Establishing the learning curve of transanal minimally invasive surgery for local excision of rectal neoplasms

Trans‑anal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) versus rigid platforms for local excision of early rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature

BACKGROUND

Available platforms for local excision (LE) of early rectal cancer are rigid or flexible [trans‑anal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS)]. We systematically searched the literature to compare outcomes between platforms.

METHODS

PRISMA-compliant search of PubMed and Scopus databases until September 2022 was undertaken in this random-effect meta-analysis. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistic. Studies comparing TAMIS versus rigid platforms for LE for early rectal cancer were included. Main outcome measures were intraoperative and short-term postoperative outcomes and specimen quality.

RESULTS

7 studies were published between 2015 and 2022, including 931 patients (423 females); 402 underwent TAMIS and 529 underwent LE with rigid platforms. Techniques were similar for operative time (WMD 11.1, 95%CI - 2.6 to 25, p = 0.11), percentage of defect closure (OR 0.7, 95%CI 0.06-8.22, p = 0.78), and peritoneal violation (OR 0.41, 95%CI 0.12-1.43, p = 0.16). Rigid platforms had higher rates of short-term complications (19.1% vs 14.2, OR 1.6, 95%CI 1.07-2.4, p = 0.02), although no significant differences were seen for major complications (OR 1.41, 95%CI 0.61-3.23, p = 0.41). Patients in the rigid platforms group were 3-times more likely to be re-admitted within 30 days compared to the TAMIS group (OR 3.1, 95%CI 1.07-9.4, p = 0.03). Rates of positive resection margins (rigid platforms: 7.6% vs TAMIS: 9.34%, OR 0.81, 95%CI 0.42-1.55, p = 0.53) and specimen fragmentation (rigid platforms: 3.3% vs TAMIS: 4.4%, OR 0.74, 95%CI 0.33-1.64, p = 0.46) were similar between the groups. Salvage surgery was required in 5.5% of rigid platform patients and 6.2% of TAMIS patients (OR 0.8, 95%CI 0.4-1.8, p = 0.7).

CONCLUSION

TAMIS or rigid platforms for LE seem to have similar operative outcomes and specimen quality. The TAMIS group demonstrated lower readmission and overall complication rates but did not significantly differ for major complications. The choice of platform should be based on availability, cost, and surgeon's preference.

Solitary fibrous tumor within the mesorectum: literature review based on a case report of resection by transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS)

PURPOSE

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) are a rare entity of in majority benign neoplasms. Nevertheless, up to 20% of cases show a malignant tendency with local infiltration or metastasis. Commonly arising in the thoracic cavity, only few cases of SFT of the mesorectal tissue have been reported in the literature. Complete surgical resection, classically by posterior approach, is the treatment of choice. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the safety and suitability of transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) as a surgical approach for the resection of benign pararectal solid tumors.

METHODS

We report the case of a 52-year-old man who was diagnosed incidentally with SFT of the distal mesorectum. Resection by TAMIS was performed. Based on this case, we describe the steps and potential benefits of this procedure and provide a comprehensive review of the literature.

RESULTS

Histopathology confirms the completely resected SFT. After uneventful postoperative course and discharge on day four, follow-up was recommended by a multidisciplinary board by clinical examination and MRI, which showed a well-healed scar and no recurrence up to 3 years after resection.

CONCLUSION

SFT of the mesorectum is a very rare entity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a TAMIS resection for SFT, demonstrated as a safe approach for complete resection of benign pararectal solid tumors.

Effect of virtual reality training to enhance laparoscopic assistance skills

BACKGROUND

While laparoscopic assistance is often entrusted to less experienced individuals, such as residents, medical students, and operating room nurses, it is important to note that they typically receive little to no formal laparoscopic training. This deficiency can lead to poor visibility during minimally invasive surgery, thus increasing the risk of errors. Moreover, operating room nurses and medical students are currently not included as key users in structured laparoscopic training programs.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to evaluate the laparoscopic skills of OR nurses, clinical medical postgraduate students, and residents before and after undergoing virtual reality training. Additionally, it aimed to compare the differences in the laparoscopic skills among different groups (OR nurses/Students/Residents) both before and after virtual reality training.

METHODS

Operating room nurses, clinical medical postgraduate students and residents from a tertiary Grade A hospital in China in March 2022 were selected as participants. All participants were required to complete a laparoscopic simulation training course in 6 consecutive weeks. One task from each of the four training modules was selected as an evaluation indicator. A before-and-after self-control study was used to compare the basic laparoscopic skills of participants, and laparoscopic skill competency was compared between the groups of operating room nurses, clinical medical postgraduate students, and residents.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven operating room nurses, 31 clinical medical postgraduate students, and 16 residents were included. The training course scores for the navigation training module, task training module, coordination training module, and surgical skills training module between different groups (operating room nurses/clinical medical postgraduate/residents) before laparoscopic simulation training was statistically significant (p < 0.05). After laparoscopic simulation training, there was no statistically significant difference in the training course scores between the different groups. The surgical level scores before and after the training course were compared between the operating room nurses, clinical medical postgraduate students, and residents and showed significant increases (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Our findings show a significant improvement in laparoscopic skills following virtual surgery simulation training across all participant groups. The integration of virtual surgery simulation technology in surgical training holds promise for bridging the gap in laparoscopic skill development among health care professionals.

A prospective phase II clinical trial/IDEAL Stage 2a series of single-port robotic colorectal surgery for abdominal and transanal cases

AIM

Slow laparoscopy adoption accelerated the uptake of robotic surgery. However, the current robotic platforms have limitations in transanal applications and multiple port sites. The da Vinci single-port (SP) robot is currently used on trial for colorectal surgery, and broad assessment of outcomes is needed. We aimed to report findings of a phase II clinical trial of SP robotic colorectal surgery.

METHODS

A sequentially reported prospective case series was performed on patients using SP robotics at a tertiary referral centre from 1 October 2018 to 31 August 2021. Cases were stratified into abdominal and transanal cohorts. Demographics, intra-operative variables and 30-day postoperative outcomes were evaluated. Univariate analysis was performed, with statistical process control for the docking process. Main outcomes were conversion rates, morbidity, mortality and point of standardization of docking.

RESULTS

In all, 133 patients were included: 93 (69.92%) abdominal and 40 (30.08%) transanal. The main diagnosis was rectal cancer (n = 59) and the procedure performed a robotic transanal abdominal transanal radical proctosigmoidectomy (n = 30). There were no conversions to open surgery. Two abdominal (2.15%) and three transanal cases (7.50%) were converted to laparoscopy. All colorectal adenocarcinomas had negative margins, proper lymph node harvest and complete mesorectal excision, as appropriate. Docking became a standardized process at cases 34 (abdominal) and 23 (anorectal). After surgery, bowel function returned on mean day 2 (abdominal) and 1 (transanal). The morbidity rate was 15.05% (abdominal) and 27.50% (transanal). There were two major morbidities in each cohort. Overall, there were three (2.65%) readmissions, one reoperation and no mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Single-port robotics is feasible for all types of colorectal procedures, with good clinical and oncological outcomes. With this development in colorectal surgery, further studies can develop best practices with this novel technology.

A novel step-by-step training program for transanal endoscopic surgery

BACKGROUND

The objective of our study is to develop an effective training platform for transanal endoscopic surgery and to validate a step-by-step training program for learning the basic skills necessary for this approach.

METHODS

We have designed a two-part study: an experimental study (with the aim to design the training platform and the training exercises - on synthetic and biological material) and a prospective analytical study, in order to validate the training program by enrolling as participants general surgery residents and specialists, without previous experience in transanal endoscopic interventions. The performance of the participants was assessed based on the time of completion, as well as the quality of the execution.

RESULTS

We have developed three different diameter platforms (5 cm, 7.5 and 10 cm), that can be used with both the TEO and TAMIS platforms; specific exercises were developed to train different surgical skills like manipulation of tissue, cutting, dissection and suturing. Forty participants were enrolled for the validation of the proposed training program (12 young residents, 16 senior residents and 12 specialist surgeons). A statistically significant improvement of the performance time, from round to round, was observed for all participants in all exercises. The time of completion for the exercises, considering the correct technical execution, was the shortest for more experienced surgeons: specialist surgeons, followed by senior residents and young residents. The biological material exercises, that closely recreate intraoperative conditions and had more strict technical requirements, were difficult to be performed by young residents; better completion rates were seen in senior residents, while all the participants in the specialist surgeons group have completed these exercises.

CONCLUSIONS

Our training program is an effective simulation based educational model for recreating intraoperative conditions particular to transanal endoscopic surgery. The proposed step-by-step training program has demonstrated to be useful in developing the important basic skills needed for transanal endoscopic surgery and assured the progress of all the participants, regardless of their surgical experience.

Short- and long-term outcomes in ypT2 rectal cancer patients after neoadjuvant therapy and local excision: a multicentre observational study

BACKGROUND

Although local excision (LE) after neoadjuvant treatment (NT) has achieved encouraging oncological outcomes in selected patients, radical surgery still remains the rule when unfavorable pathology occurs. However, there is a risk of undertreating patients not eligible for radical surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with pathological incomplete response (ypT2) in a multicentre cohort of patients undergoing LE after NT and to compare them with ypT0-is-1 rectal cancers.

METHODS

From 2010 to 2019, all patients who underwent LE after NT for rectal cancer were identified from five institutional retrospective databases. After excluding 12 patients with ypT3 tumors, patients with ypT2 tumors were compared to patients with ypT0-is-1 tumors). The endpoints of the study were early postoperative and long-term oncological outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 177 patients (132 males, 45 females, median age 70 [IQR 16] years) underwent LE following NT. There were 46 ypT2 patients (39 males, 7 females, median age 72 [IQR 18.25] years) and 119 ypT0-is-1 patients (83 males, 36 females, median age 69 [IQR 15] years). Patients with pathological incomplete response (ypT2) were frailer than the ypT0-is-1 patients (mean Charlson Comorbidity Index 6.15 ± 2.43 vs. 5.29 ± 1.99; p = 0.02) and there was a significant difference in the type of NT used for the two groups (long- course radiotherapy: 100 (84%) vs. 23 (63%), p = 0.006; short-course radiotherapy: 19 (16%) vs. 17 (37%), p = 0.006). The postoperative rectal bleeding rate (13% vs. 1.7%; p = 0.008), readmission rate (10.9% vs. 0.8%; p = 0.008) and R1 resection rate (8.7% vs. 0; p = 0.008) was significantly higher in the ypT2 group. Recurrence rates were comparable between groups (5% vs. 13%; p = 0.15). Five-year overall survival was 91.3% and 94.9% in the ypT2 and ypT0-is-1 groups, respectively (p = 0.39), while 5-year cancer specific survival was 93.4% in the ypT2 group and 94.9% in the ypT0-is-1 group (p = 0.70). No difference was found in terms of 5-year local recurrence free-survival (p = 0.18) and 5-year distant recurrence free-survival (p = 0.37).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with ypT2 tumors after NT and LE have a higher risk of late-onset rectal bleeding and positive resection margins than patients with complete or near complete response. However, long-term recurrence rates and survival seem comparable.

Transanal minimally invasive surgery - A single-center experience

Background

Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) was described in the literature 10 years ago. This procedure requires laparoscopic technical skills. It has been well accepted widely worldwide. TAMIS has been applied to multiple procedures, including excision for rectal polyps and cancer, with acceptable outcomes. The study aimed to assess the outcomes of TAMIS in a large district general hospital.

Methodology

A retrospective study on prospectively collected data on 52 consecutive patients of TAMIS performed in a single unit was conducted between May 2014 and February 2020. Data were collected on patient demographics, clinical diagnosis, peri-operative findings, pathological findings, adequacy of excision and complications. Patients were followed up as per the trust and national post-polypectomy guidelines.

Results

Among the 52 patients, TAMIS procedures were completed in 50 patients, of which 31 were female. The procedure was successful in 96.5% but had to abandon in two cases. There was no conversion to another procedure. Pre-operative indications were rectal polyps and one case was an emergency TAMIS in a patient who was bleeding following incomplete colonoscopic polypectomy. The final histology reported that the majority were benign polyps (46), and only 11 cases were malignant. The median distance of the lesion from the anal verge was 6 cm (3-10 cm). The median operative time was 55 min (8-175 min). A total of 45 (77.5%) lesions were completely excised and had negative microscopic margins. Most patients (64%) were discharged home the same day. No complications were observed at a median follow-up of 20 months (6-48 months). There was no mortality.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that TAMIS can be safely performed in a district general hospital for both benign and early rectal cancer. TAMIS was also able to control post-polypectomy bleeding and completion of rectal polypectomy. In selected cases, day-case TAMIS is safe and feasible.

Robotic surgery for colorectal cancer

Background: Robotic surgical systems were created partly to solve several constraints of laparoscopic surgery and to offer technical advantages. With a substantial body of evidence demonstrating its efficacy in rectal cancer treatment, robotic surgery will soon become another conventional treatment. However, further investigations and randomized trials focusing on primary endpoints are necessary to establish some advantages of robot-assisted colon surgery.Current Concepts: Da Vinci Single-Site and SP platforms (Intuitive Surgical Inc.) were developed to overcome the shortcomings of single-port laparoscopic surgery. Despite the currently insufficient evidence, it seems that the SP platform addresses several limitations of single-port transabdominal or transanal surgery. Robotic transanal minimally invasive surgery and total mesorectal excision were developed to overcome conventional platforms’ limitations, using wristed instrumentation to enhance dexterity and ergonomics. Studies on the effectiveness and viability of this novel approach are ongoing. The near-infrared fluorescence technique, real-time stereotactic navigation technology, and other surgical data platforms based on artificial intelligence incorporated into the robotic system will play an important role in improving outcomes.Discussion and Conclusion: Robotic systems for advanced colorectal cancer offer technical advantages for complex and precise surgeries. If robotic surgery costs are reduced by expanding its indications and enhancing competition among different robotic platforms, it will provide clinical benefits to more patients and reduce social healthcare costs.

Assessment of the learning curve for the novel transanal minimally invasive surgery simulator model

BACKGROUND

Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) is technically demanding and requires extensive training. We developed the TAMIS simulator model by remodeling an existing laparoscopic training system to educate trainees and analyzed their learning curves.

METHODS

Between March 2020 and June 2020, 12 trainees performed TAMIS simulator training sessions. The total operative time, including specimen removal and wound closure, was recorded. The wound closure and specimen quality, trainee self-confidence, and supervisor evaluation of technical performance were documented. A moving average was used to analyze the number of training sessions required to stabilize the procedure time, while a cumulative sum analysis was performed to identify that required to reach proficiency with each item.

RESULTS

Each trainee completed 20 TAMIS simulator training sessions. The median total procedure time was 13 min (range, 4-60 min), which stabilized after 15 training sessions. The median times for specimen removal and wound closure were 3 min (range, 1-18 min) and 10 min (range, 2-50 min), respectively, which stabilized after 7 and 15 training sessions, respectively. The mean specimen and wound closure quality scores were 2.9 ± 0.9 (on a scale from 1 to 4) and 2.3 ± 1.1 (on a scale from 1 to 4), respectively, competencies in which were achieved after 16 and 20 training sessions, respectively. The mean trainee self-confidence and supervisor evaluation of technical performance scores were 2.4 ± 1.2 (on a scale from 1 to 5) and 2.7 ± 1.2 (on a scale from 1 to 5), respectively, competencies in which were achieved after 20 and 17 training sessions, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Trainees required 15 training sessions to stabilize the procedure time and 16-20 training sessions to demonstrate competencies with the TAMIS simulator model. We expect this simulator model may help surgeons more rapidly acquire the skills required for TAMIS.

Transanal Endoscopic Surgery: Who Should Be Doing This Procedure?

Transanal endoscopic surgery (TES) was introduced in the 1980s, but more widely adopted in the late 2000s with innovations in instrumentation and training. Moreover, the global adoption of minimally invasive approaches to abdominal procedures has led to translatable skills for TES among colorectal and general surgeons. While there are similarities to laparoscopic surgery, TES has unique challenges related to the narrow confines of intraluminal surgery, angled instrumentation, and relatively uncommon indications limiting the opportunity to practice. The following review discusses the current evidence on TES learning curves, including potential limitations related to the broad adoption of TES by general surgeons. This article aims to provide general recommendations for the safe expansion of TES.

Transanal Endoscopic Platforms: TAMIS versus Rigid Platforms: Pros and Cons

Transanal endoscopic surgery encompasses the minimally invasive surgical techniques used to operate in the rectum under magnification while maintaining pneumorectum via a resectoscope or port. The view, magnification, and surgical precision afforded by these advanced transanal techniques have resulted in excellent specimen quality and low recurrence rates, especially compared with traditional transanal surgery. For rigid platforms, the surgeon operates through a rigid 4-cm diameter steel proctoscope of varying lengths that is clamped to the operating table with an articulating arm. Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) is a newer flexible platform using a disposable port which "hooks" into the anorectal ring to remain in place. The cost-effectiveness and versatility of the TAMIS platform have resulted in its popularity and use in more advanced applications such as transanal total mesorectal excision. Ultimately, the choice of operating platform should be based on surgeon preference, patient characteristics, availability, and cost. The pros and cons of each platform will be discussed in this article.

Transanal versus laparoscopic total mesorectal excision: a comparative study of long-term oncological outcomes

BACKGROUND

Transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) is the most recent approach developed to improve pelvic dissection in surgery for mid and low rectal tumors. There are still inconsistencies regarding the technique's oncological results. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and oncological outcomes of the learning curve of TaTME in comparison to laparoscopic TME (lapTME).

METHODS

Rectal cancer patients who had TaTME and lapTME in two Portuguese colorectal units between March 2016 and December 2018 were eligible. Primary endpoints were 5-year overall survival, disease-free survival, and local recurrence. Secondary endpoints were clinical and pathological outcomes.

RESULTS

Forty-four patients underwent TaTME (29 men) and 39 lapTME (27 men) with a median age of 69 and 66 (p = 0.093), respectively. No differences were observed concerning baseline characteristics, emphasizing their comparability. In the TaTME group, there were more hand-sewn anastomosis (0 lapTME versus 7 TaTME, p = 0.018) with significantly less distance to the dentate line (40 mm lapTME versus 20 mm TaTME, p = 0.005) and significantly more loop ileostomies performed (28 lapTME versus 41 TaTME, p = 0.001). There were no differences in post-operative mortality, morbidity, readmissions, and stoma closure. Groups were similar in relation to specimen quality, margins, and resectability; however, TaTME had a significantly higher node yield (14 lapTME versus 20 TaTME, p = 0.002). Finally, no disparities were noted in oncological outcomes, namely local and distant recurrence, 5-year overall survival, and disease-free survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Even with the disadvantage of the learning curve of a new technique, TaTME appears to be comparable to lapTME, with similar long-term oncological outcomes. It has, however, a demanding learning curve, significant risk for morbidity and should be used only for selected patients.

Multidisciplinary management of early rectal cancer - The role of surgical local excision in current and future clinical practice

The implementation of bowel cancer screening programs has led to a rise in the incidence of early rectal cancer. The combination of increased incidence and the growing interest in organ-sparing treatment options has led to an amplified importance of local excision techniques in treatment strategies for early rectal cancer. In addition, developments in new technologies of single-port surgery have popularized surgical techniques. Although local treatment of early rectal cancer seems promising, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary and awareness of the oncological robustness is warranted to enable shared decision-making. This review illustrates the position of surgical local excision in the treatment of early rectal cancer and reflects on its role in current and future clinical practice.

Management of early rectal cancer; current surgical options and future direction

Rectal cancer is the second commonest cause of cancer death within the United Kingdom. Utilization of national screening programmes have resulted in a greater proportion of patients presenting with early-stage disease. The technique of transanal endoscopic microsurgery was first described in 1984 following which further options for local excision have emerged with transanal endoscopic operation and, more recently, transanal minimally invasive surgery. Owing to the risks of local recurrence, the current role of minimally invasive techniques for local excision in the management of rectal cancer is limited to the treatment of pre-invasive disease and low risk early-stage rectal cancer (T1N0M0 disease). The roles of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for the management of early rectal cancer are yet to be fully established. However, results of high-quality research such as the GRECCAR II, TESAR and STAR-TREC randomised control trials may highlight a wider role for local excision surgery in the future, when used in combination with oncological therapies. The aim of our review is to provide an overview in the current management of early rectal cancer, the surgical options available for local excision and the future multimodal direction of early rectal cancer treatment.

Education and Training in Transanal Endoscopic Surgery and Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision

There is a paradigm shift in surgical training, and new tool and technology are being used to facilitate mastery of the content and technical skills. The transanal procedures for rectal cancer-transanal endoscopic surgery (TES) and transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME)-have a distinct learning curve for competence in the procedures, and require special training for familiarity with the "bottom-up" anatomy, procedural risks, and managing complex cases. These procedures have been models for structured education and training, using multimodal tools, to ensure safe implementation of TES and TaTME into clinical practice. The goal of this work was to review the current state of surgical education, the introduction and learning curve of the TES and TaTME procedures, and the established and future models for education of the transanal procedures for rectal cancer.

Current Challenges for Education and Training in Transanal Surgery

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a technique that was introduced in the 1980s for improved exposure to upper rectal polyps. This technique, though initially difficult to master due to new skill acquisition for surgeons, has spared many patients proctectomy. There are many benign indications for transanal endoscopic surgery which has led to in vivo operating room training with fewer undesirable effects to the patient. With the explosion of laparoscopic technology this transanal technique is no longer limited to intraluminal pathology, but is now being used to remove the entire rectum. In transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME), benign indications are less common, translating to potentially more severe oncologic patient consequences during the early phase of adoption. For this reason, strict training criteria consensus guidelines have been developed by the experts in taTME. The current consensus statements agree that training surgeons should have performed a minimum of 10 laparoscopic TME procedures and should have some experience with transanal surgery. Surgeons need to attend a formal training course and should start clinically on benign or early malignant pathology without threated circumferential resection margins. Surgeons also need to have their first cases proctored until deemed proficient by the proctor and monitor their morbidity, oncologic, and functional outcomes prospectively.

Comparison of the transanal surgical techniques for local excision of rectal tumors: a network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

In order to assess the various surgical modalities for local resection of rectal tumors, a systematic review of the current literature and a network meta-analysis (NMA) was designed and conducted.

METHODS

The present study adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions principles. Scholar databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science) were systematically screened up to 23/12/2019. A Bayesian NMA, implementing a Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis, was introduced for the probability ranking of the available surgical methods. Odds ratio (OR) and weighted mean difference (WMD) of the categorical and continuous variables, respectively, were reported with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI).

RESULTS

Overall, 16 studies and 2146 patients were introduced in our study. Transanal minimal invasive surgery (TAMIS) displayed the highest performance regarding the overall postoperative morbidity, the perioperative blood loss, the length of hospitalization, and the peritoneal violation rate. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) was the most efficient modality for resecting an intact specimen. Although transanal local excision (TAE) had the highest ranking considering operative duration, it was associated with a significant risk for positive resection margins and tumor recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, TEM and TAMIS display superior oncological results over TAE. Due to several limitations, validation of these results requires further RCTs of a higher methodological level.

Should the rectal defect be sutured following TEMS/TAMIS carried out for neoplastic rectal lesions? A meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Management of the rectal defect following transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEMS) or minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) carried out for excision of neoplasm in the lower rectum is controversial. We aimed to extract evidence by carrying out a meta-analysis to compare the peri- and postoperative outcomes following rectal neoplasm excision carried out by TEMS and/or TAMIS, whereby the defect is either sutured or left open.

METHODS

A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed. Full-text comparative studies published until November 2019, in English and of adult patients, whereby TEMS or TAMIS was undertaken for rectal neoplasms were included. The main outcome measures were postoperative bleeding, infection, operative time and hospital stay.

FINDINGS

Three studies (one randomised controlled trial and two comparative case series) yielded 555 cases (283 in the sutured group and 272 in the open group). The incidence of postoperative bleeding was higher and statistically significant (p = 0.006) where the rectal defect was left open following excision of the neoplasm (19/272, 6.99% vs 6/283, 2.12%). There was no statistical difference between the sutured and open groups regarding infection (p = 0.27; (10/283, 3.53% vs 5/272, 1.84%, respectively), operative time (p = 0.15) or length of stay (p = 0.67).

CONCLUSION

Suturing the rectal defect following excision of rectal neoplasm by TEMS/TAMIS reduces the incidence of postoperative bleeding in comparison to leaving the defect open. However, suturing makes the procedure slightly longer but there was no statistical difference between both groups when postoperative infection and length of hospital stay were compared.

Can less be more? Organ preservation strategies in the management of rectal cancer

Background

Total mesorectal excision (tme) is the current standard of care for the treatment of rectal cancer. However, that surgery is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Clinicians and patients are seeking alternatives to radical resection. Currently, prevalent organ-sparing strategies under investigation include local excision and nonoperative management (nom).

Methods

We reviewed the current evidence in the literature to create an overview of the use of transanal endoscopic surgery and watch-and-wait strategies in the modern management of rectal cancer.

Results

Compared with radical resection, transanal endoscopic surgery in patients with early rectal cancer (cT1) having favourable histopathologic features is associated with an increased risk of local recurrence, but no difference in 5-year survival. In patients with T2 or early T3 cancer, strategies that use neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy as adjuncts to local excision are under evaluation. Nonoperative management is a new option for patients who experience a complete clinical response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (ncrt). The selection criteria that will appropriately identify patients for whom nom will succeed are not established.

Conclusions

Local excision is appropriate for early rectal cancer with favourable histopathologic features. Although organ-preserving strategies are promising, the quality of the evidence to date is insufficient to replace the current standard care in most patients. Patients should be offered nom in the safe setting of a clinical trial or registry. Rigorous follow-up, including endoscopy and imaging at frequent intervals is recommended when radical resection is forgone.

Long-term oncological results after transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal carcinoma

Background

Transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) for mid and low rectal cancer has been shown to improve short-term outcomes, mostly due to lower conversion rates and with improved quality of the specimen. However, robust long-term oncological data supporting the encouraging clinical and pathological outcomes are lacking.

Methods

All consecutive patients undergoing TaTME with curative intent for mid or low rectal cancer in two referral centers in The Netherlands between January 2012 and April 2016 with a complete and minimum follow-up of 36 months were included. The primary outcome was local recurrence rate. Secondary outcomes were disease-free survival, overall survival and development of metastasis.

Results

There were 159 consecutive patients. Their mean age was 66.9 (10.2) years and 66.7% of all patients were men. Pathological analysis showed a complete mesorectum in 139 patients (87.4%), nearly complete in 16 (10.1%) and an incomplete mesorectum in 4 (2.5%). There was involvement of the CRM (< 1 mm) in one patient (0.6%) and no patients had involvement of the distal margin (< 5 mm). Final postoperative staging after neoadjuvant therapy was stage 0 in 11 patients (6.9%), stage I in 73 (45.9%), stage II in 31 (19.5%), stage III in 37 (23.3%) and stage IV in 7 (4.4%). The 3-year local recurrence rate was 2.0% and the 5-year local recurrence rate was 4.0%. Median time to local recurrence was 19.2 months. Distant metastases were found in 22 (13.8%) patients and were diagnosed after a median of 6.9 months (range 1.1–50.4) months. Disease-free survival was 92% at 3 years and 81% at 5 years. Overall survival was 83.6% at 3 years and 77.3% at 5 years.

Conclusions

The long-term follow-up of the current cohort confirms the oncological safety and feasibility of TaTME in two high volume referral centers for rectal carcinoma. However, further robust and audited data must confirm current findings before widespread implementation of TaTME.

Cirugía mínimamente invasiva transanal (TAMIS): técnica y resultados de la experiencia inicial

Antecedentes: la cirugía transanal endoscópica es un abordaje mínimamente invasivo recientemente descrito, que provee una exposición superior y permite el acceso a las lesiones del recto en toda su extensión. Además, provee un riesgo menor de compromiso de los márgenes de resección, menores tasas de recurrencia y una menor morbimortalidad en comparación con la escisión transanal convencional o las remociones endoscópicas. Objetivos: se pretende describir la experiencia inicial y los resultados con la cirugía transanal mínimamente invasiva (transanal minimally invasive surgery, TAMIS) en términos de resecciones completas y posibles complicaciones relacionadas con el procedimiento. Materiales y métodos: esta una serie de casos con un seguimiento prospectivo de los pacientes con TAMIS. Se analizaron los resultados de 27 pacientes intervenidos en varios centros de Medellín, Colombia, entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2016, realizados con cirugía laparoscópica monopuerto (single-port laparoscopic surgery, SILS) (21 casos) o el GelPOINT® Path (6 casos), junto con el apoyo de la óptica del laparoscopio (16 pacientes) y del endoscopio flexible (11 pacientes). Resultados: se realizaron 27 TAMIS en el mismo número de pacientes, 10 mujeres (37 %) y 17 hombres fueron evaluados. Se realizó un seguimiento a los pacientes durante aproximadamente 12 meses, en promedio 32 meses. La edad promedio fue de 68 años (52-83 años). El tamaño promedio del tumor fue de 5,3 cm (2-9 cm) y la distancia promedio desde el margen anal fue de 7 cm (5-9 cm) Las complicaciones posoperatorias se dieron en 6 casos (22 %) Una perforación rectal se corrigió por vía laparoscópica en el mismo acto quirúrgico y otra por la misma vía transanal. Una estenosis rectal se manejó con dilatación digital, y hubo un caso de sangrado rectal menor, uno de retención urinaria y un paciente presentó un cáncer rectal avanzado a los tres meses de la resección con margen microscópico positivo (4 %). No hubo reingresos. La mortalidad por la intervención fue nula. La patología operatoria reportó la presencia de adenoma de bajo grado en 3 casos (11 %), de alto grado en 11 (41 %), adenocarcinoma in situ en 6 (22 %), tumor neuroendocrino en 5 pacientes (18 %), 1 caso de fibrosis cicatricial (4 %) y 1 de leiomioma (4 %). Limitaciones: los resultados no son extrapolables a la población general debido al poco número de intervenciones y la ejecución limitada a solo dos autores. Conclusiones: en nuestra experiencia inicial, TAMIS es un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo con una baja morbilidad posoperatoria, es curativa para lesiones benignas y para pacientes seleccionados con cáncer temprano.

TAMIS is a valuable alternative to TEM for resection of intraluminal rectal tumors

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to compare the short-term outcome after Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) and Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery (TAMIS) for intraluminal rectal lesions.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of all TEM and TAMIS procedures performed at a single institution by one surgeon between March 2009 and September 2017 was conducted. Primary outcome was operating time. Secondary outcomes were blood loss, pathological outcome, length of hospital stay, 30-day readmission and mortality.

RESULTS

Fifty-three patients underwent TEM procedure and 68 patients underwent TAMIS. Operating time was significantly shorter for TAMIS compared with TEM (median 45 vs 65 min, p < 0.0001). Blood loss was negligible for both TEM and TAMIS. Resection margins, lesion grade and invasion depth were comparable for both approaches. A significantly higher postoperative readmission rate was observed in the TEM group (17% vs 4.4%, p = 0.031). Mortality was zero in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

TAMIS is a valuable alternative to TEM, leading to decreased operating times, because all resections can be done in lithotomy position.

Laparoscopic transanal minimally invasive surgery (L-TAMIS) versus robotic TAMIS (R-TAMIS): short-term outcomes and costs of a comparative study

BACKGROUND

Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) has gained worldwide popularity as a method for the local excision of rectal neoplasms. However, it is technically demanding due to limited working space. Robotic TAMIS offers potential enhanced dexterity and ability while allowing for a more aggressive resection with a stable platform. The objective of this study was to review a single institution experience between laparoscopic (L-TAMIS) and robotic TAMIS (R-TAMIS) for treatment of rectal neoplasms and determine if there are significant differences on outcomes.

METHODS

Forty consecutive patients with rectal neoplasms underwent L-TAMIS or R-TAMIS by two colorectal surgeons from January 2012 to April 2017. We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively maintained database to analyze demographics, peri-operative data, pathology, post-operative complications, and cost.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences between L- and R-TAMIS on patient demographics. R-TAMIS showed a statically significant increase in cost of surgery by $880. Median direct cost of L-TAMIS was $3562 compared to $4440.92 for R-TAMIS (p = 0.04). Wider range of total duration for L-TAMIS is likely due to the variability of body habitus and location of rectal neoplasm, which can significantly limit L-TAMIS compare to R-TAMIS. There was a trend toward decreased blood loss in the R-TAMIS group. Mortality was 0% in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

After reviewing our experience, we conclude there is no significant difference between L- and R-TAMIS other than total direct cost. We confirmed that both L- and R-TAMIS are safe and associated with low morbidity. The limitations of this study include its small sample size. In the future, we hope to show promising data on R-TAMIS with increased sample size and experience, which may allow for transanal resection not previously feasible. Studies with long-term follow-up assessing oncological and functional results will be mandatory.

Use of rectal mucosal grafts in substitution urethroplasty: an early series

Background

To evaluate the feasibility of use of rectal mucosal grafts for augmentation urethroplasty.

Methods

A series of five patients who underwent rectal mucosal graft urethroplasty for urethral stricture disease were identified. Descriptive statistics were used to describe these patients. Primary endpoints were recurrence of stricture and perioperative morbidity.

Results

Five patients underwent rectal mucosal graft augmentation urethroplasty. Four had a history of prior buccal mucosal graft (BMG) urethroplasty and one had a history of head and neck cancer. Rectal mucosa was noted to be thinner and required more tailoring than buccal mucosa. All patients had patent urethras at time of postoperative retrograde urethrogram. A small diverticulum was noted in one patient with no further sequelae. No complications from rectal mucosal graft harvest were noted. All patients with prior buccal grafting subjectively preferred the rectal graft due to fewer side effects. Subjectively, patients with prior buccal grafts preferred the post-operative recovery following rectal mucosal graft urethroplasty.

Conclusions

Rectal mucosal graft augmentation urethroplasty is a safe alternative in patients with contraindications to buccal grafting with limited morbidity.

The effect of proctoring on the learning curve of transanal minimally invasive surgery for local excision of rectal neoplasms

BACKGROUND

The current method of choice for local resection of benign and selected malignant rectal tumors is transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) yields similar oncological results and better patient reported outcomes when compared to transanal endoscopic micro surgery. However, due to the technical complexity of TAMIS, a significant learning curve has been suggested. Data on the surgical learning curve are limited. The aim of our study was to investigate surgeon specific learning curves for TAMIS procedures for the local excision of selected rectal tumors, and analyze the effects of proctoring on operating time and outcome.

METHODS

The current study was prospective of all TAMIS procedures performed by two surgeons from October 2010 to November 2017. Margin positivity, specimen fragmentation, adverse events and operative time were evaluated with a cumulative sum analysis to determine the number of procedures required to reach proficiency. Cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis was used to determine trends in changes over time.

RESULTS

The earliest adopter, surgeon A, performed 103 procedures, was not proctored and developed the standardized institutional program. Surgeon B, performed 26 cases, had the benefit of a proctorship and availability of a standardized program. The CUSUM curve for operative time showed a change after 36 cases for surgeon A and after 10 cases for surgeon B. For margin positivity proficiency was reached after 31 and 6 cases for surgeon A and B, respectively. The complications curve for surgeon A showed a three-phase learning curve with a decrease after the 26th case whereas surgeon B only had one (3.8%) complication in the learning phase with no change point in the CUSUM curve. Comparing pre- and post-proficiency periods there was a decrease in operating time for both surgeon A (84.4 ± 47.3 to 55.9 ± 30.1 min) and surgeon B (90.6 ± 64.to 53 ± 26.5 min; p < 0.001). Overall margin positivity rates decreased non significantly from 21.7 to 4.8% (p = 0.23). Complications were higher in the pre-proficiency period (21.7% vs. 13.0%; p = 0.02). Surgeon A had significantly more postoperative complications in pre-proficiency phase when compared to surgeon B (25% vs. none, p < 0.001), in the post-proficiency phase there was no statistically significant difference between both surgeons (p = 0.08).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that to reach satisfactory results for TAMIS, 18-31 procedures are required. Standardized institutional operative protocols together with proficient proctorship may contribute to a shorter learning curve with fewer cases (6-10) required to reach proficiency.

Local excision for rectal cancer: a minimally invasive option

Transanal excision (TAE) with conventional retractors and transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) are two well established minimally invasive surgical options for the treatment of selected rectal cancers. TEM is nowadays considered the standard of care for the transanal excision of rectal tumors, since it is associated with significantly better quality of excision and lower rates of recurrence than TAE. When compared with rectal resection and total mesorectal excision, TEM has lower postoperative morbidity and better functional outcomes, with similar long-term survival rates in selected early rectal cancers. More recently, transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) has been developed as an alternative to TEM. Possible benefits of TAMIS are under evaluation.

Evolution of transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: From top to bottom

The gold standard for curative treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer involves radical resection with a total mesorectal excision (TME). TME is the most effective treatment strategy to reduce local recurrence and improve survival outcomes regardless of the surgical platform used. However, there are associated morbidities, functional consequences, and quality of life (QoL) issues associated with TME; these risks must be considered during the modern-day multidisciplinary treatment for rectal cancer. This has led to the development of new surgical techniques to improve patient, oncologic, and QoL outcomes. In this work, we review the evolution of TME to the transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) through more traditional minimally invasive platforms. The review the development, safety and feasibility, proposed benefits and risks of the procedure, implementation and education models, and future direction for research and implementation of the TaTME in colorectal surgery. While satisfactory short-term results have been reported, the procedure is in its infancy, and long term outcomes and definitive results from controlled trials are pending. As evidence for safety and feasibility accumulates, structured training programs to standardize teaching, training, and safe expansion will aid the safe spread of the TaTME.