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Evolutionary Relationships of Ljungan Virus Variants Circulating in Multi-Host Systems across Europe. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071317. [PMID: 34372523 PMCID: PMC8310206 DOI: 10.3390/v13071317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The picornavirus named 'Ljungan virus' (LV, species Parechovirus B) has been detected in a dozen small mammal species from across Europe, but detailed information on its genetic diversity and host specificity is lacking. Here, we analyze the evolutionary relationships of LV variants circulating in free-living mammal populations by comparing the phylogenetics of the VP1 region (encoding the capsid protein and associated with LV serotype) and the 3Dpol region (encoding the RNA polymerase) from 24 LV RNA-positive animals and a fragment of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) sequence (used for defining strains) in sympatric small mammals. We define three new VP1 genotypes: two in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) (genotype 8 from Finland, Sweden, France, and Italy, and genotype 9 from France and Italy) and one in field voles (Microtus arvalis) (genotype 7 from Finland). There are several other indications that LV variants are host-specific, at least in parts of their range. Our results suggest that LV evolution is rapid, ongoing and affected by genetic drift, purifying selection, spillover and host evolutionary history. Although recent studies suggest that LV does not have zoonotic potential, its widespread geographical and host distribution in natural populations of well-characterized small mammals could make it useful as a model for studying RNA virus evolution and transmission.
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2
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Extending the Enterovirus Lead: Could a Related Picornavirus be Responsible for Diabetes in Humans? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091382. [PMID: 32927606 PMCID: PMC7565261 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We found an association between the abundance of rodents in the wild and onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans. A picornavirus named Ljungan virus (LV) was subsequently isolated from wild bank voles. Both picornavirus-like particles detected by electron microscopy and LV antigen visualized by immunohistochemistry was seen in islets of Langerhans in diabetic wild bank voles. LV antigen has also been found in islets of Langerhans in a patient with recent onset of T1D and in the commonly used Bio Breeding (BB) T1D rat model. We discuss the possibility of T1D and type 2 diabetes (T2D) as parts of a single disease entity. Antiviral compounds directed against picornavirus have been found to be an effective treatment of diabetes in BB rats. We propose using the same currently available antiviral compounds in clinical trials in humans. Antiviral treatment would have the potential to be both proof of concept for involvement of a picornavirus in diabetes pathogenesis and also present a first-generation therapy.
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3
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Niklasson B, Klitz W, Juntti-Berggren L, Berggren PO, Lindquist L. Effectiveness of Antivirals in a Type 1 Diabetes Model and the Move Toward Human Trials. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:594-599. [PMID: 32758075 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A Picornavirus (Ljungan virus [LV]) originally found in bank voles has been associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in its wild rodent reservoir, but also associated with T1D in a laboratory rat model for the disease, the diabetes prone (DP) Bio Breeding (BB) rat. Successful treatment of diabetes in this rat model, using experimental antiviral compounds directed against picornavirus, has been reported. In the present study we show significant clinical response in DP-BB rats using antiviral compounds available for human use (Pleconaril, Efavirenz, and Ribavirin). Presence of LV picornavirus antigen has been detected in islets of Langerhans from both human and the T1D rat model with clear morphological similarity. Based on these data it would be of interest to test antiviral treatment in patients with newly diagnosed T1D. Successful outcome will offer both proof of concept regarding the role of virus involvement in the disease and possibly a first generation treatment interrupting a persistent infection and stopping β-cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niklasson
- Jordbro Primary Health Care Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Klitz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Lisa Juntti-Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Lindquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Fevola C, Rossi C, Rosso F, Girardi M, Rosà R, Manica M, Delucchi L, Rocchini D, Garzon-Lopez CX, Arnoldi D, Bianchi A, Buzan E, Charbonnel N, Collini M, Ďureje L, Ecke F, Ferrari N, Fischer S, Gillingham EL, Hörnfeldt B, Kazimírová M, Konečný A, Maas M, Magnusson M, Miller A, Niemimaa J, Nordström Å, Obiegala A, Olsson G, Pedrini P, Piálek J, Reusken CB, Rizzolli F, Romeo C, Silaghi C, Sironen T, Stanko M, Tagliapietra V, Ulrich RG, Vapalahti O, Voutilainen L, Wauters L, Rizzoli A, Vaheri A, Jääskeläinen AJ, Henttonen H, Hauffe HC. Geographical Distribution of Ljungan Virus in Small Mammals in Europe. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:692-702. [PMID: 32487013 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ljungan virus (LV), which belongs to the Parechovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, was first isolated from bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in Sweden in 1998 and proposed as a zoonotic agent. To improve knowledge of the host association and geographical distribution of LV, tissues from 1685 animals belonging to multiple rodent and insectivore species from 12 European countries were screened for LV-RNA using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. In addition, we investigated how the prevalence of LV-RNA in bank voles is associated with various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. We show that LV is widespread geographically, having been detected in at least one host species in nine European countries. Twelve out of 21 species screened were LV-RNA PCR positive, including, for the first time, the red vole (Myodes rutilus) and the root or tundra vole (Alexandromys formerly Microtus oeconomus), as well as in insectivores, including the bicolored white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) and the Valais shrew (Sorex antinorii). Results indicated that bank voles are the main rodent host for this virus (overall RT-PCR prevalence: 15.2%). Linear modeling of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could impact LV prevalence showed a concave-down relationship between body mass and LV occurrence, so that subadults had the highest LV positivity, but LV in older animals was less prevalent. Also, LV prevalence was higher in autumn and lower in spring, and the amount of precipitation recorded during the 6 months preceding the trapping date was negatively correlated with the presence of the virus. Phylogenetic analysis on the 185 base pair species-specific sequence of the 5' untranslated region identified high genetic diversity (46.5%) between 80 haplotypes, although no geographical or host-specific patterns of diversity were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fevola
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chiara Rossi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Fausta Rosso
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Matteo Girardi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Roberto Rosà
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center for Agriculture Food Environment-C3A, University of Trento and Fondazione E. Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Mattia Manica
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Delucchi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Duccio Rocchini
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center for Agriculture Food Environment-C3A, University of Trento and Fondazione E. Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Carol X Garzon-Lopez
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Ecology and Vegetation Physiology Group (EcoFiv), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniele Arnoldi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini," Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Buzan
- Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Nathalie Charbonnel
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Margherita Collini
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - L'udovít Ďureje
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Studenec, Czech Republic
| | - Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Emma L Gillingham
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Department of Climate Change and Health, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mária Kazimírová
- Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Institute of Zoology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Adam Konečný
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam Maas
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Magnus Magnusson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrea Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department for Terrestrial Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jukka Niemimaa
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Åke Nordström
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Obiegala
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gert Olsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paolo Pedrini
- Sezione Zoologia dei Vertebrati, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
| | - Jaroslav Piálek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Studenec, Czech Republic
| | - Chantal B Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Franco Rizzolli
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michal Stanko
- Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Institute of Zoology, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Institute of Parasitology, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Valentina Tagliapietra
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Lucas Wauters
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne J Jääskeläinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Heidi C Hauffe
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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5
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Ecke F, Nematollahi Mahani SA, Evander M, Hörnfeldt B, Khalil H. Wildfire-induced short-term changes in a small mammal community increase prevalence of a zoonotic pathogen? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12459-12470. [PMID: 31788190 PMCID: PMC6875567 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural disturbances like droughts and fires are important determinants of wildlife community structure and are suggested to have important implications for prevalence of wildlife-borne pathogens. After a major wildfire affecting >1,600 ha of boreal forest in Sweden in 2006, we took the rare opportunity to study the short-term response (2007-2010 and 2015) of small mammal community structure, population dynamics, and prevalence of the Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) hosted by bank voles (Myodes glareolus). We performed snap-trapping in permanent trapping plots in clear-cuts (n = 3), unburnt reference forests (n = 7), and the fire area (n = 7) and surveyed vegetation and habitat structure. Small mammal species richness was low in all habitats (at maximum three species per trapping session), and the bank vole was the only small mammal species encountered in the fire area after the first postfire year. In autumns of years of peak rodent densities, the trapping index of bank voles was lowest in the fire area, and in two of three peak-density years, it was highest in clear-cuts. Age structure of bank voles varied among forest types with dominance of overwintered breeders in the fire area in the first postfire spring. PUUV infection probability in bank voles was positively related to vole age. Infection probability was highest in the fire area due to low habitat complexity in burnt forests, which possibly increased encounter rate among bank voles. Our results suggest that forest fires induce cascading effects, including fast recovery/recolonization of fire areas by generalists like bank voles, impoverished species richness of small mammals, and altered prevalence of a rodent-borne zoonotic pathogen. Our pilot study suggests high human infection risk upon encountering a bank vole in the fire area, however, with even higher overall risk in unburnt forests due to their higher vole numbers. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://osf.io/6fsy3/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | | | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, VirologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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6
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Faresjö ÅO, Ludvigsson J. Pet exposure in the family during pregnancy and risk for type 1 diabetes-The prospective ABIS study. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19:1206-1210. [PMID: 30014568 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The autoimmune process later leading to type 1 diabetes (T1D) seems to start very early in life. Different viruses have been suspected to contribute to the development of T1D, some already during pregnancy. As viruses may be hosted by animals and from them transferred to humans we decided to investigate if exposure to pets during pregnancy is related to later development of T1D. METHODS ABIS (All Babies in Southeast Sweden)-is a prospective population-based cohort study of unselected children born in southeast Sweden between Oct first 1997 to Oct first 1999. Parents of 16 384 children answered a questionnaire within 3 days after birth including information about exposure to different pets. The ABIS registry has been connected to the National Registry of diagnosis and also the national Registry of Drug prescriptions so we know that 137 children have got T1D, and they were compared with the non-diabetic population. RESULTS During pregnancy, 45.5% of the mothers had pet animals at home. Most common were cats (25.0%) and dogs (18.7%). Neither exposure to dogs (OR = 1.27, P = 0.23) or cats (OR = 0.81, P = 0.31) were associated to later T1D risks. However, exposure to hamsters increased the T1D risk (OR 4.21, P = 0.0007). In a multiple regression this association remained (P = 0.005) when adjusted for other possible risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to hamster during pregnancy seems to increase the risk of T1D in the child. One possibility could be infection by virus hosted by the pet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åshild Olsen Faresjö
- Department of Medicine and Health, Community Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital, Region Östergötland, and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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7
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Fevola C, Forbes KM, Mäkelä S, Putkuri N, Hauffe HC, Kallio-Kokko H, Mustonen J, Jääskeläinen AJ, Vaheri A. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Ljungan and orthopoxvirus seroconversions in patients hospitalized due to acute Puumala hantavirus infection. J Clin Virol 2016; 84:48-52. [PMID: 27721109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases are increasing in Europe. Prominent rodent-borne zoonotic viruses include Puumala hantavirus (PUUV; the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica, NE), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and orthopoxviruses (OPV). In addition, Ljungan virus (LV) is considered a potentially zoonotic virus. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare clinical picture between acute PUUV patients with and without additional rodent-borne viral infections, to investigate if concurrent infections influence disease severity. STUDY DESIGN We evaluated seroprevalence of and seroconversions to LCMV, LV and OPV in 116 patients hospitalized for NE. Clinical and laboratory variables were closely monitored during hospital care. RESULTS A total of five LCMV, 15 LV, and one OPV seroconversions occurred. NE patients with LCMV seroconversions were younger, and had lower plasma creatinine concentrations and platelet counts than patients without LCMV seroconversions. No differences occurred in clinical or laboratory findings between patients with and without seroconversions to LV and OPV. We report, for the first time, LCMV seroprevalence in Finland, with 8.5% of NE patients seropositive for this virus. Seroprevalences for LV and OPV were 47.8% and 32.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION Cases with LCMV seroconversions were statistically younger, had milder acute kidney injury and more severe thrombocytopenia than patients without LCMV. However, the low number of seroconversion cases precludes firm conclusions. Concurrent LV or OPV infections do not appear to influence clinical picture for NE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fevola
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
| | - Kristian M Forbes
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Satu Mäkelä
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Niina Putkuri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heidi C Hauffe
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jukka Mustonen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Anne J Jääskeläinen
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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8
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Niklasson B, Arbrandt G, Kawecki A, Juntti-Berggren L, Berggren PO, Al-Qahtani SM, Gustafsson AL, Bryzgalova G, Klitz W. Diabetes Prevention Through Antiviral Treatment in Biobreeding Rats. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:452-458. [PMID: 27505258 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A picornavirus (Ljungan virus) has been associated with diabetes in its wild rodent reservoir and in diabetes-prone biobreeding (DP-BB) rats. We attempted to alter the development of diabetes in DP-BB rats using two anti-picornavirus compounds (pleconaril and APO-N039), singly or in combination. Antiviral therapy was initiated 2 weeks before expected onset of diabetes. Pleconaril or APO-N039 alone did not affect the debut of diabetes. However, animals receiving a combination of both compounds were protected for at least the entire period of treatment (4 weeks after expected time of diabetes onset). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the presence and distribution of virus antigen in the pancreatic islets coincided with the clinical status of the animal. Data indicate that a treatable picornavirus can be involved in the cellular assault resulting in diabetes and in these cases the disease mechanism appears to involve a virus present in the pancreatic beta cell mass itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niklasson
- 1 Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustav Arbrandt
- 1 Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne Kawecki
- 2 Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Juntti-Berggren
- 3 Karolinska Institutet , The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- 3 Karolinska Institutet , The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saad Misfer Al-Qahtani
- 3 Karolinska Institutet , The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stockholm, Sweden
- 4 Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Najran University Hospital, Najran University , Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna-Lena Gustafsson
- 5 Department of Comparative Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Galyna Bryzgalova
- 3 Karolinska Institutet , The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Klitz
- 6 Department of Integrative Biology, University of California , Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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9
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Khalil H, Hörnfeldt B, Evander M, Magnusson M, Olsson G, Ecke F. Dynamics and drivers of hantavirus prevalence in rodent populations. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 14:537-51. [PMID: 25072983 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human encroachment on wildlife habitats has contributed to the emergence of several zoonoses. Pathogenic hantaviruses are hosted by rodents and cause severe diseases in the Americas and Eurasia. We reviewed several factors that potentially drive prevalence (the proportion of infected rodents) in host populations. These include demography, behavior, host density, small mammal diversity, predation, and habitat and landscape characteristics. This review is the first to include a quantitative summary of the literature investigating hantavirus prevalence in rodents. Demographic structure and density were investigated the most and predation the least. Reported effects of demographic structure and small mammal diversity were consistent, whereby reproductive males were most likely to be infected and prevalence decreased with small mammal diversity. The influences of habitat and landscape properties are often complex and indirect. The relationship between density and prevalence merits more investigation. Most hantavirus hosts are habitat generalists and their control is challenging. Incorporating all potential factors and their interactions is essential to understanding and controlling infection in host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Khalil
- 1 Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Umeå, Sweden
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10
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Pounder KC, Watts PC, Niklasson B, Kallio ERK, Marston DA, Fooks AR, Begon M, McElhinney LM. Genome characterisation of two Ljungan virus isolates from wild bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in Sweden. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:156-164. [PMID: 26375731 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ljungan virus (LV) (family Picornaviridae, genus Parechovirus) is a suspected zoonotic pathogen with associations to human disease in Sweden. LV is a single-stranded RNA virus with a positive sense genome. There are five published Ljungan virus strains, three isolated from Sweden and two from America, and are classified into four genotypes. A further two strains described here were isolated from wild bank voles (Myodes glareolus) caught in Västmanlands county, Sweden in 1994. These strains were sequenced using next generation pyrosequencing technology on the GS454flx platform. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the obtained genomes confirms isolates LV340 and LV342 as two new putative members of genotype 2 along with LV145SL, with 92% and 99% nucleotide identities respectively. Only two codon sites throughout the entire genome were identified as undergoing positive selection, both situated within the VP3 structural region, in or near to major antigenic sites. Whilst these two strains do not constitute new genotypes they provide evidence, though weakly supported, which suggests the evolution of Ljungan viruses to be relatively slow, a characteristic unlike other picornaviruses. Additional genomic sequences are urgently required for Ljungan virus strains, particularly from different locations or hosts, to fully understand the evolutionary and epidemiological properties of this potentially zoonotic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran C Pounder
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Phillip C Watts
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; University of Oulu, Department of Ecology, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Bo Niklasson
- Apodemus AB, Nobels väg 3, 17165 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva R K Kallio
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Denise A Marston
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; University of Liverpool Institute of Infection and Global Health, L69 7BE, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Michael Begon
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Lorraine M McElhinney
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; University of Liverpool Institute of Infection and Global Health, L69 7BE, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.
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11
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Nilsson AL, Vaziri-Sani F, Broberg P, Elfaitouri A, Pipkorn R, Blomberg J, Ivarsson SA, Elding Larsson H, Lernmark Å. Serological evaluation of possible exposure to Ljungan virus and related parechovirus in autoimmune (type 1) diabetes in children. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1130-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A-L. Nilsson
- Department of Paediatrics; Östersund Hospital; Östersund Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital; Lund University/CRC; Malmö Sweden
| | - F. Vaziri-Sani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital; Lund University/CRC; Malmö Sweden
| | - P. Broberg
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Epidemiology Clinical Sciences; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - A. Elfaitouri
- Section of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - R. Pipkorn
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; Heidelberg Germany
| | - J. Blomberg
- Section of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - S-A. Ivarsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital; Lund University/CRC; Malmö Sweden
| | - H. Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital; Lund University/CRC; Malmö Sweden
| | - Å. Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital; Lund University/CRC; Malmö Sweden
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12
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Zheng L, Wang F, Huang J, Xin H. Evaluation of the association of zoonotic Ljungan virus with perinatal deaths and fetal malformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:81-5. [PMID: 25789980 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More and more epidemiologic and experimental data support the notion that Ljungan virus (LV), originally isolated from some rodent populations in Sweden, Denmark, and the United States, plays an important role in stillbirth and fetal malformation. Mouse dams infected with LV may result in uterine resorption and perinatal deaths that may cross generations, and their offspring may suffer high rates of malformations including cranial, brain, and limb malformations. In humans, researches founded that LV infection is related to malformation, intrauterine fetal death, and even central nervous system malformation. Although molecularly characterized, little is known about the biophysical nature of LV. Consequently, the role of LV infections in sudden infant death syndrome is still confusing, and the mechanism of how LV infections cause diseases is not clear. More research is clearly necessary to explore the mechanisms of LV infection in human and animal diseases to bring improvement to the clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
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13
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Ekström JO, Tolf C, Edman KA, Lindberg AM. Physicochemical Properties of the Ljungan Virus Prototype Virion in Different Environments: Inactivated by Heat but Resistant to Acidic pH, Detergents and Non-Physiological Environments Such as Virkon®-Containing Solutions. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:841-50. [PMID: 17895601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is of great importance to know how a virus particle is affected by environmental conditions. Physicochemical properties of the virion will affect the virus viability in different environments, viral transmission between hosts, and will also be important for safe handling of the virus. The physicochemical properties of the Ljungan virus (LV) prototype, 87-012, adapted to grow in cell culture were evaluated using both LV in crude cell extracts and purified virions. Replication of LV was completely inhibited by heat. Titers of LV were unaffected by acidic pH, reduced but not completely abolished by alkaline pH, and unaffected by exposure to the detergents Triton X-100 and SDS. Surprisingly, viable LV was still detected after incubation in the acidic, oxidising and detergent-containing environment produced by the commonly used disinfectant Virkon. In conclusion, LV is resilient to extreme pH, detergents and also to oxidising environments, but is sensitive to heat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Ola Ekström
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
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14
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Salisbury AM, Begon M, Dove W, Niklasson B, Stewart JP. Ljungan virus is endemic in rodents in the UK. Arch Virol 2013; 159:547-51. [PMID: 23665770 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ljungan virus is a recently identified member of the family Picornaviridae that was isolated from bank voles in Sweden. LjV has been associated with [corrected] type 1 diabetes-like symptoms and myocarditis in bank voles (Myodes glareolus), and it has been suggested that it has zoonotic potential. Here, we show for the first time that Ljungan virus is prevalent (20-27 % positive by PCR) in four species of UK rodent (Myodes glareolus [bank vole], Apodemus sylvaticus [wood mouse], Microtus agrestis [field vole] and Mus musculus [house mouse]). Sequence analysis showed that Ljungan virus of genotypes 1 and 2 were present, although genotype 1 was more prevalent and more frequently associated with brain tissue. This study highlights the prevalence of Ljungan virus in the UK and the need for assessment [corrected] of its zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Salisbury
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
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15
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Muirhead CR, Cheetham TD, Court S, Begon M, McNally RJQ. How do childhood diagnoses of type 1 diabetes cluster in time? PLoS One 2013; 8:e60489. [PMID: 23573261 PMCID: PMC3616033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have indicated that type 1 diabetes may have an infectious origin. The presence of temporal clustering—an irregular temporal distribution of cases—would provide additional evidence that occurrence may be linked with an agent that displays epidemicity. We tested for the presence and form of temporal clustering using population-based data from northeast England. Materials and Methods The study analysed data on children aged 0–14 years diagnosed with type 1 diabetes during the period 1990–2007 and resident in a defined geographical region of northeast England (Northumberland, Newcastle upon Tyne, and North Tyneside). Tests for temporal clustering by time of diagnosis were applied using a modified version of the Potthoff-Whittinghill method. Results The study analysed 468 cases of children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. There was highly statistically significant evidence of temporal clustering over periods of a few months and over longer time intervals (p<0.001). The clustering within years did not show a consistent seasonal pattern. Conclusions The study adds to the growing body of literature that supports the involvement of infectious agents in the aetiology of type 1 diabetes in children. Specifically it suggests that the precipitating agent or agents involved might be an infection that occurs in “mini-epidemics”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Muirhead
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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16
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Bartelik A, Ciesla M, Kotlinowski J, Bartelik S, Czaplicki D, Grochot-Przeczek A, Kurowski K, Koteja P, Dulak J, Józkowicz A. Development of hyperglycemia and diabetes in captive Polish bank voles. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 183:69-78. [PMID: 23291363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes has been detected in Danish and Swedish bank voles (Myodes glareolus). There are no data, however, concerning the prevalence of diabetes in populations from other geographic regions. We investigated the frequency and physiological effects of glucose metabolism disorders in captive bank voles from Poland. Single measurement of fasting blood glucose concentration performed in the 3-4month old captive-born bank Polish voles without any disease symptoms showed that 8% of individuals (22/284) displayed an impaired fasting glucose (IFG, blood glucose (BG) ≥100mg/dL) and 1% (4/284) showed hyperglycemia (BG ≥126mg/dL) which could suggest diabetes. Next, we analyzed blood glucose in samples taken once a month from an additional cohort of bank voles with (FHD), or without (H), a family history of diabetes. The prevalence of IFG at age six months was 26% (16/62) among bank voles from the H group. In the FHD group the prevalence increased to 49% (43/88), and additional 12% (11/88) became diabetic (DB, BG ≥126mg/dL at two time points). Postnatal stress (three maternal deprivations before weaning) did not affect the risk of developing IFG or DB in H voles, but significantly reduced the frequency of glucose metabolism disorders (IFG and DB combined) in FHD voles. IFG was associated with hyperinsulinemia, but not with other biochemical disturbances. Diabetic animals displayed a progressive malformation and vacuolization of β-cells in the pancreas, without visible leukocytic infiltrations. In summary, our results indicate that Polish captive bank voles can develop diabetes, which shows features of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in humans. Risk of diabetes is higher in animal with FHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bartelik
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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17
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Yu JM, Li JS, Ao YY, Duan ZJ. Detection of novel viruses in porcine fecal samples from China. Virol J 2013; 10:39. [PMID: 23363449 PMCID: PMC3598965 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pigs are well known source of human infectious disease. To better understand the spectrum of viruses present in pigs, we utilized the 454 Life Sciences GS-FLX high-throughput sequencing platform to sequence stool samples from healthy pigs. Findings Total nucleic acid was extracted from stool samples of healthy piglets and randomly amplified. The amplified materials were pooled and processed using a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique. The raw sequences were deconvoluted on the basis of the barcode and then processed through a standardized bioinformatics pipeline. The unique reads (348, 70 and 13) had limited similarity to known astroviruses, bocaviruses and parechoviruses. Specific primers were synthesized to assess the prevalence of the viruses in healthy piglets. Our results indicate extremely high rates of positivity. Conclusions Several novel astroviruses, bocaviruses and Ljungan-like viruses were identified in stool samples from healthy pigs. The rates of isolation for the new viruses were high. The high detection rate, diverse sequences and categories indicate that pigs are well-established reservoirs for and likely sources of different enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-mei Yu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
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18
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Development and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies to first and second Ljungan virus genotypes. J Virol Methods 2012; 184:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Sanada T, Seto T, Ozaki Y, Saasa N, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, Yoshii K, Kariwa H. Isolation of Hokkaido virus, genus Hantavirus, using a newly established cell line derived from the kidney of the grey red-backed vole (Myodes rufocanus bedfordiae). J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2237-2246. [PMID: 22791608 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.045377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses belong to the family Bunyaviridae and are maintained in wild rodents. Although Vero E6 cells, which originate from African green monkey kidney, are used widely in hantavirus research, isolation of hantaviruses from this cell line is difficult. To develop an efficient method of propagation and isolation of hantaviruses we established a novel cell line, MRK101, derived from the kidney of the grey red-backed vole (Myodes rufocanus bedfordiae), the natural host of Hokkaido virus (HOKV). The MRK101 cells showed a significantly higher susceptibility to Puumala virus (PUUV) hosted by Myodes glareolus than Vero E6 cells. Viral nucleocapsid protein in PUUV-infected MRK101 cells was detected earlier than in Vero E6 cells, and the viral titre in the culture fluid of MRK101 cells was higher than that of Vero E6 cells during the early phase of infection. In contrast, MRK101 cells showed no susceptibility to Hantaan virus. HOKV, which has not been isolated to date, was isolated successfully using MRK101 cells. Moreover, the newly isolated HOKV was successfully propagated in MRK101, but not Vero E6, cells. Phylogenic analyses of the S (small), M (medium) and L (large) segment sequences revealed that HOKV is related most closely to PUUV, but is distinct from other hantaviruses. These data suggest that the MRK101 cell line is a useful tool for the isolation and propagation of hantaviruses. Moreover, this is (to our knowledge) the first report of hantavirus isolation in a cell line that originated from the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sanada
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seto
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yuka Ozaki
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ngonda Saasa
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0838, Japan
| | - Jiro Arikawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0838, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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20
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Schønecker B, Freimanis T, Sørensen IV. Diabetes in Danish bank voles (M. glareolus): survivorship, influence on weight, and evaluation of polydipsia as a screening tool for hyperglycaemia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22893. [PMID: 21829666 PMCID: PMC3150384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have concluded that the development of polydipsia (PD, a daily water intake ≥21 ml) among captive Danish bank voles, is associated with the development of a type 1 diabetes (T1D), based on findings of hyperglycaemia, glucosuria, ketonuria/-emia, lipemia, destroyed beta cells, and presence of autoantibodies against GAD65, IA-2, and insulin. Aim and Methods We retrospectively analysed data from two separate colonies of Danish bank voles in order to 1) estimate survivorship after onset of PD, 2) evaluate whether the weight of PD voles differed from non-PD voles, and, 3), evaluate a state of PD as a practical and non-invasive tool to screen for voles with a high probability of hypeglycaemia. In addition, we discuss regional differences related to the development of diabetes in Scandinavian bank voles and the relevance of the Ljungan virus as proposed etiological agent. Results We found that median survival after onset of PD is at least 91 days (lower/upper quartiles = 57/134 days) with a maximum recording of at least 404 days survivorship. The development of PD did not influence the weight of Danish bank voles. The measures of accuracy when using PD as predictor of hyperglycaemia, i.e. sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value, equalled 69%, 97%, 89%, and 89%, respectively. Conclusion The relatively long survival of Danish PD bank voles suggests potentials for this model in future studies of the long-term complications of diabetes, of which some observations are mentioned. Data also indicates that diabetes in Danish bank is not associated with a higher body weight. Finally, the method of using measurements of daily water intake to screen for voles with a high probability of hyperglycaemia constitutes a considerable refinement when compared to the usual, invasive, methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Schønecker
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Niklasson B. Current views on ljungan virus and its relationship to human diabetes. J Med Virol 2011; 83:1673. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Krous HF, Langlois NE. Ljungan virus: a commentary on its association with fetal and infant morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:947-52. [PMID: 20890937 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and experimental data support the notion that Ljungan virus (LV), endemic in some rodent populations in Sweden, Denmark, and the United States, can cause morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. LV infection can cause type I diabetes mellitus, myocarditis, and encephalitis in bank voles and experimental mice, and lemmings. Mouse dams infected with LV experience high rates of stillbirth that may persist across generations, and their fetuses may develop cranial, brain, and limb malformations. In humans, epidemiologic and serologic data suggest that LV infection correlates with intrauterine fetal death, malformations, placental inflammation, myocarditis, encephalitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The proposed role of LV infection in SIDS is unconvincing. Further research is necessary to clarify the role of LV infection in animal and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F Krous
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, and San Diego SIDS/SUDC Research Project, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, 3020 Children’s Way, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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23
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24
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Nix WA, Maher K, Pallansch MA, Oberste MS. Parechovirus typing in clinical specimens by nested or semi-nested PCR coupled with sequencing. J Clin Virol 2010; 48:202-7. [PMID: 20472496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Parechovirus genus (Picornaviridae) contains two known species, Human parechovirus (HPeV) and Ljungan virus (LV). HPeVs cause a wide spectrum of disease, including meningitis, gastroenteritis, encephalitis, respiratory illness, and neonatal sepsis-like disease. LVs are associated with diabetes and myocarditis in bank voles and have been proposed to cause disease in humans. The ability to rapidly and accurately type parechoviruses is critical to understanding their role in human disease. OBJECTIVES For parechovirus molecular typing, we sought to develop reverse transcription, nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays to amplify the sequence encoding the VP1 capsid protein from all known members of the Parechovirus genus. STUDY DESIGN The assays consist of a two-step RT-PCR with primers flanking VP1 (PCR1), followed by semi-nested PCR2A and PCR2B reactions that produce overlapping amplicons, encompassing the complete VP1 gene, as well as a nested PCR2C that amplifies a shorter internal VP1 amplicon. RESULTS All primer sets are 100% sensitive and 100% specific for the 77 parechovirus culture isolates tested. The semi-nested and nested PCR primer sets are 94% sensitive and 100% specific for detection of parechovirus in original specimens. Viral genotype can be deduced from analysis of amplicon sequences. Parechoviruses of the same type share>or=77% complete VP1 nucleotide sequence identity or >or=87% amino acid identity, while those of different types share<or=73% nucleotide identity and <or=81% amino acid identity. CONCLUSIONS The PCR primers described here amplify VP1 sequences from all known parechoviruses, providing a sensitive, reliable system for molecular typing directly from original clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Allan Nix
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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25
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Tapia G, Cinek O, Rasmussen T, Grinde B, Rønningen KS. No Ljungan virus RNA in stool samples from the Norwegian environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes (MIDIA) cohort study. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:1069-71. [PMID: 20185738 PMCID: PMC2858177 DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ljungan virus (LjV) has been proposed as a potential environmental factor for type 1 diabetes. The objective was to test for any association of LjV with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A nested case-control design was used to test for any association between the development of pre-diabetic autoimmunity and presence of LjV in stool samples (n = 3,803) in the Norwegian Environmental Triggers of Type 1 Diabetes (MIDIA) study. The children followed were 27 infants who developed pre-diabetic autoimmunity during or shortly after the sampling period, 54 matched control subjects, and 94 other children. RESULTS No LjV RNA was detected. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that LjV is rare in young children. LjV does not seem to be involved in the development of human type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Tapia
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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26
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McNally RJQ, Pollock R, Court S, Begon M, Cheetham TD. Space-time clustering analyses of type 1 diabetes in children from north-east England: support for an infectious aetiology? Environ Health 2009; 8 Suppl 1:S14. [PMID: 20102581 PMCID: PMC2796492 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-8-s1-s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of type 1 diabetes in children is uncertain. A number of recent studies have suggested an infectious aetiology. It has been postulated that an infectious agent may be involved. Support for this hypothesis may be provided by a finding of space-time clustering. The aims of this study were: (i) to determine whether there was space-time clustering in cases of childhood diabetes from north-east England; and to test for differences in space-time clustering: (ii) due to age at diagnosis; (iii) between the sexes and (iv) between levels of residential population density. METHODS We studied incidence of type 1 diabetes diagnosed in children aged 0-14 years and diagnosed during the period 1990-2007. All cases were resident in a defined geographical region of north-east England (Northumberland, Newcastle upon Tyne and North Tyneside). We applied a second-order procedure based on K-functions to test for global clustering. Locations were residential addresses at time of diagnosis. Tests were repeated using nearest neighbour thresholds to allow for variable population density, providing the primary result for each analysis. Differences between sexes and between levels of population density were assessed. RESULTS We analysed 457 cases of type 1 diabetes. Overall, there was marginally significant evidence of global space-time clustering (P = 0.089). There was statistically significant clustering amongst pairs of cases that contained at least one female (P = 0.017), but not amongst pairs of cases that contained at least one male (P = 0.190). Furthermore, there was significant clustering amongst pairs of cases that contained at least one from a more densely populated area (P = 0.044), but not amongst pairs of cases that contained at least one from a less densely populated area (P = 0.226). CONCLUSION Although the analyses have only found marginally significant evidence of global space-time clustering for cases of type 1 diabetes diagnosed in north-east England, there were two notable findings. First, there was evidence of clustering amongst females and secondly clustering was confined to cases from more densely populated areas. These findings are consistent with a possible aetiological involvement of an infectious agent.
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Samsioe A, Papadogiannakis N, Hultman T, Sjöholm A, Klitz W, Niklasson B. Ljungan virus present in intrauterine fetal death diagnosed by both immunohistochemistry and PCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 85:227-9. [PMID: 19133649 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Following up on prior evidence from animal and human studies of Ljungan virus (LV) in intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), we examine additional cases of IUFD using two standard assays of viral detection: immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real time RT-PCR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Frozen and formalin-fixed specimens from IUFD cases were tested for the presence of LV using real time RT-PCR and IHC, respectively. Formalin-fixed organs from terminated pregnancies diagnosed as trisomy 21 were used as controls in the IHC assay. RESULTS Presence of LV was demonstrated in all five IUFD cases by IHC and further confirmed in three of these cases by real time RT-PCR. Only one of 18 trisomy 21 controls was LV positive by IHC. CONCLUSION The presence of LV in IUFD patients has been confirmed by two different assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Samsioe
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Section of Internal Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Niklasson B, Almqvist PR, Hörnfeldt B, Klitz W. Sudden infant death syndrome and Ljungan virus. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2009; 5:274-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-009-9086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Samsioe A, Sjöholm A, Niklasson B, Klitz W. Fetal death persists through recurrent pregnancies in mice following Ljungan virus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 83:507-10. [PMID: 18850589 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Laboratory mice infected with Ljungan virus (LV) early in pregnancy suffer from perinatal death. Here we investigate the persistence of that effect through the outcome of consecutive pregnancies in LV-infected mice. STUDY DESIGN CD-1 mice were infected while pregnant and their adult female offspring were followed in parallel with uninfected control mice during repeated pregnancies. Three mating attempts resulted in two or three pregnancies per dam. The outcome of the last pregnancy was carefully monitored. RESULTS Both the dams infected as adults and their adult female offspring suffered perinatal deaths during the last pregnancy which occurred approximately 6 months after the original LV exposure and acute infection. The non-infected control animals experienced no perinatal death. CONCLUSIONS Perinatal death persists across recurrent pregnancies in this mouse model of LV infection, both in animals infected as adults and in females exposed to the virus in utero. This implies that LV persists in mice long after initial infection, and is maintained in a quiescent state but can remain pathogenic in later pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Samsioe
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Division of Internal Medicine. SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
The population cycles of rodents at northern latitudes have puzzled people for centuries, and their impact is manifest throughout the alpine ecosystem. Climate change is known to be able to drive animal population dynamics between stable and cyclic phases, and has been suggested to cause the recent changes in cyclic dynamics of rodents and their predators. But although predator-rodent interactions are commonly argued to be the cause of the Fennoscandian rodent cycles, the role of the environment in the modulation of such dynamics is often poorly understood in natural systems. Hence, quantitative links between climate-driven processes and rodent dynamics have so far been lacking. Here we show that winter weather and snow conditions, together with density dependence in the net population growth rate, account for the observed population dynamics of the rodent community dominated by lemmings (Lemmus lemmus) in an alpine Norwegian core habitat between 1970 and 1997, and predict the observed absence of rodent peak years after 1994. These local rodent dynamics are coherent with alpine bird dynamics both locally and over all of southern Norway, consistent with the influence of large-scale fluctuations in winter conditions. The relationship between commonly available meteorological data and snow conditions indicates that changes in temperature and humidity, and thus conditions in the subnivean space, seem to markedly affect the dynamics of alpine rodents and their linked groups. The pattern of less regular rodent peaks, and corresponding changes in the overall dynamics of the alpine ecosystem, thus seems likely to prevail over a growing area under projected climate change.
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Tolf C, Ekström JO, Gullberg M, Arbrandt G, Niklasson B, Frisk G, Liljeqvist JÅ, Edman K, Lindberg AM. Characterization of polyclonal antibodies against the capsid proteins of Ljungan virus. J Virol Methods 2008; 150:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ekström JO, Tolf C, Fahlgren C, Johansson ES, Arbrandt G, Niklasson B, Edman KA, Lindberg AM. Replication of Ljungan virus in cell culture: The genomic 5′-end, infectious cDNA clones and host cell response to viral infections. Virus Res 2007; 130:129-39. [PMID: 17645978 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ljungan virus (LV) is a picornavirus recently isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). The previously uncharacterised 5'-end sequence of the LV genome was determined. Infectious cDNA clones were constructed of the wild type LV prototype strain 87-012 and of the cytolytically replicating cell culture adapted variant 87-012G. Virus generated from cDNA clones showed identical growth characteristics as uncloned virus stocks. Cell culture adapted LV, 87-012G, showed a clear cytopathic effect (CPE) at 3-4 days post-infection (p.i.). Virus titers, determined by plaque titration, increased however only within the first 18h p.i. Replication of LV (+) strand RNA was determined by real-time PCR and corresponded in time with increasing titers. In contrast, the amounts of the replication intermediate, the (-) strand, continued to increase until the cells showed CPE. This indicates separate controlling mechanisms for replication of LV (+) and (-) genome strands. Replication was also monitored by immunofluorescence (IF) staining. IF staining of both prototype 87-012 and the CPE causing 87-012G showed groups of 5-25 infected cells at 48h p.i., suggesting a, for picornaviruses, not previously described direct cell-to-cell transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Ola Ekström
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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Smith MJ, White A, Sherratt JA, Telfer S, Begon M, Lambin X. Disease effects on reproduction can cause population cycles in seasonal environments. J Anim Ecol 2007; 77:378-89. [PMID: 18005128 PMCID: PMC2408661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of rodent populations have demonstrated that certain parasites can cause juveniles to delay maturation until the next reproductive season. Furthermore, a variety of parasites may share the same host, and evidence is beginning to accumulate showing nonindependent effects of different infections. We investigated the consequences for host population dynamics of a disease-induced period of no reproduction, and a chronic reduction in fecundity following recovery from infection (such as may be induced by secondary infections) using a modified SIR (susceptible, infected, recovered) model. We also included a seasonally varying birth rate as recent studies have demonstrated that seasonally varying parameters can have important effects on long-term host–parasite dynamics. We investigated the model predictions using parameters derived from five different cyclic rodent populations. Delayed and reduced fecundity following recovery from infection have no effect on the ability of the disease to regulate the host population in the model as they have no effect on the basic reproductive rate. However, these factors can influence the long-term dynamics including whether or not they exhibit multiyear cycles. The model predicts disease-induced multiyear cycles for a wide range of realistic parameter values. Host populations that recover relatively slowly following a disease-induced population crash are more likely to show multiyear cycles. Diseases for which the period of infection is brief, but full recovery of reproductive function is relatively slow, could generate large amplitude multiyear cycles of several years in length. Chronically reduced fecundity following recovery can also induce multiyear cycles, in support of previous theoretical studies. When parameterized for cowpox virus in the cyclic field vole populations (Microtus agrestis) of Kielder Forest (northern England), the model predicts that the disease must chronically reduce host fecundity by more than 70%, following recovery from infection, for it to induce multiyear cycles. When the model predicts quasi-periodic multiyear cycles it also predicts that seroprevalence and the effective date of onset of the reproductive season are delayed density-dependent, two phenomena that have been recorded in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Smith
- Department of Mathematics and the Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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Niklasson B, Samsioe A, Papadogiannakis N, Kawecki A, Hörnfeldt B, Saade GR, Klitz W. Association of zoonotic Ljungan virus with intrauterine fetal deaths. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 79:488-93. [PMID: 17335057 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has recently been shown that Ljungan virus (LV) is associated with disease in its wild rodent reservoir. In addition, it has been demonstrated that LV causes malformations and perinatal death in a mouse model. The question was therefore raised whether LV is a zoonotic agent in humans. METHODS Population fluctuations of native rodents in Sweden were compared to the incidence of intrauterine fetal deaths (IUFDs) using the Swedish national hospitalization database. Formalin-fixed tissues from cases of IUFD were investigated using LV-specific immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Variation in the incidence of IUFDs closely tracked the fluctuations in native rodent populations. LV was detected in the brain tissue in 4 of 10 cases of IUFDs investigated by immunochemistry. LV was also detected in the placenta in 5 of the 10 IUFD cases, but in none of 20 placentas from normal pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS LV may play an important role in IUFDs.
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Niklasson B, Hultman T, Kallies R, Niedrig M, Nilsson R, Berggren PO, Juntti-Berggren L, Efendic S, Lernmark A, Klitz W. The BioBreeding rat diabetes model is infected with Ljungan virus. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1559-60. [PMID: 17406852 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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