Precise engineering of neutrophil membrane coated with polymeric nanoparticles concurrently absorbing of proinflammatory cytokines and endotoxins for management of sepsis

Recent advances in cell membrane camouflaged nanotherapeutics for the treatment of bacterial infection

Infectious diseases caused by bacterial infections are common in clinical practice. Cell membrane coating nanotechnology represents a pioneering approach for the delivery of therapeutic agents without being cleared by the immune system in the meantime. And the mechanism of infection treatment should be divided into two parts: suppression of pathogenic bacteria and suppression of excessive immune response. The membrane-coated nanoparticles exert anti-bacterial function by neutralizing exotoxins and endotoxins, and some other bacterial proteins. Inflammation, the second procedure of bacterial infection, can also be suppressed through targeting the inflamed site, neutralization of toxins, and the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. And platelet membrane can affect the complement process to suppress inflammation. Membrane-coated nanoparticles treat bacterial infections through the combined action of membranes and nanoparticles, and diagnose by imaging, forming a theranostic system. Several strategies have been discovered to enhance the anti-bacterial/anti-inflammatory capability, such as synthesizing the material through electroporation, pretreating with the corresponding pathogen, membrane hybridization, or incorporating with genetic modification, lipid insertion, and click chemistry. Here we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the application of membrane-coated nanoparticles in preventing bacterial infections as well as addressing existing uncertainties and misconceptions.

Advanced targeted drug delivery by bioengineered white blood cell-membrane camouflaged nanoparticulate delivery nanostructures

Targeted drug delivery has emerged as a pivotal approach within precision medicine, aiming to optimize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects. Leukocyte membrane coated nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted a lot of interest as an effective approach for delivering targeted drugs, capitalizing on the natural attributes of leukocytes to achieve site-specific accumulation, and heightened therapeutic outcomes. An overview of the present state of the targeted medication delivery research is given in this review. Notably, Leukocyte membrane-coated NPs offer inherent advantages such as immune evasion, extended circulation half-life, and precise homing to inflamed or diseased tissues through specific interactions with adhesion molecules. leukocyte membrane-coated NPs hold significant promise in advancing targeted drug delivery for precision medicine. As research progresses, they are anticipated to contribute to improved therapeutic outcomes, enabling personalized and effective treatments for a wide range of diseases and conditions. The review covers the method of preparation, characterization, and biological applications of leucocytic membrane coated NPs. Further, patents related factors, gap of translation from laboratory to clinic, and future prospective were discussed in detail. Overall, the review covers extensive literature to establish leucocytic membrane NPs for targeted drug delivery.

Membrane-camouflaged biomimetic nanoparticles as potential immunomodulatory solutions for sepsis: An overview

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction due to dysregulated host responses induced by infection. The presence of immune disturbance is key to the onset and development of sepsis but has remarkably limited therapeutic options. Advances in biomedical nanotechnology have provided innovative approaches to rebalancing the host immunity. In particular, the technique of membrane-coating has demonstrated remarkable improvements to therapeutic nanoparticles (NPs) in terms of tolerance and stability while also improving their biomimetic performance for immunomodulatory purposes. This development has led to the emergence of using cell-membrane-based biomimetic NPs in treating sepsis-associated immunologic derangements. In this minireview, we present an overview of the recent advances in membrane-camouflaged biomimetic NPs, highlighting their multifaceted immunomodulatory effects in sepsis such as anti-infection, vaccination, inflammation control, reversing of immunosuppression, and targeted delivery of immunomodulatory agents.

An Overview of Drug Delivery Nanosystems for Sepsis-Related Liver Injury Treatment

Sepsis, which is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by infection, has high morbidity and mortality. Sepsis-related liver injury is one of the manifestations of sepsis-induced multiple organ syndrome. To date, an increasing number of studies have shown that the hepatic inflammatory response, oxidative stress, microcirculation coagulation dysfunction, and bacterial translocation play extremely vital roles in the occurrence and development of sepsis-related liver injury. In the clinic, sepsis-related liver injury is mainly treated by routine empirical methods on the basis of the primary disease. However, these therapies have some shortcomings, such as serious side effects, short duration of drug effects and lack of specificity. The emergence of drug delivery nanosystems can significantly improve drug bioavailability and reduce toxic side effects. In this paper, we reviewed drug delivery nanosystems designed for the treatment of sepsis-related liver injury according to their mechanisms (hepatic inflammation response, oxidative stress, coagulation dysfunction in the microcirculation, and bacterial translocation). Although much promising progress has been achieved, translation into clinical practice is still difficult. To this end, we also discussed the key issues currently facing this field, including immune system rejection and single treatment modalities. Finally, with the rigorous optimization of nanotechnology and the deepening of research, drug delivery nanosystems have great potential for the treatment of sepsis-related liver injury.

Macrophage cell membrane-based nanoparticles: a new promising biomimetic platform for targeted delivery and treatment

Synthetic nanoparticles with surface bioconjugation are promising platforms for targeted therapy, but their simple biological functionalization is still a challenging task against the complex intercellular environment. Once synthetic nanoparticles enter the body, they are phagocytosed by immune cells by the immune system. Recently, the cell membrane camouflage strategy has emerged as a novel therapeutic tactic to overcome these issues by utilizing the fundamental properties of natural cells. Macrophage, a type of immune system cells, plays critical roles in various diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, infection and inflammation, due to the recognition and engulfment function of removing substances and pathogens. Macrophage membranes inherit the surface protein profiles and biointerfacing properties of source cells. Therefore, the macrophage membrane cloaking can protect synthetic nanoparticles from phagocytosis by the immune cells. Meanwhile, the macrophage membrane can make use of the natural correspondence to accurately recognize antigens and target inflamed tissue or tumor sites. In this review, we have summarized the advances in the fabrication, characterization and homing capacity of macrophage membrane cloaking nanoparticles in various diseases, including cancers, immune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system diseases, and microbial infections. Although macrophage membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles are currently in the fetal stage of development, there is huge potential and challenge to explore the conversion mode in the clinic.

Nanomaterials targeting macrophages in sepsis: A promising approach for sepsis management

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from dysregulated host responses to infection. Macrophages play significant roles in host against pathogens and the immunopathogenesis of sepsis, such as phagocytosis of pathogens, secretion of cytokines, and phenotype reprogramming. However, the rapid progression of sepsis impairs macrophage function, and conventional antimicrobial and supportive treatment are not sufficient to restore dysregulated macrophages roles. Nanoparticles own unique physicochemical properties, surface functions, localized surface plasmon resonance phenomenon, passive targeting in vivo, good biocompatibility and biodegradability, are accessible for biomedical applications. Once into the body, NPs are recognized by host immune system. Macrophages are phagocytes in innate immunity dedicated to the recognition of foreign substances, including nanoparticles, with which an immune response subsequently occurs. Various design strategies, such as surface functionalization, have been implemented to manipulate the recognition of nanoparticles by monocytes/macrophages, and engulfed by them to regulate their function in sepsis, compensating for the shortcomings of sepsis traditional methods. The review summarizes the mechanism of nanomaterials targeting macrophages and recent advances in nanomedicine targeting macrophages in sepsis, which provides good insight for exploring macrophage-based nano-management in sepsis.

Stimuli-responsive and biomimetic delivery systems for sepsis and related complications

Sepsis, a consequence of an imbalanced immune response to infection, is currently one of the leading causes of death globally. Despite advances in the discoveries of potential targets and nanotechnology, sepsis still lacks effective drug delivery systems for optimal treatment. Stimuli-responsive and biomimetic nano delivery systems, specifically, are emerging as advanced bio-inspired nanocarriers for enhancing the treatment of sepsis. Herein, we present a critical review of different stimuli-responsive systems, including pH-; enzyme-; ROS- and toxin-responsive nanocarriers, reported in the delivery of therapeutics for sepsis. Biomimetic nanocarriers, utilizing natural pathways in the inflammatory cascade to optimize sepsis therapy, are also reviewed, in addition to smart, multifunctional vehicles. The review highlights the nanomaterials designed for constructing these systems; their physicochemical properties; the mechanisms of drug release; and their potential for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of their cargo. Current challenges are identified and future avenues for research into the optimization of bio-inspired nano delivery systems for sepsis are also proposed. This review confirms the potential of stimuli-responsive and biomimetic nanocarriers for enhanced therapy against sepsis and related complications.

Nanomedicine to fight infectious disease

The ubiquity and potency of antibiotics may give the false impression that infection is a solved problem. Unfortunately, even bacterial infections, the target of antibiotics, remain a major cause of illness and death. Several major unmet needs persist: biofilms, such as those on implanted hardware, largely resist antibiotics; the inflammatory host response to infection often produces more damage than the infection itself; and systemic antibiotics often decimate the gut microbiome, which can predispose to additional infections and even predispose to non-infectious diseases. Additionally, there is an increasing threat from multi-drug resistant microorganisms, though market forces may continue to inhibit innovation in this realm. These numerous unmet infection-related needs provide attractive goals for innovation of targeted drug delivery technologies, especially those of nanomedicine. Here we review several of those innovations in pre-clinical development, the two such therapies which have made it to clinical use, and the opportunities for further technology development for treating infections.

Nanotherapies for sepsis by regulating inflammatory signals and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: New insight for treating COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2 has caused up to 127 million cases of COVID-19. Approximately 5% of COVID-19 patients develop severe illness, and approximately 40% of those with severe illness eventually die, corresponding to more than 2.78 million people. The pathological characteristics of COVID-19 resemble typical sepsis, and severe COVID-19 has been identified as viral sepsis. Progress in sepsis research is important for improving the clinical care of these patients. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of sepsis have led to the view that an uncontrolled inflammatory response and oxidative stress are core factors. However, in the traditional treatment of sepsis, it is difficult to achieve a balance between the inflammation, pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and fungi), and patient tolerance, resulting in high mortality of patients with sepsis. In recent years, nanomaterials mediating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and the inflammatory response have shown previously unattainable therapeutic effects on sepsis. Despite these advantages, RONS and inflammatory response-based nanomaterials have yet to be extensively adopted as sepsis therapy. To the best of our knowledge, no review has yet discussed the pathogenesis of sepsis and the application of nanomaterials. To help bridge this gap, we discuss the pathogenesis of sepsis related to inflammation and the overproduction RONS, which activate pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-PRR signaling pathways. We also summarize the application of nanomaterials in the treatment of sepsis. As highlighted here, this strategy could synergistically improve the therapeutic efficacy against both RONS and inflammation in sepsis and may prolong survival. Current challenges and future developments for sepsis treatment are also summarized.