Air pollution in five Indian megacities during the Christmas and New Year celebration amidst COVID-19 pandemic

An explicit review and proposal of an integrated framework system to mitigate the baffling complexities induced by road dust-associated contaminants

Road dust-associated contaminants (RD-AC) are gradually becoming a much thornier problem, as their monotonous correlations render them carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. While many studies have examined the harmful effects of road dust on both humans and the environment, few studies have considered the co-exposure risk and gradient outcomes given the spatial extent of RD-AC. In this spirit, this paper presents in-depth elucidation into the baffling complexities induced by both major and emerging contaminants of road dust through a panorama-to-profile up-to-date review of diverse studies unified by the goal of advancing innovative methods to mitigate these contaminants. The paper thoroughly explores the correlations between RD-AC and provides insights to understand their potential in dispersing saprotrophic microorganisms. It also explores emerging challenges and proposes a novel integrated framework system aimed at thermally inactivating viruses and other pathogenic micro-organisms commingled with RD-AC. The main findings are: (i) the co-exposure risk of both major and emerging contaminants add another layer of complexity, highlighting the need for more holistic framework strategies, given the geospatial morphology of these contaminants; (ii) road dust contaminants show great potential for extended prevalence and severity of viral particles pollution; (iii) increasing trend of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in road dust, with studies conducted solely in China thus far; and (iv) substantial hurdle exists in acquiring data concerning acute procedural distress and long-term co-exposure risk to RD-ACs. Given the baffling complexities of RD-ACs, co-exposure risk and the need for innovative mitigation strategies, the study underscore the significance of establishing robust systems for deep road dust contaminants control and future research efforts while recognizing the interconnectivity within the contaminants associated with road dust.

Exploring spatiotemporal pattern in the association between short-term exposure to fine particulate matter and COVID-19 incidence in the continental United States: a Leroux-conditional-autoregression-based strategy

Background

Numerous studies have demonstrated that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is adversely associated with COVID-19 incidence. However, few studies have explored the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in this association, which is critical for developing cost-effective pollution-related policies for a specific location and epidemic stage, as well as, understanding the temporal change of association between PM2.5 and an emerging infectious disease like COVID-19.

Methods

The outcome was state-level daily COVID-19 cases in 49 native United States between April 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021. The exposure variable was the moving average of PM2.5 with a lag range of 0-14 days. A latest proposed strategy was used to investigate the spatial distribution of PM2.5-COVID-19 association in state level. First, generalized additive models were independently constructed for each state to obtain the rough association estimations, which then were smoothed using a Leroux-prior-based conditional autoregression. Finally, a modified time-varying approach was used to analyze the temporal change of association and explore the potential causes spatiotemporal heterogeneity.

Results

In all states, a positive association between PM2.5 and COVID-19 incidence was observed. Nearly one-third of these states, mainly located in the northeastern and middle-northern United States, exhibited statistically significant. On average, a 1 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration led to an increase in COVID-19 incidence by 0.92% (95%CI: 0.63-1.23%). A U-shaped temporal change of association was examined, with the strongest association occurring in the end of 2021 and the weakest association occurring in September 1, 2020 and July 1, 2021. Vaccination rate was identified as a significant cause for the association heterogeneity, with a stronger association occurring at a higher vaccination rate.

Conclusion

Short-term exposure to PM2.5 and COVID-19 incidence presented positive association in the United States, which exhibited a significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity with strong association in the eastern and middle regions and with a U-shaped temporal change.

Response of cross-correlations between high PM2.5 and O3 with increasing time scales to the COVID-19: different trends in BTH and PRD

The air pollution in China currently is characterized by high fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and ozone (O₃) concentrations. Compared with single high pollution events, such double high pollution (DHP) events (both PM_2.5 and O₃ are above the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)) pose a greater threat to public health and environment. In 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 provided a special time window to further understand the cross-correlation between PM_2.5 and O₃. Based on this background, a novel detrended cross-correlation analysis (DCCA) based on maximum time series of variable time scales (VM-DCCA) method is established in this paper to compare the cross-correlation between high PM_2.5 and O₃ in Beijing-Tianjin-Heibei (BTH) and Pearl River Delta (PRD). At first, the results show that PM_2.5 decreased while O₃ increased in most cities due to the effect of COVID-19, and the increase in O₃ is more significant in PRD than in BTH. Secondly, through DCCA, the results show that the PM_2.5-O₃ DCCA exponents α decrease by an average of 4.40% and 2.35% in BTH and PRD respectively during COVID-19 period compared with non-COVID-19 period. Further, through VM-DCCA, the results show that the PM_2.5-O₃ VM-DCCA exponents [Formula: see text] in PRD weaken rapidly with the increase of time scales, with decline range of about 23.53% and 22.90% during the non-COVID-19 period and COVID-19 period respectively at 28-h time scale. BTH is completely different. Without significant tendency, its [Formula: see text] is always higher than that in PRD at different time scales. Finally, we explain the above results with the self-organized criticality (SOC) theory. The impact of meteorological conditions and atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) variation during the COVID-19 period on SOC state are further discussed. The results show that the characteristics of cross-correlation between high PM_2.5 and O₃ are the manifestation of the SOC theory of atmospheric system. Relevant conclusions are important for the establishment of regionally targeted PM_2.5-O₃ DHP coordinated control strategies.

Statistical Analysis for Understanding PM2.5 Air Quality and the Impacts of COVID-19 Social Distancing in Several Provinces and Cities in Vietnam

Air pollution, especially in urban regions, is receiving increasing attention in Vietnam. Consequently, this work aimed to study and analyze the air quality in several provinces and cities in the country focusing on PM_2.5. Moreover, the impacts of COVID-19 social distancing on the PM_2.5 level were investigated. For this purpose, descriptive statistic, Box and Whisker plot, correlation matrix, temporal variation, and trend analysis were conducted. R-based program and the R package "openair" were employed for the calculations. Hourly PM_2.5 data were obtained from 8 national air quality monitoring sites. The study results indicated that provinces and cities in the North experienced more PM_2.5 pollution compared to the Central and South. PM_2.5 concentrations at each monitoring site varied significantly. Among monitoring sites, the northern sites showed high PM_2.5 correlations with each other than the other sites. Seasonal variation was observed with high PM_2.5 concentration in the dry season and low PM_2.5 concentration in the wet season. PM_2.5 concentration variation during the week was not so different. Diurnal variation showed that PM_2.5 concentration rose at peak traffic hours and dropped in the afternoon. There was mainly a decreasing trend in PM_2.5 concentration over the studied period. The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to PM_2.5 reduction. In the months implemented social distancing for preventing the epidemic, PM_2.5 concentration declined but it would mostly increase in the following months. This study provided updated and valuable assessments of recent PM_2.5 air quality in Vietnam.

Multi-region machine learning-based novel ensemble approaches for predicting COVID-19 pandemic in Africa

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has produced a global pandemic, which has devastating effects on health, economy and social interactions. Despite the less contraction and spread of COVID-19 in Africa compared to some other continents in the world, Africa remains amongst the most vulnerable regions due to less technology and unequipped or poor health system. Recent happenings showed that COVID-19 may stay for years owing to the discoveries of new variants (such as Omicron) and new wave of infections in several countries. Therefore, accurate prediction of new cases is vital to make informed decisions and in evaluating the measures that should be implemented. Studies on COVID-19 prediction are limited in Africa despite the risks and dangers that the virus possessed. Hence, this study was performed to predict daily COVID-19 cases in 10 African countries spread across the north, south, east, west and central Africa considering countries with few and large number of daily COVID-19 cases. Machine learning (ML) models due to their nonlinearity and accurate prediction capabilities were employed for this purpose, including artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), support vector machine (SVM) and conventional multiple linear regression (MLR) models. As any other natural process, the COVID-19 pandemic may contain both linear and nonlinear aspects. In such circumstances, neither nonlinear (ML) nor linear (MLR) models could be sufficient; hence, combining both ML and MLR models may produce better accuracy. Consequently, to improve the prediction efficiency of the ML models, novel ensemble approaches including ANN-E and SVM-E were employed. The advantage of using ensemble approaches is that they provide collective benefits of all the standalone models, thereby reducing their weaknesses and enhancing their prediction capabilities. The obtained results showed that ANFIS led to better prediction performance with MAD = 0.0106, MSE = 0.0003, RMSE = 0.0185 and R2 = 0.9059 in the validation step. The results of the proposed ensemble approaches demonstrated very high improvements in predicting the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa with MAD = 0.0073, MSE = 0.0002, RMSE = 0.0155 and R2 = 0.9616. The ANN-E improved the standalone models performance in the validation step up to 10%, 14%, 42%, 6%, 83%, 11%, 7%, 5%, 7% and 31% for Morocco, Sudan, Namibia, South Africa, Uganda, Rwanda, Nigeria, Senegal, Gabon and Cameroon, respectively. This study results offer a solid foundation in the application of ensemble approaches for predicting COVID-19 pandemic across all regions and countries in the world.

Temporal and Spatial Variations of Satellite-Based Aerosol Optical Depths, Angstrom Exponent, Single Scattering Albedo, and Ultraviolet-Aerosol Index over Five Polluted and Less-Polluted Cities of Northern India: Impact of Urbanization and Climate Change

It is widely acknowledged that factors such as population growth, urbanization's quick speed, economic growth, and industrialization all have a role in the atmosphere's rising aerosol concentration. In the current work, we assessed and discussed the findings of a thorough analysis of the temporal and spatial variations of satellite-based aerosol optical parameters such as Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Angstrom Exponent (AE), Single Scattering Albedo (SSA), and Ultraviolet-Aerosol Index (UV-AI), and their concentration have been investigated in this study over five polluted and less-polluted cities of northern India during the last decade 2011–2020. The temporal variation of aerosol optical parameters for AOD ranging from 0.2 to 1.8 with decadal mean 0.86 ± 0.36 for Patna region shows high value with a decadal increasing trend over the study area due to rise in aerosols combustion of fossil fuels, huge vehicles traffic, and biomass over the past ten years. The temporal variation of AE ranging from 0.3 to 1.8 with decadal mean 1.72 ± 0.11 for Agra region shows high value as compared to other study areas, which indicates a comparatively higher level of fine-mode aerosols at Agra. The temporal variation of SSA ranging from 0.8 to 0.9 with decadal mean 0.92 ± 0.02 for SSA shows no discernible decadal pattern at any of the locations. The temporal variation of UV-AI ranging from -1.01 to 2.36 with decadal mean 0.59 ± 0.06 for UV-AI demonstrates a rising tendency, with a noticeable rise in Ludhiana, which suggests relative dominance of absorbing dust aerosols over Ludhiana. Further, to understand the impact of emerging activities, analyses were done in seasonality. For this aerosol climatology was derived for different seasons, i.e., Winter, Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon, and Post-Monsoon. High aerosol was observed in Winter for the study areas Patna, Delhi, and Agra which indicated the particles major dominance of burning aerosol from biomass; and the worst in Monsoon and Post-Monsoon for the Tehri Garhwal and Ludhiana study areas which indicated most of the aerosol concentration is removed by rainfall. After that, we analyzed the correlation among all the parameters to better understand the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of aerosols over the selected region. The value of r for AOD (550 nm) for regions 2 and 1(0.80) shows a strong positive correlation and moderately positive for the regions 3 and 1 (0.64), mostly as a result of mineral dust carried from arid western regions. The value of r for AE (412/470 nm) for region 3 and (0.40) shows a moderately positive correlation, which is the resultant of the dominance of fine-mode aerosol and negative for the regions 5 and 1 (− 0.06). The value of r for SSA (500 nm) for regions 2 and 1 (0.63) shows a moderately positive correlation, which explains the rise in big aerosol particles, which scatters sun energy more efficiently, and the value of r for UV-AI for regions 1 and 2 shows a strong positive correlation (0.77) and moderately positive for the regions 3 and 1 (0.46) which indicates the absorbing aerosols present over the study region.

Did unprecedented air pollution levels cause spike in Delhi's COVID cases during second wave?

The onset of the second wave of COVID-19 devastated many countries worldwide. Compared with the first wave, the second wave was more aggressive regarding infections and deaths. Numerous studies were conducted on the association of air pollutants and meteorological parameters during the first wave of COVID-19. However, little is known about their associations during the severe second wave of COVID-19. The present study is based on the air quality in Delhi during the second wave. Pollutant concentrations decreased during the lockdown period compared to pre-lockdown period (PM_2.5: 67 µg m^-3 (lockdown) versus 81 µg m^-3 (pre-lockdown); PM₁₀: 171 µg m^-3 versus 235 µg m^-3; CO: 0.9 mg m^-3 versus 1.1 mg m^-3) except ozone which increased during the lockdown period (57 µg m^-3 versus 39 µg m^-3). The variation in pollutant concentrations revealed that PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and CO were higher during the pre-COVID-19 period, followed by the second wave lockdown and the lowest in the first wave lockdown. These variations are corroborated by the spatiotemporal variability of the pollutants mapped using ArcGIS. During the lockdown period, the pollutants and meteorological variables explained 85% and 52% variability in COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths (determined by General Linear Model). The results suggests that air pollution combined with meteorology acted as a driving force for the phenomenal growth of COVID-19 during the second wave. In addition to developing new drugs and vaccines, governments should focus on prediction models to better understand the effect of air pollution levels on COVID-19 cases. Policy and decision-makers can use the results from this study to implement the necessary guidelines for reducing air pollution. Also, the information presented here can help the public make informed decisions to improve the environment and human health significantly.

Assessment of air quality before and during the COVID-19 and its potential health impacts in an arid oasis city: Urumqi, China

As a key node city of the "Silk Road Economic Belt" Urumqi has been listed as one of the ten most polluted cities in the world, posing a serious threat to the urban environment and residents' health. This study analyzed the air quality before and during the COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic and its potential health effects based on the data of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, CO, and O₃_8h levels from 10 air quality monitoring stations in Urumqi from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2021. As per the results, the concentrations of the air pollutants PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, CO, and O₃_8h in Urumqi from 2017 to 2021 showed a cyclical trend, and the implementation of COVID-19 prevention and control measures could effectively reduce the concentration(ρ) of air pollutants. The mean value of ρ(PM_2.5) decreased from 2017 to 2021, whereas ρ(O₃_8h) showed a waveform change trend (increased in 2017-2018, decreased in 2018-2020, and increased after 2020). Meanwhile, the maximum annual average values of ρ(PM_2.5) and ρ(O₃_8h) for the six monitoring stations during 2017-2021 occurred at sites S2 (74.37 µg m^-3) and S6 (91.80 µg m^-3), respectively; rapid industrialization had a greater impact on PM_2.5 and O₃_8h concentrations compared to commercial and residential areas. In addition, the air quality index data series can characterize the fluctuation trend of PM_2.5. The high pollution levels (Class IV and V) of the air pollutants PM_2.5 and O₃_8h in Urumqi have been decreasing annually, and good days can account for 80-95% of the total number of days in the year, indicating that the number of days with a potential threat to residents' health is gradually decreasing. Therefore, more attention should be paid in controlling and managing air pollution in Urumqi.

Exposure and health: A progress update by evaluation and scientometric analysis

Several hands are now working worldwide to reduce exposure to air pollution, especially in developing nations. Future steps should be determined and classified as possible research solutions and gaps from the massive bulk of research output. Therefore, a scientometric approach has been applied using VOSviewer to show an accurate picture and trend in the mentioned area "Air pollution exposure and health," and its signify issues. According to the proposed study, complete 26,859 documents were retrieved from the database (ISI Web of Science) related to air pollution exposure and health effects during 2018-2022. The mapping analysis is been conducted on the country's collaboration, co-authorship, institutional collaboration, and co-occurrence of keywords. The data collected shows the information about published articles (upward trend) over the years. Based on the citations and publication database, countries like China and the USA play a prominent role in air pollution exposure and health-related research. The study clearly defines the 3 domains of research and 4 major themes that have been currently focused. The case studies related to pollution and its impact on climate and health, studies involving chemical characteristics and management practices, also Hazardous health effects, theme like association of air pollutants, chemical composition and characterization of aerosols, health impacts due to exposure and modelling and analytical approach have been the most researched topics in the past 5 years. The developing and developed countries might potentially change the research network and work structure in order to obtain advancement in the field of Air pollution and enhance measures on exposure and health. The following research attempts to provide insights to the researchers and health sectors by straightening out developments up to date and raveling the research gaps that are needed to be addressed regarding Air pollution health and exposure.