1
|
Lassiter MG, Lin J, Compton JE, Phelan J, Sabo RD, Stoddard JL, McDow SR, Greaver TL. Shifts in the composition of nitrogen deposition in the conterminous United States are discernable in stream chemistry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163409. [PMID: 37044336 PMCID: PMC10332341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Across the conterminous United States (U.S.), the composition of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is changing spatially and temporally. Previously, deposition was dominated by oxidized N, but now reduced N (ammonia [NH3] + ammonium [NH4+]) is equivalent to oxidized N when deposition is averaged across the entire nation and, in some areas, reduced N dominates deposition. To evaluate if there are effects of this change on stream chemistry at the national scale, estimates of N deposition form (oxidized or reduced) from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program Total Deposition data were coupled with stream measurements from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Rivers and Streams Assessments (three stream surveys between 2000 and 2014). A recent fine-scaled N input inventory was used to identify watersheds (<1000 km2) where atmospheric deposition is the largest N source (n = 1906). Within these more atmospherically-influenced watersheds there was a clear temporal shift from a greater proportion of sites dominated by oxidized N deposition to a greater proportion of sites dominated by reduced forms of N deposition. We found a significant positive correlation between oxidized N deposition and stream NO3- concentrations, whereas the correlation between reduced N deposition and stream NO3- concentrations were significant but weaker. Sites dominated by atmospheric inputs of reduced N forms had higher stream total organic N and total N despite lower total N deposition on average. This higher stream concentration of total N is mainly driven by the higher concentration of total organic N, suggesting an interaction between elevated reduced N in deposition and living components of the ecosystem or soil organic matter dynamics. Regardless of the proportion of reduced to oxidized N forms in deposition, stream NH4+ concentrations were generally low, suggesting that N deposited in a reduced form is rapidly immobilized, nitrified and/or assimilated by watershed processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith G Lassiter
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Health and Environmental Effects Assessment Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Jiajia Lin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Postdoctoral Participant, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States; U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, United States.
| | - Jana E Compton
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, United States.
| | - Jennifer Phelan
- RTI International, P.O. Box 12194, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., RTP, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Robert D Sabo
- US EPA Headquarters, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Health and Environmental Effects Assessment Division, 1200 Penn Ave NW, Mailcode 8623-P, Washington, DC 20460, United States.
| | - John L Stoddard
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, United States.
| | - Stephen R McDow
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Health and Environmental Effects Assessment Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Tara L Greaver
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Health and Environmental Effects Assessment Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Friggens NL, Hartley IP, Parker TC, Subke J, Wookey PA. Trees out‐forage understorey shrubs for nitrogen patches in a subarctic mountain birch forest. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina L. Friggens
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, Univ. of Exeter Exeter UK
- Biological & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Univ. of Stirling Stirling UK
| | - Iain P. Hartley
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, Univ. of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Thomas C. Parker
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Inst. Craigiebuckler Aberdeen UK
| | - Jens‐Arne Subke
- Biological & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Univ. of Stirling Stirling UK
| | - Philip A. Wookey
- Biological & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Univ. of Stirling Stirling UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reboleira AS, Bodawatta KH, Ravn NMR, Lauritzen SE, Skoglund RØ, Poulsen M, Michelsen A, Jønsson KA. Nutrient-limited subarctic caves harbour more diverse and complex bacterial communities than their surface soil. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2022; 17:41. [PMID: 35941623 PMCID: PMC9361705 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-022-00435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarctic regions are particularly vulnerable to climate change, yet little is known about nutrient availability and biodiversity of their cave ecosystems. Such knowledge is crucial for predicting the vulnerability of these ecosystems to consequences of climate change. Thus, to improve our understanding of life in these habitats, we characterized environmental variables, as well as bacterial and invertebrate communities of six subarctic caves in Northern Norway. RESULTS Only a minuscule diversity of surface-adapted invertebrates were found in these caves. However, the bacterial communities in caves were compositionally different, more diverse and more complex than the nutrient-richer surface soil. Cave soil microbiomes were less variable between caves than between surface communities in the same area, suggesting that the stable cave environments with tougher conditions drive the uniform microbial communities. We also observed only a small proportion of cave bacterial genera originating from the surface, indicating unique cave-adapted microbial communities. Increased diversity within caves may stem from higher niche specialization and levels of interdependencies for nutrient cycling among bacterial taxa in these oligotrophic environments. CONCLUSIONS Taken together this suggest that environmental changes, e.g., faster melting of snow as a result of global warming that could alter nutrient influx, can have a detrimental impact on interactions and dependencies of these complex communities. This comparative exploration of cave and surface microbiomes also lays the foundation to further investigate the long-term environmental variables that shape the biodiversity of these vulnerable ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Reboleira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark.
| | - Kasun H Bodawatta
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Nynne M R Ravn
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Stein-Erik Lauritzen
- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegt. 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Michael Poulsen
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Section for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Knud Andreas Jønsson
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu W, Elberling B, Ambus PL. Fire increases soil nitrogen retention and alters nitrogen uptake patterns among dominant shrub species in an Arctic dry heath tundra. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150990. [PMID: 34656575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change increases the frequency and severity of fire in the Arctic tundra regions. We assessed effects of fire in combination with summer warming on soil biogeochemical N- and P cycles with a focus on mineral N over two years following an experimental fire in a dry heath tundra, West Greenland. We applied stable isotopes (15NH4+-N and 15NO3--N) to trace the post-fire mineral N pools. The partitioning of 15N in the bulk soils, soil dissolved organic N (TDN), microbes and plants (roots and leaves) was established. The fire tended to increase microbial P pools by four-fold at both one and two years after the fire. Two years after the fire, the bulk soil 15N recovery has decreased to 10.4% in unburned plots while relatively high recovery was maintained (30%) in burned plots, suggesting an increase in soil N retention after the fire. The contribution of microbial 15N recovery to bulk soil 15N recovery increased from 11.2% at 21 days to 31.5% two years after the fire, suggesting that higher post-fire N retention was due largely to the increased incorporation of N into microbial biomass. Fire also increased 15N recovery in bulk roots after one and two years, but only under summer warming. This suggests that higher retention of post-fire N can strongly increase the potential for N uptake of recovering plants under a future warmer climate. There was significantly lower 15N enrichment of Betula nana leaves while higher 15N enrichment of Vaccinium uliginosum leaves (after three years) in burned than control plots. This shows that fire can alter the N uptake differently among dominant shrub species in this tundra ecosystem, and implies that wildfires may change plant species composition in the longer term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Xu
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Bo Elberling
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Per Lennart Ambus
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pold G, Baillargeon N, Lepe A, Rastetter EB, Sistla SA. Warming effects on arctic tundra biogeochemistry are limited but habitat‐dependent: a meta‐analysis. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Pold
- Natural Resources Management & Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture, Food & Environmental Sciences California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Natalie Baillargeon
- Smith College Northampton Massachusetts USA
- Woodwell Climate Research Center Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
| | - Adan Lepe
- Amherst College Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - Edward B. Rastetter
- Marine Biological Laboratories The Ecosystems Center Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
| | - Seeta A. Sistla
- Natural Resources Management & Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture, Food & Environmental Sciences California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karst J, Wasyliw J, Birch JD, Franklin J, Chang SX, Erbilgin N. Long-term nitrogen addition does not sustain host tree stem radial growth but doubles the abundance of high-biomass ectomycorrhizal fungi. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4125-4138. [PMID: 34002431 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global change has altered nitrogen availability in boreal forest soils. As ectomycorrhizal fungi play critical ecological functions, shifts in their abundance and community composition must be considered in the response of forests to changes in nitrogen availability. Furthermore, ectomycorrhizas are symbiotic, so the response of ectomycorrhizal fungi to nitrogen cannot be understood in isolation of their plant partners. Most previous studies, however, neglect to measure the response of host trees to nitrogen addition simultaneously with that of fungal communities. In addition to being one-sided, most of these studies have also been conducted in coniferous forests. Deciduous and "dual-mycorrhizal" tree species, namely those that form ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhizas, have received little attention despite being widespread in the boreal forest. We applied nitrogen (30 kg ha-1 year-1 ) for 13 years to stands dominated by aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and hypothesized that tree stem radial growth would increase, ectomycorrhizal fungal biomass would decrease, ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition would shift, and the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi would increase. Nitrogen addition initially increased stem radial growth of aspen, but it was not sustained at the time we characterized their mycorrhizas. After 13 years, the abundance of fungi possessing extramatrical hyphae, or "high-biomass" ectomycorrhizas, doubled. No changes occurred in ectomycorrhizal and AM fungal community composition, or in ecto- and AM abundance measured as root colonization. This dual-mycorrhizal tree species did not shift away from ectomycorrhizal fungal dominance with long-term nitrogen input. The unexpected increase in high-biomass ectomycorrhizal fungi with nitrogen addition may be due to increased carbon allocation to their fungal partners by growth-limited trees. Given the focus on conifers in past studies, reconciling results of plant-mycorrhizal fungal relationships in stands of deciduous trees may demand a broader view on the impacts of nitrogen addition on the structure and function of boreal forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Karst
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joshua Wasyliw
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joseph D Birch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James Franklin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Scott X Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith CJ, Chalk PM. Organic N compounds in plant nutrition: have methodologies based on stable isotopes provided unequivocal evidence of direct N uptake? ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2021; 57:333-349. [PMID: 34074191 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2021.1932871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, interest has developed in regard to the possibility that plant roots can take up organic N compounds directly, a concept which challenges the conventional wisdom that soil inorganic N forms (NH4+ and NO3-) are the sole primary sources of N absorbed by plant roots. We reviewed the literature based on single or dual (15N, 13C) stable isotope labelling techniques to test the hypothesis of direct uptake. Both isotopically enriched and natural abundance approaches were reviewed. Of the methods examined, the dual enrichment technique, when combined with compound specific and position-specific stable isotope analysis, provided incontrovertible evidence for direct uptake of simple amino acids. We demonstrate that dual labelling lacks overall sensitivity due to the high C concentration in plant tissue relative to N, and the higher natural abundance of 13C cf. 15N, which limits the period of measurement due to isotope dilution, and hence an assessment of the long-term contribution of direct uptake to the N economy of plant communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip M Chalk
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Spitzer CM, Lindahl B, Wardle DA, Sundqvist MK, Gundale MJ, Fanin N, Kardol P. Root trait-microbial relationships across tundra plant species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1508-1520. [PMID: 33007155 PMCID: PMC7821200 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine roots, and their functional traits, influence associated rhizosphere microorganisms via root exudation and root litter quality. However, little information is known about their relationship with rhizosphere microbial taxa and functional guilds. We investigated the relationships of 11 fine root traits of 20 sub-arctic tundra meadow plant species and soil microbial community composition, using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and high-throughput sequencing. We primarily focused on the root economics spectrum, as it provides a useful framework to examine plant strategies by integrating the co-ordination of belowground root traits along a resource acquisition-conservation trade-off axis. We found that the chemical axis of the fine root economics spectrum was positively related to fungal to bacterial ratios, but negatively to Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacterial ratios. However, this spectrum was unrelated to the relative abundance of functional guilds of soil fungi. Nevertheless, the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was positively correlated to root carbon content, but negatively to the numbers of root forks per root length. Our results suggest that the fine root economics spectrum is important for predicting broader groups of soil microorganisms (i.e. fungi and bacteria), while individual root traits may be more important for predicting soil microbial taxa and functional guilds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clydecia M. Spitzer
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkogsmarksgrändUmeå901 83Sweden
| | - Björn Lindahl
- Department of Soil and EnvironmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesBox 7014Uppsala750 07Sweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the EnvironmentNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Maja K. Sundqvist
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkogsmarksgrändUmeå901 83Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkogsmarksgrändUmeå901 83Sweden
| | - Nicolas Fanin
- INRAEBordeaux Sciences AgroUMR 1391 ISPA71 Avenue Edouard BourlauxVillenave‐d’Ornon CedexCS20032, F33882France
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkogsmarksgrändUmeå901 83Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pedersen EP, Elberling B, Michelsen A. Foraging deeply: Depth-specific plant nitrogen uptake in response to climate-induced N-release and permafrost thaw in the High Arctic. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6523-6536. [PMID: 32777164 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Warming in the Arctic accelerates top-soil decomposition and deep-soil permafrost thaw. This may lead to an increase in plant-available nutrients throughout the active layer soil and near the permafrost thaw front. For nitrogen (N) limited high arctic plants, increased N availability may enhance growth and alter community composition, importantly affecting the ecosystem carbon balance. However, the extent to which plants can take advantage of this newly available N may be constrained by the following three factors: vertical distribution of N within the soil profile, timing of N-release, and competition with other plants and microorganisms. Therefore, we investigated species- and depth-specific plant N uptake in a high arctic tundra, northeastern Greenland. Using stable isotopic labelling (15 N-NH4 + ), we simulated autumn N-release at three depths within the active layer: top (10 cm), mid (45 cm) and deep-soil near the permafrost thaw front (90 cm). We measured plant species-specific N uptake immediately after N-release (autumn) and after 1 year, and assessed depth-specific microbial N uptake and resource partitioning between above- and below-ground plant parts, microorganisms and soil. We found that high arctic plants actively foraged for N past the peak growing season, notably the graminoid Kobresia myosuroides. While most plant species (Carex rupestris, Dryas octopetala, K. myosuroides) preferred top-soil N, the shrub Salix arctica also effectively acquired N from deeper soil layers. All plants were able to obtain N from the permafrost thaw front, both in autumn and during the following growing season, demonstrating the importance of permafrost-released N as a new N source for arctic plants. Finally, microbial N uptake markedly declined with depth, hence, plant access to deep-soil N pools is a competitive strength. In conclusion, plant species-specific competitive advantages with respect to both time- and depth-specific N-release may dictate short- and long-term plant community changes in the Arctic and consequently, larger-scale climate feedbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Elberling
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Camenzind T, Scheu S, Rillig MC. Expanding the toolbox of nutrient limitation studies: A novel method of soil microbial in‐growth bags to evaluate nutrient demands in tropical forests. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Camenzind
- Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Matthias C. Rillig
- Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cruz-Paredes C, Frøslev TG, Michelsen A, Bang-Andreasen T, Hansen M, Ingerslev M, Skov S, Wallander H, Kjøller R. Wood ash application in a managed Norway spruce plantation did not affect ectomycorrhizal diversity or N retention capacity. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
12
|
Yang L, Zhang L, Yu C, Li D, Gong P, Xue Y, Song Y, Cui Y, Doane TA, Wu Z. Nitrogen Fertilizer and Straw Applications Affect Uptake of 13C,15N-Glycine by Soil Microorganisms in Wheat Growth Stages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169016. [PMID: 28045989 PMCID: PMC5207700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and straw on intact amino acid N uptake by soil microorganisms and the relationship between amino acid turnover and soil properties during the wheat growing season. A wheat pot experiment was carried out with three treatments: control (CK), N fertilizer (NF) and N fertilizer plus rice straw (NS). We used stable isotope compound-specific analysis to determine the uptake of 13C,15N-glycine by soil microorganisms. In the NF treatment, microbial 13C,15N-glycine uptake was lower compared with CK, suggesting that inorganic N was the preferred N source for soil microorganisms. However, The application of straw with N fertilizer (in NS treatment) increased microbial 13C,15N-glycine uptake even with the same amount of N fertilizer application. In this treatment, enzyme activities, soil microbial biomass C and microbial biomass N increased simultaneously because more C was available. Soil mineral N and plant N contents all decreased substantially. The increased uptake of intact 13C,15N-glycine in the NS treatment can be attributed to direct assimilation by soil microorganisms to satisfy the demand for N when inorganic N was consumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Yang
- National Nutrition and Engineering Lab, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Liaoning, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- National Nutrition and Engineering Lab, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Liaoning, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (ZW)
| | - Chunxiao Yu
- National Nutrition and Engineering Lab, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Liaoning, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongpo Li
- National Nutrition and Engineering Lab, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Liaoning, China
| | - Ping Gong
- National Nutrition and Engineering Lab, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Xue
- National Nutrition and Engineering Lab, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Liaoning, China
| | - Yuchao Song
- National Nutrition and Engineering Lab, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Liaoning, China
| | - Yalan Cui
- National Nutrition and Engineering Lab, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Liaoning, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Timothy A. Doane
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis California, United States of America
| | - Zhijie Wu
- National Nutrition and Engineering Lab, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Liaoning, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (ZW)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leberecht M, Dannenmann M, Tejedor J, Simon J, Rennenberg H, Polle A. Segregation of nitrogen use between ammonium and nitrate of ectomycorrhizas and beech trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2691-2700. [PMID: 27569258 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we characterized nitrogen (N) uptake of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and their associated ectomycorrhizal (EM) communities from NH4+ and NO3- . We hypothesized that a proportional fraction of ectomycorrhizal N uptake is transferred to the host, thereby resulting in the same uptake patterns of plants and their associated mycorrhizal communities. 15 N uptake was studied under various field conditions after short-term and long-term exposure to a pulse of equimolar NH4+ and NO3- concentrations, where one compound was replaced by 15 N. In native EM assemblages, long-term and short-term 15 N uptake from NH4+ was higher than that from NO3- , regardless of season, water availability and site exposure, whereas in beech long-term 15 N uptake from NO3- was higher than that from NH4+ . The transfer rates from the EM to beech were lower for 15 N from NH4+ than from NO3- . 15 N content in EM was correlated with 15 N uptake of the host for 15 NH4+ , but not for 15 NO3- -derived N. These findings suggest stronger control of the EM assemblage on N provision to the host from NH4+ than from NO3- . Different host and EM accumulation patterns for inorganic N will result in complementary resource use, which might be advantageous in forest ecosystems with limited N availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Leberecht
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Hochschule Geisenheim, Institut für Urbanen Gartenbau und Zierpflanzenforschung, Von-Lade-Str. 1, 65366, Geisenheim
| | - Michael Dannenmann
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Javier Tejedor
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Judy Simon
- Institute of Forest Science, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute of Forest Science, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Peng F, Xue X, You Q, Xu M, Chen X, Guo J, Wang T. Intensified plant N and C pool with more available nitrogen under experimental warming in an alpine meadow ecosystem. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8546-8555. [PMID: 28031806 PMCID: PMC5167058 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) availability is projected to increase in a warming climate. But whether the more available N is immobilized by microbes (thus stimulates soil carbon (C) decomposition), or is absorbed by plants (thus intensifies C uptake) remains unknown in the alpine meadow ecosystem. Infrared heaters were used to simulate climate warming with a paired experimental design. Soil ammonification, nitrification, and net mineralization were obtained by in situ incubation in a permafrost region of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP). Available N significantly increased due to the stimulation of net nitrification and mineralization in 0–30 cm soil layer. Microbes immobilized N in the end of growing season in both warming and control plots. The magnitude of immobilized N was lower in the warming plots. The root N concentration significantly reduced, but root N pool intensified due to the significant increase in root biomass in the warming treatment. Our results suggest that a warming‐induced increase in biomass is the major N sink and will continue to stimulate plant growth until plant N saturation, which could sustain the positive warming effect on ecosystem productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Peng
- key laboratory of desert and desertification northwest institute of eco-environment and resource Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xian Xue
- key laboratory of desert and desertification northwest institute of eco-environment and resource Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Quangang You
- key laboratory of desert and desertification northwest institute of eco-environment and resource Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Manhou Xu
- Taiyuan Normal University Taiyuan China
| | - Xiang Chen
- key laboratory of desert and desertification northwest institute of eco-environment and resource Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jian Guo
- key laboratory of desert and desertification northwest institute of eco-environment and resource Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Tao Wang
- key laboratory of desert and desertification northwest institute of eco-environment and resource Chinese Academy of Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Choudhary S, Blaud A, Osborn AM, Press MC, Phoenix GK. Nitrogen accumulation and partitioning in a High Arctic tundra ecosystem from extreme atmospheric N deposition events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 554-555:303-310. [PMID: 26956177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arctic ecosystems are threatened by pollution from recently detected extreme atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition events in which up to 90% of the annual N deposition can occur in just a few days. We undertook the first assessment of the fate of N from extreme deposition in High Arctic tundra and are presenting the results from the whole ecosystem (15)N labelling experiment. In 2010, we simulated N depositions at rates of 0, 0.04, 0.4 and 1.2 g Nm(-2)yr(-1), applied as (15)NH4(15)NO3 in Svalbard (79(°)N), during the summer. Separate applications of (15)NO3(-) and (15)NH4(+) were also made to determine the importance of N form in their retention. More than 95% of the total (15)N applied was recovered after one growing season (~90% after two), demonstrating a considerable capacity of Arctic tundra to retain N from these deposition events. Important sinks for the deposited N, regardless of its application rate or form, were non-vascular plants>vascular plants>organic soil>litter>mineral soil, suggesting that non-vascular plants could be the primary component of this ecosystem to undergo measurable changes due to N enrichment from extreme deposition events. Substantial retention of N by soil microbial biomass (70% and 39% of (15)N in organic and mineral horizon, respectively) during the initial partitioning demonstrated their capacity to act as effective buffers for N leaching. Between the two N forms, vascular plants (Salix polaris) in particular showed difference in their N recovery, incorporating four times greater (15)NO3(-) than (15)NH4(+), suggesting deposition rich in nitrate will impact them more. Overall, these findings show that despite the deposition rates being extreme in statistical terms, biologically they do not exceed the capacity of tundra to sequester pollutant N during the growing season. Therefore, current and future extreme events may represent a major source of eutrophication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Choudhary
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Management School, University of Sheffield, Conduit Road, Sheffield S10 1FL, UK.
| | - Aimeric Blaud
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - A Mark Osborn
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Malcolm C Press
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, UK
| | - Gareth K Phoenix
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kranabetter JM, Hawkins BJ, Jones MD, Robbins S, Dyer T, Li T. Species turnover (β-diversity) in ectomycorrhizal fungi linked to NH4+ uptake capacity. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:5992-6005. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Kranabetter
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations; PO Box 9536 STN PROV GOVT Victoria British Columbia Canada V8W 9C4
| | - B. J. Hawkins
- Centre for Forest Biology; University of Victoria; PO Box 3020 STN CSC Victoria British Columbia Canada V8W 3N5
| | - M. D. Jones
- Biology Department; University of British Columbia; Okanagan Campus Sci-385 1177 Research Road Kelowna British Columbia Canada V4V 1V7
| | - S. Robbins
- Centre for Forest Biology; University of Victoria; PO Box 3020 STN CSC Victoria British Columbia Canada V8W 3N5
| | - T. Dyer
- Natural Resources Canada; Pacific Forestry Centre; 506 Burnside Road West Victoria British Columbia Canada V8Z 1M5
| | - T. Li
- Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources; Yunnan University; 2# Cuihu Road North Kunming China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Iversen CM, Sloan VL, Sullivan PF, Euskirchen ES, McGuire AD, Norby RJ, Walker AP, Warren JM, Wullschleger SD. The unseen iceberg: plant roots in arctic tundra. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:34-58. [PMID: 25209220 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots play a critical role in ecosystem function in arctic tundra, but root dynamics in these ecosystems are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we synthesized available literature on tundra roots, including their distribution, dynamics and contribution to ecosystem carbon and nutrient fluxes, and highlighted key aspects of their representation in terrestrial biosphere models. Across all tundra ecosystems, belowground plant biomass exceeded aboveground biomass, with the exception of polar desert tundra. Roots were shallowly distributed in the thin layer of soil that thaws annually, and were often found in surface organic soil horizons. Root traits - including distribution, chemistry, anatomy and resource partitioning - play an important role in controlling plant species competition, and therefore ecosystem carbon and nutrient fluxes, under changing climatic conditions, but have only been quantified for a small fraction of tundra plants. Further, the annual production and mortality of fine roots are key components of ecosystem processes in tundra, but extant data are sparse. Tundra root traits and dynamics should be the focus of future research efforts. Better representation of the dynamics and characteristics of tundra roots will improve the utility of models for the evaluation of the responses of tundra ecosystems to changing environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA; Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6301, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Casieri L, Ait Lahmidi N, Doidy J, Veneault-Fourrey C, Migeon A, Bonneau L, Courty PE, Garcia K, Charbonnier M, Delteil A, Brun A, Zimmermann S, Plassard C, Wipf D. Biotrophic transportome in mutualistic plant-fungal interactions. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:597-625. [PMID: 23572325 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that underlie nutrient use efficiency and carbon allocation along with mycorrhizal interactions is critical for managing croplands and forests soundly. Indeed, nutrient availability, uptake and exchange in biotrophic interactions drive plant growth and modulate biomass allocation. These parameters are crucial for plant yield, a major issue in the context of high biomass production. Transport processes across the polarized membrane interfaces are of major importance in the functioning of the established mycorrhizal association as the symbiotic relationship is based on a 'fair trade' between the fungus and the host plant. Nutrient and/or metabolite uptake and exchanges, at biotrophic interfaces, are controlled by membrane transporters whose regulation patterns are essential for determining the outcome of plant-fungus interactions and adapting to changes in soil nutrient quantity and/or quality. In the present review, we summarize the current state of the art regarding transport systems in the two major forms of mycorrhiza, namely ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhiza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Casieri
- UMR Agroécologie INRA 1347/Agrosup/Université de Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL 6300 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Britto DT, Kronzucker HJ. Ecological significance and complexity of N-source preference in plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:957-63. [PMID: 23884397 PMCID: PMC3783226 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants can utilize two major forms of inorganic N: NO3(-) (nitrate) and NH4(+) (ammonium). In some cases, the preference of one form over another (denoted as β) can appear to be quite pronounced for a plant species, and can be an important determinant and predictor of its distribution and interactions with other species. In many other cases, however, assignment of preference is not so straightforward and must take into account a wide array of complex physiological and environmental features, which interact in ways that are still not well understood. SCOPE This Viewpoint presents a discussion of the key, and often co-occurring, factors that join to produce the complex phenotypic composite referred to by the deceptively simple term 'N-source preference'. CONCLUSIONS N-source preference is much more complex a biological phenomenon than is often assumed, and general models predicting how it will influence ecological processes will need to be much more sophisticated than those that have been so far developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dev T Britto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
McNickle GG, Deyholos MK, Cahill Jr JF. Ecological implications of single and mixed nitrogen nutrition in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Ecol 2013; 13:28. [PMID: 23875896 PMCID: PMC3723926 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-13-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecologists recognize that plants capture nitrogen in many chemical forms that include amino acids. Access to multiple nitrogen types in plant communities has been argued to enhance plant performance, access to nitrogen and alter ecological interactions in ways that may promote species coexistence. However, data supporting these arguments have been limited. While it is known that plants uptake amino acids from soil, long term studies that link amino acid uptake to measures of plant performance and potential reproductive effort are not typically performed. Here, a series of experiments that link uptake of nitrate, glutamine or asparagine with lifetime reproductive effort in Arabidopsis thaliana are reported. Nitrogen was offered either singly or in mixture and at a variety of combinations. Traits related to reproductive output were measured, as was the preference for each type of nitrogen. RESULTS When plants were supplied with a single nitrogen type at concentrations from 0.1-0.9 mM, the ranking of nitrogen types was nitrate > glutamine > asparagine in terms of the relative performance of plants. When plants were supplied with two types of nitrogen in mixture at ratios between 0.1:0.9-0.9:0.1 mM, again plants performed best when nitrate was present, and poorly when amino acids were mixed. Additionally, stable isotopes revealed that plants preferentially captured nitrogen types matching the hierarchy of nitrate > glutamine > asparagine. Comparing between the two experiments revealed that mixed nitrogen nutrition was a net cost to the plants. CONCLUSIONS Plant performance on mixed nitrogen was less than half the performance on equal amounts of any single nitrogen type. We asked: why did A. thaliana capture amino acids when doing so resulted in a net cost? We argue that available data cannot yet answer this question, but hypothesize that access to lower quality forms of nitrogen may become important when plants compete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon G McNickle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
- Current address: Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Michael K Deyholos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - James F Cahill Jr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kuzyakov Y, Xu X. Competition between roots and microorganisms for nitrogen: mechanisms and ecological relevance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:656-669. [PMID: 23521345 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Demand of all living organisms on the same nutrients forms the basis for interspecific competition between plants and microorganisms in soils. This competition is especially strong in the rhizosphere. To evaluate competitive and mutualistic interactions between plants and microorganisms and to analyse ecological consequences of these interactions, we analysed 424 data pairs from 41 (15)N-labelling studies that investigated (15)N redistribution between roots and microorganisms. Calculated Michaelis-Menten kinetics based on K(m) (Michaelis constant) and V(max) (maximum uptake capacity) values from 77 studies on the uptake of nitrate, ammonia, and amino acids by roots and microorganisms clearly showed that, shortly after nitrogen (N) mobilization from soil organic matter and litter, microorganisms take up most N. Lower K(m) values of microorganisms suggest that they are especially efficient at low N concentrations, but can also acquire more N at higher N concentrations (V(max)) compared with roots. Because of the unidirectional flow of nutrients from soil to roots, plants are the winners for N acquisition in the long run. Therefore, despite strong competition between roots and microorganisms for N, a temporal niche differentiation reflecting their generation times leads to mutualistic relationships in the rhizosphere. This temporal niche differentiation is highly relevant ecologically because it: protects ecosystems from N losses by leaching during periods of slow or no root uptake; continuously provides roots with available N according to plant demand; and contributes to the evolutionary development of mutualistic interactions between roots and microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yakov Kuzyakov
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), PO Box 9725, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xingliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), PO Box 9725, Beijing, 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Microbial competition in polar soils: a review of an understudied but potentially important control on productivity. BIOLOGY 2013; 2:533-54. [PMID: 24832797 PMCID: PMC3960893 DOI: 10.3390/biology2020533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Intermicrobial competition is known to occur in many natural environments, and can result from direct conflict between organisms, or from differential rates of growth, colonization, and/or nutrient acquisition. It has been difficult to extensively examine intermicrobial competition in situ, but these interactions may play an important role in the regulation of the many biogeochemical processes that are tied to microbial communities in polar soils. A greater understanding of how competition influences productivity will improve projections of gas and nutrient flux as the poles warm, may provide biotechnological opportunities for increasing the degradation of contaminants in polar soil, and will help to predict changes in communities of higher organisms, such as plants.
Collapse
|
23
|
Larsen KS, Michelsen A, Jonasson S, Beier C, Grogan P. Nitrogen Uptake During Fall, Winter and Spring Differs Among Plant Functional Groups in a Subarctic Heath Ecosystem. Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
24
|
Nitrogen Isotope Patterns in Alaskan Black Spruce Reflect Organic Nitrogen Sources and the Activity of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi. Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
25
|
Kjøller R, Nilsson LO, Hansen K, Schmidt IK, Vesterdal L, Gundersen P. Dramatic changes in ectomycorrhizal community composition, root tip abundance and mycelial production along a stand-scale nitrogen deposition gradient. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:278-286. [PMID: 22320387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
• Nitrogen (N) availability is known to influence ectomycorrhizal fungal components, such as fungal community composition, biomass of root tips and production of mycelia, but effects have never been demonstrated within the same forest. • We measured concurrently the abundance of ectomycorrhizal root tips and the production of external mycelia, and explored the changes in the ectomycorrhizal community composition, across a stand-scale N deposition gradient (from 27 to 43 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) at the edge of a spruce forest. The N status was affected along the gradient as shown by a range of N availability indices. • Ectomycorrhizal root tip abundance and mycelial production decreased five and 10-fold, respectively, with increasing N deposition. In addition, the ectomycorrhizal fungal community changed and the species richness decreased. The changes were correlated with the measured indices of N status, in particular N deposition and N leaching. • The relationship between the altered ectomycorrhizal community, root tip abundance and mycelial production is discussed in the context of the N parameters. We suggest that increased N deposition to forests will cause large changes in ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure and functioning, which, in turn, may result in reduced N uptake by roots and fungi, and increased losses of N by leaching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Kjøller
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2D, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Lars-Ola Nilsson
- Forest & Landscape Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karin Hansen
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Kappel Schmidt
- Forest & Landscape Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars Vesterdal
- Forest & Landscape Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per Gundersen
- Forest & Landscape Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Michelsen A, Rinnan R, Jonasson S. Two decades of experimental manipulations of heaths and forest understory in the subarctic. AMBIO 2012; 41 Suppl 3:218-30. [PMID: 22864696 PMCID: PMC3535062 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-012-0303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Current atmospheric warming due to increase of greenhouse gases will have severe consequences for the structure and functioning of arctic ecosystems with changes that, in turn, may feed back on the global-scale composition of the atmosphere. During more than two decades, environmental controls on biological and biogeochemical processes and possible atmospheric feedbacks have been intensely investigated at Abisko, Sweden, by long-term ecosystem manipulations. The research has addressed questions like environmental regulation of plant and microbial community structure and biomass, carbon and nutrient pools and element cycling, including exchange of greenhouse gases and volatile organic compounds, with focus on fundamental processes in the interface between plants, soil and root-associated and free-living soil microorganisms. The ultimate goal has been to infer from these multi-decadal experiments how subarctic and arctic ecosystems will respond to likely environmental changes in the future. Here we give an overview of some of the experiments and main results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Michelsen
- />Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- />Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- />Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- />Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Sven Jonasson
- />Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ryberg M, Andreasen M, Björk RG. Weak habitat specificity in ectomycorrhizal communities associated with Salix herbacea and Salix polaris in alpine tundra. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:289-296. [PMID: 20680357 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study explores mid-alpine ectomycorrhizal communities on Salix herbacea and Salix polaris in plant communities differing in nutrient status and snow conditions. Plant species were identified by tracking roots back to above ground structures while fungal species were identified using molecular methods. The fungi were identified to 34 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs)/species but species accumulation curves indicated that the communities were only partially sampled. The estimated total species richness was 49 (±9 SD) MOTUs/species. No significant ectomycorrhizal community specificity was found between the two plant species and only weak specificity between different plant communities. Furthermore, no difference in proportion of colonized root tips could be demonstrated between plant communities. However, some fungal taxa showed tendencies to associate with specific environmental conditions. Sebacinaceae, Inocybe egenula, Russula cf. emetica, and a Tomentella sp. were found in meadow communities but not in the heath communities. Sistotrema cf. alboluteum and Tomentella cf. terrestris were only found in the dry and mesic heath communities. Classifications into exploration types showed that the contact type is more abundant in the dry heath community than the other communities. Cenococcum geophilum was the most common species but Cortinarius spp., Russula spp., Tomentella spp., and Lactarius spp. were also common. This study confirms that alpine communities are rich in ectomycorrhizal fungi including species from a wide variety of fungal lineages and also show that many dominant species have wide ecological amplitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ryberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Enzymology under global change: organic nitrogen turnover in alpine and sub-Arctic soils. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39:309-14. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0390309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding global change impacts on the globally important carbon storage in alpine, Arctic and sub-Arctic soils requires knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the balance between plant primary productivity and decomposition. Given that nitrogen availability limits both processes, understanding the response of the soil nitrogen cycle to shifts in temperature and other global change factors is crucial for predicting the fate of cold biome carbon stores. Measurements of soil enzyme activities at different positions of the nitrogen cycling network are an important tool for this purpose. We review a selection of studies that provide data on potential enzyme activities across natural, seasonal and experimental gradients in cold biomes. Responses of enzyme activities to increased nitrogen availability and temperature are diverse and seasonal dynamics are often larger than differences due to experimental treatments, suggesting that enzyme expression is regulated by a combination of interacting factors reflecting both nutrient supply and demand. The extrapolation from potential enzyme activities to prediction of elemental nitrogen fluxes under field conditions remains challenging. Progress in molecular ‘-omics’ approaches may eventually facilitate deeper understanding of the links between soil microbial community structure and biogeochemical fluxes. In the meantime, accounting for effects of the soil spatial structure and in situ variations in pH and temperature, better mapping of the network of enzymatic processes and the identification of rate-limiting steps under different conditions should advance our ability to predict nitrogen fluxes.
Collapse
|
29
|
Yano Y, Shaver GR, Giblin AE, Rastetter EB, Nadelhoffer KJ. Nitrogen dynamics in a small arctic watershed: retention and downhill movement of15N. ECOL MONOGR 2010. [DOI: 10.1890/08-0773.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
30
|
McFarland JW, Ruess RW, Kielland K, Pregitzer K, Hendrick R, Allen M. Cross-Ecosystem Comparisons of In Situ Plant Uptake of Amino Acid-N and NH4 +. Ecosystems 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
31
|
Karagatzides JD, Butler JL, Ellison AM. The pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea can directly acquire organic nitrogen and short-circuit the inorganic nitrogen cycle. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6164. [PMID: 19582167 PMCID: PMC2702169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the large stocks of organic nitrogen in soil, nitrogen availability limits plant growth in many terrestrial ecosystems because most plants take up only inorganic nitrogen, not organic nitrogen. Although some vascular plants can assimilate organic nitrogen directly, only recently has organic nitrogen been found to contribute significantly to the nutrient budget of any plant. Carnivorous plants grow in extremely nutrient-poor environments and carnivory has evolved in these plants as an alternative pathway for obtaining nutrients. We tested if the carnivorous pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea could directly take up intact amino acids in the field and compared uptake of organic and inorganic forms of nitrogen across a gradient of nitrogen deposition. We hypothesized that the contribution of organic nitrogen to the nitrogen budget of the pitcher plant would decline with increasing nitrogen deposition. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS At sites in Canada (low nitrogen deposition) and the United States (high nitrogen deposition), individual pitchers were fed two amino acids, glycine and phenylalanine, and inorganic nitrogen (as ammonium nitrate), individually and in mixture. Plants took up intact amino acids. Acquisition of each form of nitrogen provided in isolation exceeded uptake of the same form in mixture. At the high deposition site, uptake of organic nitrogen was higher than uptake of inorganic nitrogen. At the low deposition site, uptake of all three forms of nitrogen was similar. Completeness of the associated detritus-based food web that inhabits pitcher-plant leaves and breaks down captured prey had no effect on nitrogen uptake. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE By taking up intact amino acids, Sarracenia purpurea can short-circuit the inorganic nitrogen cycle, thus minimizing potential bottlenecks in nitrogen availability that result from the plant's reliance for nitrogen mineralization on a seasonally reconstructed food web operating on infrequent and irregular prey capture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jim D. Karagatzides
- Harvard University, Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Butler
- Harvard University, Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Ellison
- Harvard University, Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Trampling and Spatial Heterogeneity Explain Decomposer Abundances in a Sub-Arctic Grassland Subjected to Simulated Reindeer Grazing. Ecosystems 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|