1
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Malyutina Y, Wilson GWT, Duell EB, Loss SR. Effects of native and non-native earthworms on grassland plant communities and abundance of associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02926-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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HEPATOCELLULAR TOXICITY OF THE METABOLITE EMODIN PRODUCED BY THE COMMON BUCKTHORN (RHAMNUS CATHARTICA) IN GREEN FROG (LITHOBATES CLAMITANS) TADPOLES. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:341-347. [PMID: 35255143 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The secondary metabolite emodin, produced by the widely distributed invasive shrub known as the common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), has been shown to produce deformities and mortality in invertebrates, fish, and amphibian larvae. Here, we describe the effects on the liver of green frog (Lithobates clamitans) tadpoles after 21 d of exposure to high concentrations of emodin in a controlled environment. Histopathologic analysis showed fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, hepatocellular swelling, and accumulations of flocculent material consistent with emodin within the gall bladder and bile ducts of exposed individuals. The extensive fibrosis produced probably impeded the blood flow within the portal triads, limiting the detoxification function of the liver and resulting in hepatocellular necrosis and premature death for the individuals exposed. Exposure to emodin in the environment could represent a significant threat to developing amphibian larvae and contribute to local declines of populations.
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3
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Cadotte MW, Potgieter LJ, Wang CJ, MacIvor JS. Invasion theory as a management tool for increasing native biodiversity in urban ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto‐Scarborough Toronto ON Canada
| | - Luke J. Potgieter
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto‐Scarborough Toronto ON Canada
| | - Chih Julie Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto‐Scarborough Toronto ON Canada
| | - J. Scott MacIvor
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto‐Scarborough Toronto ON Canada
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4
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Simberloff D, Kaur H, Kalisz S, Bezemer TM. Novel chemicals engender myriad invasion mechanisms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1184-1200. [PMID: 34416017 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-native invasive species (NIS) release chemicals into the environment that are unique to the invaded communities, defined as novel chemicals. Novel chemicals impact competitors, soil microbial communities, mutualists, plant enemies, and soil nutrients differently than in the species' native range. Ecological functions of novel chemicals and differences in functions between the native and non-native ranges of NIS are of immense interest to ecologists. Novel chemicals can mediate different ecological, physiological, and evolutionary mechanisms underlying invasion hypotheses. Interactions amongst the NIS and resident species including competitors, soil microbes, and plant enemies, as well as abiotic factors in the invaded community are linked to novel chemicals. However, we poorly understand how these interactions might enhance NIS performance. New empirical data and analyses of how novel chemicals act in the invaded community will fill major gaps in our understanding of the chemistry of biological invasions. A novel chemical-invasion mechanism framework shows how novel chemicals engender invasion mechanisms beyond plant-plant or plant-microorganism interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Simberloff
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Susan Kalisz
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, PO Box 9505, Leiden, 2300 RA, the Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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5
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Abstract
The southern boreal forests of North America are susceptible to large changes in composition as temperate forests or grasslands may replace them as the climate warms. A number of mechanisms for this have been shown to occur in recent years: (1) Gradual replacement of boreal trees by temperate trees through gap dynamics; (2) Sudden replacement of boreal overstory trees after gradual understory invasion by temperate tree species; (3) Trophic cascades causing delayed invasion by temperate species, followed by moderately sudden change from boreal to temperate forest; (4) Wind and/or hail storms removing large swaths of boreal forest and suddenly releasing temperate understory trees; (4) Compound disturbances: wind and fire combination; (5) Long, warm summers and increased drought stress; (6) Insect infestation due to lack of extreme winter cold; (7) Phenological disturbance, due to early springs, that has the potential to kill enormous swaths of coniferous boreal forest within a few years. Although most models project gradual change from boreal forest to temperate forest or savanna, most of these mechanisms have the capability to transform large swaths (size range tens to millions of square kilometers) of boreal forest to other vegetation types during the 21st century. Therefore, many surprises are likely to occur in the southern boreal forest over the next century, with major impacts on forest productivity, ecosystem services, and wildlife habitat.
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6
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Wragg PD, Schuster MJ, Roth AM, Bockenstedt P, Frelich LE, Reich PB. Revegetation to slow buckthorn reinvasion: strengths and limits of evaluating management techniques retrospectively. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Wragg
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Michael J. Schuster
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | | | | | - Lee E. Frelich
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
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7
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Anfang C, Schuster MJ, Wragg PD, Reich PB. Increased light availability due to forestry mowing of invasive European buckthorn promotes its regeneration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Anfang
- Department of Forest ResourcesUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Michael J. Schuster
- Department of Forest ResourcesUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Peter D. Wragg
- Department of Forest ResourcesUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest ResourcesUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
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8
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Starking MD, Roloff GJ. Evaluating a mustard extraction technique for sampling earthworms. WILDLIFE SOC B 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D. Starking
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeMichigan State University 480 Wilson Road, Room 13, Natural Resources Building East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Gary J. Roloff
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeMichigan State University 480 Wilson Road, Room 13, Natural Resources Building East Lansing MI 48824 USA
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9
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Frelich LE, Blossey B, Cameron EK, Dávalos A, Eisenhauer N, Fahey T, Ferlian O, Groffman PM, Larson E, Loss SR, Maerz JC, Nuzzo V, Yoo K, Reich PB. Side-swiped: Ecological cascades emanating from earthworm invasion. FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2019; 17:502-510. [PMID: 31908623 PMCID: PMC6944502 DOI: 10.1002/fee.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-native, invasive earthworms are altering soils throughout the world. Ecological cascades emanating from these changes stem from earthworm-caused changes in detritus processing occurring at a mid-point in the trophic pyramid, rather than the more familiar bottom-up or top-down cascades. They include fundamental changes (microcascades) in soil morphology, bulk density, nutrient leaching, and a shift to warmer, drier soil surfaces with loss of organic horizons. In North American temperate and boreal forests, microcascades cause effects of concern to society (macrocascades), including changes in CO2 sequestration, disturbance regimes, soil quality, water quality, forest productivity, plant communities, and wildlife habitat, and facilitation of other invasive species. Interactions among these changes create cascade complexes that interact with climate change and other environmental changes. The diversity of cascade effects, combined with the vast area invaded by earthworms, lead to regionally important changes in ecological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Frelich
- University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N., St. Paul, MN
| | - Bernd Blossey
- Department of Natural Resources, Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Erin K Cameron
- Global Change and Conservation Group, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Environmental Science, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andrea Dávalos
- Department of Natural Resources, Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- SUNY Cortland, Department of Biological Sciences, Bowers Hall, Cortland, NY
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timothy Fahey
- Department of Natural Resources, Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter M Groffman
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, and Brooklyn College Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, City University of New York, New York, NY
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY
| | - Evan Larson
- University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Department of Geography, 1 University Plaza, Platteville, WI
| | - Scott R Loss
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 008C Ag Hall, Stillwater, OK
| | - John C Maerz
- Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green Street, Athens, GA
| | - Victoria Nuzzo
- Natural Area Consultants, 1 West Hill School Road, Richford NY
| | - Kyungsoo Yoo
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, St. Paul, MN
| | - Peter B Reich
- University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N., St. Paul, MN
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, Australia
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10
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Terrestrial Ecosystem Impacts of Sulfide Mining: Scope of Issues for the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, Minnesota, USA. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10090747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale metal mining operations are planned or underway in many locations across the boreal forest biome in North America, Europe, and Asia. Although many published analyses of mining impacts on water quality in boreal landscapes are available, there is little guidance regarding terrestrial impacts. Scoping of potential impacts of Cu-Ni exploration and mining in sulfide ores are presented for the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW), Minnesota USA, an area of mostly boreal forest on thin soils and granitic bedrock. Although the primary footprint of the proposed mines would be outside the BWCAW, displacement and fragmentation of forest ecosystems would cause spatial propagation of effects into a secondary footprint within the wilderness. Potential negative impacts include disruption of population dynamics for wildlife species with migration routes, or metapopulations of plant species that span the wilderness boundary, and establishment of invasive species outside the wilderness that could invade the wilderness. Due to linkages between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, acid mine drainage can impact lowland forests, which are highly dependent on chemistry of water flowing through them. The expected extremes in precipitation and temperature due to warming climate can also interact with mining impacts to reduce the resilience of forests to disturbance caused by mining.
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11
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Eisenhauer N, Ferlian O, Craven D, Hines J, Jochum M. Ecosystem responses to exotic earthworm invasion in northern North American forests. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2019; 5:e34564. [PMID: 31032397 PMCID: PMC6485675 DOI: 10.3897/rio.5.e34564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Earth is experiencing a substantial loss of biodiversity at the global scale, while both species gains and losses are occurring at local and regional scales. The influence of these nonrandom changes in species distributions could profoundly affect the functioning of ecosystems and the essential services that they provide. However, few experimental tests have been conducted examining the influence of species invasions on ecosystem functioning. Even fewer have been conducted using invasive ecosystem engineers, which can have disproportionately strong influence on native ecosystems relative to their own biomass. The invasion of exotic earthworms is a prime example of an ecosystem engineer that is influencing many ecosystems around the world. In particular, European earthworm invasions of northern North American forests cause simultaneous species gains and losses with significant consequences for essential ecosystem processes like nutrient cycling and crucial services to humanity like soil erosion control and carbon sequestration. Exotic earthworms are expected to select for specific traits in communities of soil microorganisms (fast-growing bacteria species), soil fauna (promoting the bacterial energy channel), and plants (graminoids) through direct and indirect effects. This will accelerate some ecosystem processes and decelerate others, fundamentally altering how invaded forests function. This project aims to investigate ecosystem responses of northern North American forests to earthworm invasion. Using a novel, synthetic combination of field observations, field experiments, lab experiments, and meta-analyses, the proposed work will be the first systematic examination of earthworm effects on (1) plant communities and (2) soil food webs and processes. Further, (3) effects of a changing climate (warming and reduced summer precipitation) on earthworm performance will be investigated in a unique field experiment designed to predict the future spread and consequences of earthworm invasion in North America. By assessing the soil chemical and physical properties as well as the taxonomic (e.g., by the latest next-generation sequencing techniques) and functional composition of plant, soil microbial and animal communities and the processes they drive in four forests, work packages I-III take complementary approaches to derive a comprehensive and generalizable picture of how ecosystems change in response to earthworm invasion. Finally, in work package IV meta-analyses will be used to integrate the information from work packages I-III and existing literature to investigate if earthworms cause invasion waves, invasion meltdowns, habitat homogenization, and ecosystem state shifts. Global data will be synthesized to test if the relative magnitude of effects differs from place to place depending on the functional dissimilarity between native soil fauna and exotic earthworms. Moving from local to global scale, the present proposal examines the influence of earthworm invasions on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships from an aboveground-belowground perspective in natural settings. This approach is highly innovative as it utilizes the invasion by exotic earthworms as an exciting model system that links invasion biology with trait-based community ecology, global change research, and ecosystem ecology, pioneering a new generation of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dylan Craven
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Melampy MN, Mansbach SN, Durkin GK. Assessing the Impact of Lumbricid Earthworms on Forest Seeds in Northeastern Ohio. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2019. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-181.1.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Melampy
- Department of Biology and Geology, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, Ohio 44017
| | - Sara N. Mansbach
- Department of Biology and Geology, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, Ohio 44017
| | - Gage K. Durkin
- Department of Biology and Geology, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, Ohio 44017
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13
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Schuster MJ, Reich PB. Amur maple (Acer ginnala): an emerging invasive plant in North America. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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14
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No evidence of co-facilitation between a non-native Asian earthworm (Amynthas tokioensis) and invasive common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) in experimental mesocosms. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Stinson KA, Frey SD, Jackson MR, Coates-Connor E, Anthony M, Martinez K. Responses of non-native earthworms to experimental eradication of garlic mustard and implications for native vegetation. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Stinson
- Department of Environmental Conservation; University of Massachusetts; 160 Holdsworth Way Amherst Massachusetts 01002 USA
| | - S. D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment; University of New Hampshire; 56 College Road Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA
| | - M. R. Jackson
- Department of Environmental Conservation; University of Massachusetts; 160 Holdsworth Way Amherst Massachusetts 01002 USA
| | - E. Coates-Connor
- Department of Environmental Conservation; University of Massachusetts; 160 Holdsworth Way Amherst Massachusetts 01002 USA
| | - M. Anthony
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment; University of New Hampshire; 56 College Road Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA
| | - K. Martinez
- Department of Biology; California State University Dominguez Hills; NSM A-143 1000 East Victoria Street Carson California 90747 USA
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16
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Wackett AA, Yoo K, Olofsson J, Klaminder J. Human-mediated introduction of geoengineering earthworms in the Fennoscandian arctic. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Flinn KM. Invasive Earthworms Ingest and Digest Garlic Mustard Seeds at Rates Equal to Native Seeds. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2017. [DOI: 10.1656/045.024.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Flinn
- Biology Department, Baldwin Wallace University, 275 Eastland Road, Berea, OH 44017
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18
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19
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Bal TL, Storer AJ, Jurgensen MF. Evidence of damage from exotic invasive earthworm activity was highly correlated to sugar maple dieback in the Upper Great Lakes region. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Rogers JA, Collins CD. Ecological Predictors and Consequences of Non-Native Earthworms in Kennebec County, Maine. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2017. [DOI: 10.1656/045.024.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathy D. Collins
- Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901
- Biology Program, Bard College, Annandale on Hudson, NY 12540
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21
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Craven D, Thakur MP, Cameron EK, Frelich LE, Beauséjour R, Blair RB, Blossey B, Burtis J, Choi A, Dávalos A, Fahey TJ, Fisichelli NA, Gibson K, Handa IT, Hopfensperger K, Loss SR, Nuzzo V, Maerz JC, Sackett T, Scharenbroch BC, Smith SM, Vellend M, Umek LG, Eisenhauer N. The unseen invaders: introduced earthworms as drivers of change in plant communities in North American forests (a meta-analysis). GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1065-1074. [PMID: 27590777 PMCID: PMC5324548 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Globally, biological invasions can have strong impacts on biodiversity as well as ecosystem functioning. While less conspicuous than introduced aboveground organisms, introduced belowground organisms may have similarly strong effects. Here, we synthesize for the first time the impacts of introduced earthworms on plant diversity and community composition in North American forests. We conducted a meta-analysis using a total of 645 observations to quantify mean effect sizes of associations between introduced earthworm communities and plant diversity, cover of plant functional groups, and cover of native and non-native plants. We found that plant diversity significantly declined with increasing richness of introduced earthworm ecological groups. While plant species richness or evenness did not change with earthworm invasion, our results indicate clear changes in plant community composition: cover of graminoids and non-native plant species significantly increased, and cover of native plant species (of all functional groups) tended to decrease, with increasing earthworm biomass. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that introduced earthworms facilitate particular plant species adapted to the abiotic conditions of earthworm-invaded forests. Further, our study provides evidence that introduced earthworms are associated with declines in plant diversity in North American forests. Changing plant functional composition in these forests may have long-lasting effects on ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Craven
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e04103LeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2104103LeipzigGermany
| | - Madhav P. Thakur
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e04103LeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2104103LeipzigGermany
| | - Erin K. Cameron
- Metapopulation Research CentreDepartment of BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiPO Box 65, 00014 HelsinkiFinland
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate ChangeNatural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15KøbenhavnDenmark
| | - Lee E. Frelich
- Center for Forest EcologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Robin Beauséjour
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Robert B. Blair
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyUniversity Of Minnesota2003 Upper Buford Circle Suite 135St. PaulMN55108USA
| | - Bernd Blossey
- Department of Natural ResourcesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - James Burtis
- Department of Natural ResourcesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Amy Choi
- Faculty of ForestryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Andrea Dávalos
- Department of Natural ResourcesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Timothy J. Fahey
- Department of Natural ResourcesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Kevin Gibson
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - I. Tanya Handa
- Département des sciences biologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | | | - Scott R. Loss
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and ManagementOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA
| | - Victoria Nuzzo
- Natural Area Consultants1 West Hill School RoadRichfordNYUSA
| | - John C. Maerz
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Tara Sackett
- Faculty of ForestryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | | | | | - Mark Vellend
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Lauren G. Umek
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonILUSA
- Department of Plant ScienceChicago Botanic GardenGlencoeILUSA
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e04103LeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2104103LeipzigGermany
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22
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Paudel S, Wilson GWT, MacDonald B, Longcore T, Loss SR. Predicting spatial extent of invasive earthworms on an oceanic island. DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Paudel
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Gail W. T. Wilson
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Beau MacDonald
- Spatial Sciences Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
- The Urban Wildlands Group PO Box 24020 Los Angeles CA 90024 USA
| | - Travis Longcore
- Spatial Sciences Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
- The Urban Wildlands Group PO Box 24020 Los Angeles CA 90024 USA
- School of Architecture University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Scott R. Loss
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 USA
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23
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Heberling JM, Kichey T, Decocq G, Fridley JD. Plant functional shifts in the invaded range: a test with reciprocal forest invaders of Europe and North America. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Mason Heberling
- Department of Biology Syracuse University 107 College Place Syracuse New York13244 USA
| | - Thomas Kichey
- Unité Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés Université de Picardie Jules Verne 1 rue des Louvels F‐80037 Amiens Cedex France
| | - Guillaume Decocq
- Unité Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés Université de Picardie Jules Verne 1 rue des Louvels F‐80037 Amiens Cedex France
| | - Jason D. Fridley
- Department of Biology Syracuse University 107 College Place Syracuse New York13244 USA
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