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Chalella Mazzocato M, Jacquier JC. Recent Advances and Perspectives on Food-Grade Immobilisation Systems for Enzymes. Foods 2024; 13:2127. [PMID: 38998633 PMCID: PMC11241248 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of enzyme immobilisation is becoming increasingly popular in beverage processing, as this method offers significant advantages, such as enhanced enzyme performance and expanded applications, while allowing for easy process termination via simple filtration. This literature review analysed approximately 120 articles, published on the Web of Science between 2000 and 2023, focused on enzyme immobilisation systems for beverage processing applications. The impact of immobilisation on enzymatic activity, including the effects on the chemical and kinetic properties, recyclability, and feasibility in continuous processes, was evaluated. Applications of these systems to beverage production, such as wine, beer, fruit juices, milk, and plant-based beverages, were examined. The immobilisation process effectively enhanced the pH and thermal stability but caused negative impacts on the kinetic properties by reducing the maximum velocity and Michaelis-Menten constant. However, it allowed for multiple reuses and facilitated continuous flow processes. The encapsulation also allowed for easy process control by simplifying the removal of the enzymes from the beverages via simple filtration, negating the need for expensive heat treatments, which could result in product quality losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Chalella Mazzocato
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean-Christophe Jacquier
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Almeida TCD, Santos SFDM, Santos ESD. Production of the prolyl endoprotease (PEP) from Aspergillus sp. FSDE 16 by solid-state fermentation (SSF) and use for producing a gluten-free beer. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024; 71:460-476. [PMID: 38212282 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Beer is a beverage that contains gluten and cannot be consumed by people with celiac disease. In this context, the enzyme prolyl endoprotease (PEP) can be used to reduce the gluten content in beer. The present study aimed to produce the PEP from Aspergillus sp. FSDE 16 using solid-state fermentation with 5 conditions and comparing with a similar commercial enzyme produced from Aspergillus niger in the production of a gluten-free beer. The results of the performed cultures showed that during the culture, the most increased protease activity (54.46 U/mL) occurred on the 4th day. In contrast, for PEP, the highest activity (0.0356 U/mL) was obtained on the 3rd day of culture in condition. Regarding beer production, cell growth, pH, and total soluble solids showed similar behavior over the 7 days for beers produced without enzyme addition or with the addition of commercial enzyme and with the addition of the enzyme extract produced. The addition of the enzyme and the enzyme extract did not promote changes, and all the beers produced showed similar and satisfactory results, with acid pH between 4 and 5, total soluble solids ranging from 4.80 to 5.05, alcohol content ranging from 2.83% to 3.08%, and all beers having a dark character with deep amber and light copper color. Gluten removal was effectively using the commercial enzyme and the enzyme produced according to condition (v) reaching gluten concentrations equal to 17 ± 5.31 and 21.19 ± 11.28 ppm, respectively. In this way, the production of the enzyme by SSF and its application in the removal of gluten in beer was efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Cartaxo de Almeida
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Everaldo Silvino Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Baharin A, Ting TY, Goh HH. Post-Proline Cleaving Enzymes (PPCEs): Classification, Structure, Molecular Properties, and Applications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1330. [PMID: 35631755 PMCID: PMC9147577 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteases or peptidases are hydrolases that catalyze the breakdown of polypeptide chains into smaller peptide subunits. Proteases exist in all life forms, including archaea, bacteria, protozoa, insects, animals, and plants due to their vital functions in cellular processing and regulation. There are several classes of proteases in the MEROPS database based on their catalytic mechanisms. This review focuses on post-proline cleaving enzymes (PPCEs) from different peptidase families, as well as prolyl endoprotease/oligopeptidase (PEP/POP) from the serine peptidase family. To date, most PPCEs studied are of microbial and animal origins. Recently, there have been reports of plant PPCEs. The most common PEP/POP are members of the S9 family that comprise two conserved domains. The substrate-limiting β-propeller domain prevents unwanted digestion, while the α/β hydrolase catalyzes the reaction at the carboxyl-terminal of proline residues. PPCEs display preferences towards the Pro-X bonds for hydrolysis. This level of selectivity is substantial and has benefited the brewing industry, therapeutics for celiac disease by targeting proline-rich substrates, drug targets for human diseases, and proteomics analysis. Protein engineering via mutagenesis has been performed to improve heat resistance, pepsin-resistant capability, specificity, and protein turnover of PPCEs for pharmacological applications. This review aims to synthesize recent structure-function studies of PPCEs from different families of peptidases to provide insights into the molecular mechanism of prolyl cleaving activity. Despite the non-exhaustive list of PPCEs, this is the first comprehensive review to cover the biochemical properties, biological functions, and biotechnological applications of PPCEs from the diverse taxa.
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Lisichkin GV, Olenin AY. Chemically Modified Silica in Sorption-Instrumental Analytical Methods. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221050182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Watson HG, Decloedt AI, Hemeryck LY, Van Landschoot A, Prenni J. Peptidomics of an industrial gluten-free barley malt beer and its non-gluten-free counterpart: Characterisation and immunogenicity. Food Chem 2021; 355:129597. [PMID: 33878557 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that gluten-free beers by prolyl-endopeptidase treatment may not be safe for coeliac disease (CD) patients. Therefore, the gluten peptidome of an industrial gluten-free prolyl-endopeptidase treated malt beer (<10 ppm gluten) was compared to its untreated counterpart (58 ppm gluten) as a reference. NanoLC-HRMS analysis revealed the presence of 155 and 158 gluten peptides in the treated and reference beer, respectively. Characterisation of the peptides in treated beer showed that prolyl-endopeptidase activity was not complete with many peptides containing (multiple) internal proline-residues. Yet, prolyl-endopeptidase treatment did eliminate complete CD-immunogenic motifs, however, 18 peptides still contained partial, and potentially unsafe, motifs. In the reference beer respectively 7 and 37 gluten peptides carried (multiple) complete and/or partial CD-immunogenic motifs. Worrying is that many of these partial immunogenic gluten peptides do not contain a recognition epitope for the R5-antibody and would be overlooked in the current ELISA analysis for gluten quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen G Watson
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Anneleen I Decloedt
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Lieselot Y Hemeryck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Anita Van Landschoot
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jessica Prenni
- Colorado State University, Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, 2021 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Nan Y, Ouyang L, Chu J. In vitroCRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing ofAspergillus nigerbased on removable bidirectional selection markerAmdS. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:964-970. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai People's Republic of China
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Prolyl endopeptidase from Aspergillus niger immobilized on a food-grade carrier for the production of gluten-reduced beer. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Luo C, Li Y, Chen Y, Fu C, Long W, Xiao X, Liao H, Yang Y. Bamboo lignocellulose degradation by gut symbiotic microbiota of the bamboo snout beetle Cyrtotrachelus buqueti. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:70. [PMID: 30976320 PMCID: PMC6442426 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut symbiotic microbiota plays a critical role in nutrient supply, digestion, and absorption. The bamboo snout beetle, Cyrtotrachelus buqueti, a common pest of several bamboo species, exhibits high lignocellulolytic enzyme activity and contains various CAZyme genes. However, to date, no studies have evaluated the role of gut symbiotic microbiota of the snout beetle on bamboo lignocellulose degradation. Therefore, the present study investigated the role of gut symbiotic microbiota of C. buqueti on bamboo lignocellulose degradation. RESULTS Gut symbiotic microbiota of female (CCJ), male (XCJ), and larvae (YCJ) beetles was used to treat bamboo shoot particles (BSPs) in vitro for 6 days. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed significant destruction of the lignocellulose structure after treatment, which was consistent with the degradation efficiencies of CCJ, XCJ, and YCJ for cellulose (21.11%, 17.58% and 18.74%, respectively); hemicellulose (22.22%, 27.18% and 34.20%, respectively); and lignin (19.83%, 24.30% and 32.97%, respectively). Gut symbiotic microbiota of adult and larvae beetles was then identified using 16sRNA sequencing, which revealed that four microbes: Lactococcus, Serratia, Dysgonomonas and Enterococcus, comprise approximately 84% to 94% of the microbiota. Moreover, the genomes of 45 Lactococcus, 72 Serratia, 86 Enterococcus and 4 Dysgonomonas microbes were used to analyse resident CAZyme genes. These results indicated that gut symbiotic microbiota of adult and larvae C. buqueti is involved in the lignocellulose degradation traits shown by the host. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the gut symbiotic microbiota of C. buqueti participates in bamboo lignocellulose degradation, providing innovative findings for bamboo lignocellulose bioconversion. Furthermore, the results of this study will allow us to further isolate lignocellulose-degrading microbiota for use in bamboo lignocellulose bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobing Luo
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 Sichuan China
| | - Yuanqiu Li
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 Sichuan China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039 Sichuan China
| | - Ying Chen
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 Sichuan China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039 Sichuan China
| | - Chun Fu
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 Sichuan China
| | - Wencong Long
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 Sichuan China
| | - Ximeng Xiao
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 Sichuan China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039 Sichuan China
| | - Hong Liao
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 Sichuan China
| | - Yaojun Yang
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 Sichuan China
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Zhang Y, Ouyang L, Nan Y, Chu J. Efficient gene deletion and replacement in Aspergillus niger by modified in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 systems. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Luo C, Li Y, Chen Y, Fu C, Nong X, Yang Y. Degradation of bamboo lignocellulose by bamboo snout beetle Cyrtotrachelus buqueti in vivo and vitro: efficiency and mechanism. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:75. [PMID: 30976325 PMCID: PMC6442404 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important biomass raw material, the lignocellulose in bamboo is of significant value in energy conversion. The conversion of bamboo lignocellulose into fermentable reducing sugar, i.e. the degradation of bamboo lignocellulose, is an important step in lignocellulose conversion. However, little research has focussed on excavating the enzymes and microbes that are related to the degradation of bamboo lignocellulose, which is important for its utilisation. This study used Cyrtotrachelus buqueti (bamboo snout beetle) to evaluate the efficiency of bamboo lignocellulose degradation. RESULTS RNA sequencing was conducted to sequence the transcriptome of the insect before and after feeding on bamboo shoots. The expression levels of genes encoding several carbohydrate-active enzymes, such as endoglucanase (evgtrinloc27093t1 and evgtrinloc16407t0) and laccase (evgtrinloc15173t0 and evgtrinloc11252t0), were found to be upregulated after feeding. Faecal component analysis showed that the degradation efficiencies of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were 61.82%, 87.65% and 69.05%, respectively. After 6 days of co-culture with crude enzymes in vitro, the degradation efficiencies of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in bamboo shoot particles (BSPs) were 24.98%, 37.52% and 26.67%, respectively. These results indicated that lignocellulosic enzymes and related enzymes within the insect itself co-degraded bamboo lignocellulose. These finding can potentially be used for the pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of bamboo lignocellulose. CONCLUSION Our results showed that intestinal digestive enzymes from C. buqueti degraded bamboo shoot lignocellulose both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the expression levels of many carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) genes were upregulated in the transcriptome, including those for cellulase, xylanase and ligninase genes. Therefore, we proposed a scheme for applying the lignocellulolytic enzymes from C. buqueti to degrade bamboo lignocellulose using genetic, enzymatic and fermentation engineering techniques to overexpress the lignocellulolytic enzymes genes in vitro and obtain large quantities of enzymes that could efficiently degrade bamboo lignocellulose and be used for lignocellulose bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobing Luo
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 China
| | - Yuanqiu Li
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039 China
| | - Ying Chen
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039 China
| | - Chun Fu
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 China
| | - Xiang Nong
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 China
| | - Yaojun Yang
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 China
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Ortega-de la Rosa ND, Vázquez-Vázquez JL, Huerta-Ochoa S, Gimeno M, Gutiérrez-Rojas M. Stable bioemulsifiers are produced by Acinetobacter bouvetii UAM25 growing in different carbon sources. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018. [PMID: 29536177 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1920-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter species are identified as producing surface-active and emulsifying molecules known as bioemulsifiers. Production, characterization and stability of bioemulsifiers produced by Acinetobacter bouvetii UAM25 were studied. A. bouvetii UAM25 grew in three different carbon and energy sources: ethanol, a glycerol-hexadecane mixture and waste cooking oil in an airlift bioreactor, showing that bioemulsifier production was growth associated. The three purified bioemulsifiers were lipo-heteropolysaccharides of high molecular weight (4866 ± 533 and 462 ± 101 kDa). The best carbon source and energy for bioemulsifier production was wasted cooking oil, with a highest emulsifying capacity (76.2 ± 3.5 EU mg-1) as compared with ethanol (46.6 ± 7.1 EU mg-1) and the glycerol-hexadecane mixture (49.5 ± 4.2 EU mg-1). The three bioemulsifiers in our study displayed similar macromolecular structures, regardless of the nature (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) of the carbon and energy source. Bioemulsifiers did not decrease surface tension, but the emulsifying capacity of all of them was retained under extreme variation in salinity (0-50 g NaCl L-1), pH (3-10) and temperature (25-121 °C), indicative of remarkable stability. These findings contribute to understanding of the relationship between: production, physical properties, chemical composition and stability of bioemulsifiers for their potential applications in biotechnology, such as bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor D Ortega-de la Rosa
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jose L Vázquez-Vázquez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Sergio Huerta-Ochoa
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Miquel Gimeno
- Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mariano Gutiérrez-Rojas
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
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Pan Y, Neupane S, Farmakes J, Bridges M, Froberg J, Rao J, Qian SY, Liu G, Choi Y, Yang Z. Probing the structural basis and adsorption mechanism of an enzyme on nano-sized protein carriers. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:3512-3523. [PMID: 28244542 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are important nano-sized, solid-state carriers/hosts to load, store, and deliver biological or pharmaceutical cargoes. They are also good potential solid supports to immobilize proteins for fundamental protein structure and dynamics studies. However, precaution is necessary when using SiNPs in these areas because adsorption might alter the activity of the cargoes, especially when enzymes are loaded. Therefore, it becomes important to understand the structural basis of the cargo enzyme activity changes, if there is any. The high complexity and dynamics of the nano-bio interface present many challenges. Reported here is a comprehensive study of the structure, dynamics, and activity of a model enzyme, T4 lysozyme, upon adsorption to a few surface-modified SiNPs using several experimental techniques. Not surprisingly, a significant activity loss on each studied SiNP was found. The structural basis of the activity loss was identified based on results from a unique technique, the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, which probes structural information regardless of the complexity. Several docking models of the enzyme on SiNPs with different surfaces, at different enzyme-to-SiNP ratios are proposed. Interestingly, we found that the adsorbed enzyme can be desorbed via pH adjustment, which highlighted the potential to use SiNPs for enzyme/protein delivery or storage due to the high capacity. In order to use SiNPs as enzyme hosts, minimizing the enzymatic activity loss upon adsorption is needed. Lastly, the work outlined here demonstrate the use of EPR in probing structural information on the complex (inorganic)nano-bio interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiong Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Sunanda Neupane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Jasmin Farmakes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Michael Bridges
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - James Froberg
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Jiajia Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Yongki Choi
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Zhongyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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