egea-Serrano
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, University of Murcia, , Murcia 30100, Spain, Eawag, Department of Aquatic Ecology, and ETH-Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, , Ueberlandstrasse 133, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland, Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, , Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
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Laine VN, Shikano T, Herczeg G, Vilkki J, Merilä J. Quantitative trait loci for growth and body size in the nine-spined sticklebackPungitius pungitiusL. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5861-76. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika N. Laine
- Division of Genetics and Physiology; Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku 20014 Finland
| | - Takahito Shikano
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit; Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki PO Box 65 00014 Finland
| | - Gábor Herczeg
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit; Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki PO Box 65 00014 Finland
- Behavioural Ecology Group; Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology; Eötvös Loránd University; Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | | | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit; Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki PO Box 65 00014 Finland
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23
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Rosier RL, Langkilde T. Early Activity Rates do not Predict Growth and Future Body Size of Juvenile Eastern Fence Lizards, Sceloporus undulatus. Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renee L. Rosier
- Department of Biology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park; PA; USA
| | - Tracy Langkilde
- Department of Biology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park; PA; USA
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24
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Winandy L, Denoël M. Cues from Introduced Fish Alter Shelter Use and Feeding Behaviour in Adult Alpine Newts. Ethology 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurane Winandy
- Behavioural Biology Unit; University of Liège; Liège; Belgium
| | - Mathieu Denoël
- Behavioural Biology Unit; University of Liège; Liège; Belgium
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25
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Välimäki K, Herczeg G, Merilä J. Morphological anti-predator defences in the nine-spined stickleback: constitutive, induced or both? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Välimäki
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit; University Helsinki; PO Box 65; FI-00014; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Gábor Herczeg
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit; University Helsinki; PO Box 65; FI-00014; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit; University Helsinki; PO Box 65; FI-00014; Helsinki; Finland
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26
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The effect of chemical signal of predatory fish and water bug on the morphology and development of Elachistocleis bicolor tadpoles (Anura: Microhylidae). Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-012-0082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Preisser EL, Orrock JL. The allometry of fear: interspecific relationships between body size and response to predation risk. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00084.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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28
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HETTYEY ATTILA, RÖLLI FRANZISKA, THÜRLIMANN NINA, ZÜRCHER ANNECATHERINE, VAN BUSKIRK JOSH. Visual cues contribute to predator detection in anuran larvae. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Greater costs of inducible behavioural defences at cooler temperatures in larvae of the mosquito, Aedes notoscriptus. Evol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-012-9576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bourdeau PE, Johansson F. Predator-induced morphological defences as by-products of prey behaviour: a review and prospectus. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Välimäki K, Herczeg G. Ontogenetic and evolutionary effects of predation and competition on nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) body size. J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:859-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gomez-Mestre I, Díaz-Paniagua C. Invasive predatory crayfish do not trigger inducible defences in tadpoles. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:3364-70. [PMID: 21450734 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species cause deep impacts on ecosystems worldwide, contributing to the decline and extinction of indigenous species. Effective defences against native biological threats in indigenous species, whether structural or inducible, often seem inoperative against invasive species. Here, we show that tadpoles of the Iberian green frog detect chemical cues from indigenous predators (dragonfly nymphs) and respond by reducing their activity and developing an efficient defensive morphology against them (increased tail depth and pigmentation). Those defensive responses, however, were not activated against a highly damaging invasive predator (red swamp crayfish). Induced defences increased tadpole survival when faced against either indigenous dragonflies or invasive crayfish, so its inactivation in the presence of the invasive predator seems to be due to failure in cue recognition. Furthermore, we tested for local adaptation to the invasive predator by comparing individuals from ponds either exposed to or free from crayfish. In both cases, tadpoles failed to express inducible defences against crayfish, indicating that ca 30 years of contact with the invasive species (roughly 10-15 frog generations) have been insufficient for the evolution of recognition of invasive predator cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gomez-Mestre
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (CSIC, UO, PA), c/Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, Oviedo 33071, Spain.
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Pagnucco KS, Paszkowski CA, Scrimgeour GJ. Wolf in sheep's clothing: Effects of predation by small-bodied fish on survival and behaviour of salamander larvae. ECOSCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.2980/18-1-3395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hettyey A, Vincze K, Zsarnóczai S, Hoi H, Laurila A. Costs and benefits of defences induced by predators differing in dangerousness. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:1007-19. [PMID: 21332859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Hettyey
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Savoyenstrasse 1A, Vienna, Austria.
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Gonda A, Trokovic N, Herczeg G, Laurila A, Merilä J. Predation- and competition-mediated brain plasticity in Rana temporaria tadpoles. J Evol Biol 2011; 23:2300-8. [PMID: 20964761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have demonstrated phenotypic plasticity in brain size and architecture in response to environmental variation. However, our knowledge on how brain architecture is affected by commonplace ecological interactions is rudimentary. For example, while intraspecific competition and risk of predation are known to induce adaptive plastic modifications in morphology and behaviour in a wide variety of organisms, their effects on brain development have not been studied. We studied experimentally the influence of density and predation risk on brain development in common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles. Tadpoles grown at low density and under predation risk developed smaller brains than tadpoles at the other treatment combinations. Further, at high densities, tadpoles developed larger optic tecta and smaller medulla oblongata than those grown at low densities. These results demonstrate that ecological interactions - like intraspecific competition and predation risk - can have strong effects on brain development in lower vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gonda
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Denoël M, Bichot M, Ficetola GF, Delcourt J, Ylieff M, Kestemont P, Poncin P. Cumulative effects of road de-icing salt on amphibian behavior. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 99:275-280. [PMID: 20570372 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing evidence of the detrimental effect of chemical substances on organisms, limited research has focused on changes in behavioral patterns, in part due to the difficulties to obtain detailed quantitative data. Recent developments in efficient computer-based video analyses have allowed testing pesticide effects on model species such as the zebrafish. However, these new techniques have not yet been applied to amphibians and directly to conservation issues, i.e., to assess toxicological risks on threatened species. We used video-tracking analyses to test a quantitative effect of an environmental contaminant on the locomotion of amphibian tadpoles (Rana temporaria) by taking into account cumulative effects. Because recent research has demonstrated effects of de-icing salts on survival and community structure, we used sodium chloride in our experimental design (25 replicates, 4 concentrations, 4 times) to test for an effect at the scale of behavior at environmentally relevant concentrations. Analysis of 372 1-h video-tracks (5 samples/s) showed a complex action of salts on behavioral patterns with a dose and cumulative response over time. Although no effects were found on mortality or growth, the highest salt concentrations reduced the speed and movement of tadpoles in comparison with control treatments. The reduced locomotor performance could have detrimental consequences in terms of tadpoles' responses to competition and predation and may be an indicator of the low concentration effect of the contaminant. On one hand, this study demonstrates the usefulness of examining behavior to address conservation issues and understand the complex action of environmental factors and, more particularly, pollutants on organisms. On the other hand, our results highlight the need of new computerized techniques to quantitatively analyze these patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Denoël
- Laboratory of Fish and Amphibian Ethology, Behavioural Biology Unit, Department of Environmental Sciences, 22 Quai van Beneden, 4020 Liège, Belgium.
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Ferrari MC, Wisenden BD, Chivers DP. Chemical ecology of predator–prey interactions in aquatic ecosystems: a review and prospectusThe present review is one in the special series of reviews on animal–plant interactions. CAN J ZOOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/z10-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between predator and prey is an evolutionary arms race, for which early detection by either party is often the key to success. In aquatic ecosystems, olfaction is an essential source of information for many prey and predators and a number of cues have been shown to play a key role in trait-mediated indirect interactions in aquatic communities. Here, we review the nature and role of predator kairomones, chemical alarm cues, disturbance cues, and diet cues on the behaviour, morphology, life history, and survival of aquatic prey, focusing primarily on the discoveries from the last decade. Many advances in the field have been accomplished: testing the survival value of those chemicals, providing field validation of laboratory results, understanding the extent to which chemically mediated learning may benefit the prey, understanding the role of these chemicals in mediating morphological and life-history adaptations, and most importantly, the selection pressures leading to the evolution of chemical alarm cues. Although considerable advances have been made, several key questions remain, the most urgent of which is to understand the chemistry behind these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud C.O. Ferrari
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead, 1104 7th Avenue South, Moorhead, MN 56563, USA
| | - Brian D. Wisenden
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead, 1104 7th Avenue South, Moorhead, MN 56563, USA
| | - Douglas P. Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead, 1104 7th Avenue South, Moorhead, MN 56563, USA
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Dmitriew
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Smith GR, Boyd A, Dayer CB, Ogle ME, Terlecky AJ, Dibble CJ. Effects of Sibship and the Presence of Multiple Predators on the Behavior of Green Frog (Rana clamitans) Tadpoles. Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Richter-Boix A, Teplitsky C, Rogell B, Laurila A. Local selection modifies phenotypic divergence amongRana temporariapopulations in the presence of gene flow. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:716-31. [PMID: 20089126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Richter-Boix
- Population Biology and Conservation Biology/Department of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
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41
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Evolutionary ecology of inducible morphological plasticity in predator–prey interaction: toward the practical links with population ecology. POPUL ECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-009-0182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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43
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Dalesman S, Rundle SD, Cotton PA. Crawl-out behaviour in response to predation cues in an aquatic gastropod: insights from artificial selection. Evol Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-008-9280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Smith GR, Burgett AA, Temple KG, Sparks KA, Winter KE. The Ability of Three Species of Tadpoles to Differentiate among Potential Fish Predators. Ethology 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Laurila
- Population and Conservation Biology/Department of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Amphibians have long been utilized in scientific research and in education. Historically, investigators have accumulated a wealth of information on the natural history and biology of amphibians, and this body of information is continually expanding as researchers describe new species and study the behaviors of these animals. Amphibians evolved as models for a variety of developmental and physiological processes, largely due to their unique ability to undergo metamorphosis. Scientists have used amphibian embryos to evaluate the effects of toxins, mutagens, and teratogens. Likewise, the animals are invaluable in research due to the ability of some species to regenerate limbs. Certain species of amphibians have short generation times and genetic constructs that make them desirable for transgenic and knockout technology, and there is a current national focus on developing these species for genetic and genomic research. This group of vertebrates is also critically important in the investigation of the inter-relationship of humans and the environment based on their sensitivity to climatic and habitat changes and environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas P O'Rourke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, 208 Ed Warren Life Science Bldg., East Carolina University - The Brody School of Medicine, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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Speedie N, Gerlai R. Alarm substance induced behavioral responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Behav Brain Res 2007; 188:168-77. [PMID: 18054804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (zebra danio) are becoming increasingly popular in behavioral neuroscience and behavior genetics. This small vertebrate may be utilized in modeling human brain disorders. One of the major neuropsychiatric conditions still not well understood is abnormally increased fear and anxiety. Zebrafish may be an appropriate organism with which these human diseases can be modeled and their biological mechanisms investigated. Predator induced anxiety paradigms have been suggested as useful methods in translational research. Shoaling fish, such as zebrafish, are known to respond to alarm substances with antipredatory or alarm reactions. However, these responses are not well characterized in zebrafish. In the current paper, we investigate the behavioral responses of zebrafish elicited by its alarm substance. Using observation-based as well as video-tracking aided behavior quantification methods we demonstrate significant alarm substance-induced behavioral changes that are independent of the presence of a predatory fish stimulus. The results suggest that, once refined, the use of alarm substance with zebrafish will allow the development of high throughput behavioral paradigms for drug and mutation screening aimed at the analysis of the biological mechanisms of fear in vertebrates.
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Kishida O, Trussell GC, Nishimura K. Geographic variation in a predator-induced defense and its genetic basis. Ecology 2007; 88:1948-54. [PMID: 17824425 DOI: 10.1890/07-0132.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Predator-induced morphological defenses are a well-known form of phenotypic plasticity, but we continue to have a limited understanding of geographic variation in these responses and its genetic basis. Here we examine genetic variation and geographic differentiation in the inducible defenses of tadpoles (Rana pirica) in response to predatory salamander larvae (Hynobius retardatus). To do so, we crossed male and female frogs from a "mainland" Japanese island having predaceous salamanders and a more isolated island not having predaceous salamanders and raised resulting offspring in the presence and absence of H. retardatus. Mainland tadpoles exhibited a higher capacity to express the inducible morphology (a more bulgy body) than those from the predator-free island, and expression of the bulgy morph in mainland-island hybrids produced phenotypes that were intermediate to those produced by pure crosses. In addition, parental sex had no effect on expression of the bulgy morph. Our results support the hypothesis that geographic variation in inducible defenses is linked to the additive effects of autosomal alleles that are shaped by differences in historical exposure to the inducing predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kishida
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Smith GR, Boyd A, Dayer CB, Winter KE. Behavioral responses of American toad and bullfrog tadpoles to the presence of cues from the invasive fish, Gambusia affinis. Biol Invasions 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-007-9166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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