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Rees EM, Lotto Batista M, Kama M, Kucharski AJ, Lau CL, Lowe R. Quantifying the relationship between climatic indicators and leptospirosis incidence in Fiji: A modelling study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002400. [PMID: 37819894 PMCID: PMC10566718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, a global zoonotic disease, is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, including Fiji where it's endemic with year-round cases and sporadic outbreaks coinciding with heavy rainfall. However, the relationship between climate and leptospirosis has not yet been well characterised in the South Pacific. In this study, we quantify the effects of different climatic indicators on leptospirosis incidence in Fiji, using a time series of weekly case data between 2006 and 2017. We used a Bayesian hierarchical mixed-model framework to explore the impact of different precipitation, temperature, and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indicators on leptospirosis cases over a 12-year period. We found that total precipitation from the previous six weeks (lagged by one week) was the best precipitation indicator, with increased total precipitation leading to increased leptospirosis incidence (0.24 [95% CrI 0.15-0.33]). Negative values of the Niño 3.4 index (indicative of La Niña conditions) lagged by four weeks were associated with increased leptospirosis risk (-0.2 [95% CrI -0.29 --0.11]). Finally, minimum temperature (lagged by one week) when included with the other variables was positively associated with leptospirosis risk (0.15 [95% CrI 0.01-0.30]). We found that the final model was better able to capture the outbreak peaks compared with the baseline model (which included seasonal and inter-annual random effects), particularly in the Western and Northern division, with climate indicators improving predictions 58.1% of the time. This study identified key climatic factors influencing leptospirosis risk in Fiji. Combining these results with demographic and spatial factors can support a precision public health framework allowing for more effective public health preparedness and response which targets interventions to the right population, place, and time. This study further highlights the need for enhanced surveillance data and is a necessary first step towards the development of a climate-based early warning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Rees
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martín Lotto Batista
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Epidemiology Department, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Mike Kama
- Fiji Centre for Communicable Disease Control, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colleen L. Lau
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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Sohn-Hausner N, Kmetiuk LB, Biondo AW. One Health Approach to Leptospirosis: Human-Dog Seroprevalence Associated to Socioeconomic and Environmental Risk Factors in Brazil over a 20-Year Period (2001-2020). Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:356. [PMID: 37505652 PMCID: PMC10383893 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being considered a neglected, re-emerging and the most widespread zoonotic disease worldwide, human-dog leptospirosis has not been subjected to One Health approach, and neither were its socioeconomic and environmental risk factors, as well as concomitant spatial analysis over time. Accordingly, notified human leptospirosis cases, incidence rate and urban hotspot areas, in addition to a systematic review of dog leptospirosis cases, were performed nationwide from 2001 to 2020 in Brazil. Data on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), flooding and study areas were also assessed and tabulated. Human-dog leptospirosis cases were simultaneously mapped with overlapping flooding areas, along with the main circulant serovars. Comparative outcome has shown that dogs may be exposed similarly to humans, becoming important sentinels and/or reservoirs for human leptospirosis in larger geographic areas. Moreover, the study herein can help in the decision and implementation of public policies in Brazil and may serve as a model for other tropical countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Sohn-Hausner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil
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Motlogeloa O, Fitchett JM. Climate and human health: a review of publication trends in the International Journal of Biometeorology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023:10.1007/s00484-023-02466-8. [PMID: 37129619 PMCID: PMC10153057 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The climate-health nexus is well documented in the field of biometeorology. Since its inception, Biometeorology has in many ways become the umbrella under which much of this collaborative research has been conducted. Whilst a range of review papers have considered the development of biometeorological research and its coverage in this journal, and a few have reviewed the literature on specific diseases, none have focused on the sub-field of climate and health as a whole. Since its first issue in 1957, the International Journal of Biometeorology has published a total of 2183 papers that broadly consider human health and its relationship with climate. In this review, we identify a total of 180 (8.3%, n = 2183) of these papers that specifically focus on the intersection between meteorological variables and specific, named diagnosable diseases, and explore the publication trends thereof. The number of publications on climate and health in the journal increases considerably since 2011. The largest number of publications on the topic was in 2017 (18) followed by 2021 (17). Of the 180 studies conducted, respiratory diseases accounted for 37.2% of the publications, cardiovascular disease 17%, and cerebrovascular disease 11.1%. The literature on climate and health in the journal is dominated by studies from the global North, with a particular focus on Asia and Europe. Only 2.2% and 8.3% of these studies explore empirical evidence from the African continent and South America respectively. These findings highlight the importance of continued research on climate and human health, especially in low- and lower-middle-income countries, the populations of which are more vulnerable to climate-sensitive illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogone Motlogeloa
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jennifer M Fitchett
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Role of Brazilian bats in the epidemiological cycle of potentially zoonotic pathogens. Microb Pathog 2023; 177:106032. [PMID: 36804526 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Bats (Chiroptera) are flying mammals of great biodiversity and habits. These characteristics contribute for them being natural reservoirs and part of the epidemiological cycle of several potentially zoonotic pathogens, such as viruses, protozoa, fungi and bacteria. Brazil hosts approximately 15% of the world's bat diversity, with 181 distinct species, 68 genera and 9 families. About 60% of infectious diseases in humans are of zoonotic origin and, in the last decades, the detection of zoonotic pathogens in bats and their environment has been reported, such as Rabies virus (RABV) and Histoplasma capsulatum. Thus, the aim of this work was to review the reports of zoonotic pathogens associated with bats in Brazil in the past ten years. We reviewed the main pathogenic microorganisms described and the species of bats most frequently involved in the epidemiological cycles of these zoonotic agents. The obtained data show an upward trend in the detection of zoonotic pathogens in Brazilian bats, such as RABV, Bartonella sp., Histoplasma capsulatum and Leishmania spp., with emphasis on the bat species Artibeus lituratus, Carollia perspicillata, Desmodus rotundus and Molossus molossus. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring bat-associated microrganisms to early identify pathogens that may threaten bat populations, including potentially zoonotic microrganisms, emphasizing the importance of the One Health approach to prevent and mitigate the risks of the emergence of zoonotic diseases.
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Llop MJ, Gómez A, Llop P, López MS, Müller GV. Prediction of leptospirosis outbreaks by hydroclimatic covariates: a comparative study of statistical models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:2529-2540. [PMID: 36306013 PMCID: PMC9614762 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, the infectious disease caused by a spirochete bacteria, is a major public health problem worldwide. In Argentina, some regions have climatic and geographical characteristics that favor the habitat of bacteria of the Leptospira genus, whose survival strongly depends on climatic factors, enhanced by climate change, which increase the problems associated with people's health. In order to have a method to predict leptospirosis cases, in this paper, five time series forecasting methods are compared: two parametric (autoregressive integrated moving average and an alternative one that allows covariates, ARIMA and ARIMAX, respectively), two nonparametric (Nadaraya-Watson Kernel estimator, one and two kernels versions, NW-1 K and NW-2 K), and one semiparametric (semi-functional partial linear regression, SFPLR) method. For this, the number of cases of leptospirosis registered from 2009 to 2020 in three important cities of northeastern Argentina is used, as well as hydroclimatic covariates related to the presence of cases. According to the obtained results, there is no method that improves considerably the rest and can be recommended as a unique tool for leptospirosis prediction. However, in general, the NW-2 K method gets a better performance. This work, in addition to using a long-term high-quality time series, enriches the area of applications of statistical models to epidemiological leptospirosis data by the incorporation of hydroclimatic variables, and it is recommended directing further efforts in this line of research, under the context of current climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Llop
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Andrea Gómez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- CEVARCAM, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pamela Llop
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Soledad López
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- CEVARCAM, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriela V Müller
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- CEVARCAM, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
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Silva AEP, Latorre MDRDDO, Chiaravalloti Neto F, Conceição GMDS. Temporal trends in leptospirosis incidence and association with climatic and environmental factors in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2022; 27:849-860. [PMID: 35293463 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232022273.45982020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with epidemic potential, especially after heavy rainfall causing river, urban and flash floods. Certain features of Santa Catarina's coastal region influence these processes. Using negative binomial regression, we investigated trends in the incidence of leptospirosis in the six municipalities with the highest epidemic peaks between 2000 and 2015 and the climatic and environmental variables associated with the occurrence of the disease. Incidence was highest in 2008 and 2011, and peaks occurred in the same month or month after disasters. Incidence showed a strong seasonal trend, being higher in summer months. There was a decrease trend in incidence across the six municipalities (3.21% per year). The climatic and environmental factors that showed the strongest associations were number of rainy days, maximum temperature, presence of flash floods, and river flooding. The impact of these variables varied across the municipalities. Significant interactions were found, indicating that the effect of river flooding on incidence is not the same across all municipalities and differences in incidence between municipalities depend on the occurrence of river flooding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Pereira Silva
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715. 01246-904 São Paulo SP Brasil.
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Seroprevalence of Leptospira among Selected Mammals on a Wildlife Management Area in Louisiana, USA. J Wildl Dis 2021; 58:183-187. [PMID: 34699588 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
From August to December 2018, we collected blood samples from 98 individuals of 11 mammal species to examine seroprevalence of leptospirosis at the Sherburne Wildlife Management Area in central Louisiana, USA. Overall, 21.4% of individuals tested positive for antibodies of at least one Leptospira interrogans serovar and six individuals were reactive for two or more serovars. The most prevalent serovar we detected was serovar Bratislava (19.4%), followed by serovar Grippotyphosa (6.1%), serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and serovar Pomona (2.0%), and serovar Canicola and serovar Hardjo (1.0%). We detected the highest prevalence in fox squirrels (Sciurus niger), hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus), and feral swine (Sus scrofa), with serovar Bratislava being the most reactive for these three species. Positive samples returned titer results of 100-400 for all species and serovars, with the exception of one feral swine that returned a titer of 1,600 to serovar Bratislava, indicating an active infection. Although the potential effects of leptospirosis on our study species remains unclear, our data contribute information necessary to understand and manage potential risks of Leptospira exposure to wildlife, domestic animals, and humans.
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Costa ACTRB, Pereira CR, Sáfadi T, Heinemann MB, Dorneles EMS. Climate influence the human leptospirosis cases in Brazil, 2007-2019: a time series analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:124-132. [PMID: 34192338 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human leptospirosis is responsible for great losses and deaths, especially in developing countries, which can be mitigated by knowing the correct health indicators and climate influence on the disease. METHODS Leptospirosis cases and deaths, population and precipitation were recovered from different databases (2007-2019). Annual incidence, mortality and case fatality rates (CFRs) of human leptospirosis and average precipitation were calculated for Brazil and its regions. Time series analysis using an moving average with external variable (ARMAX) model was used to analyse the monthly contribution and precipitation influence over leptospirosis cases for each Brazilian region and for the whole country. A forecast model to predict cases for 2020 was created for Brazil. RESULTS Human leptospirosis exhibited heterogeneous distribution among Brazilian regions, with most cases occurring during the rainy season and precipitation influenced the disease occurrence in all regions but the South. The forecast model predicted 3276.99 cases for 2020 (mean absolute percentage error 14.680 and root mean square error 53.013). Considering the annual average for the period, the leptospirosis incidence was 1913 cases per 100 000 inhabitants, mortality was 0.168 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants and the CFR was 8.83%. CONCLUSIONS The models built can be useful for planning leptospirosis surveillance and control actions for the whole country and its regions and, together with the health indicators, revealed no uniform epidemiological situation of leptospirosis in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carine Rodrigues Pereira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thelma Sáfadi
- Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Galan DI, Roess AA, Pereira SVC, Schneider MC. Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in urban and rural areas of Brazil, 2000-2015. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247763. [PMID: 33661947 PMCID: PMC7932126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonosis in the world and Brazil has the highest number of cases in Latin America. Transmission occurs mainly through exposure to water and soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. The goals of this study are to describe the geographic distribution, demographic characteristics and exposure factors of urban and rural cases of leptospirosis, and identify spatial clusters in urban and rural areas of Brazil. Methods/results A retrospective epidemiological study was carried out using 16 years (2000–2015) of surveillance data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Cases were described by age, sex and race, and exposure factors were characterized in urban and rural areas. A spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted using local Moran’s I to identify urban and rural clusters of disease. On average 3,810 leptospirosis cases were reported annually with higher numbers in urban areas. National urban and rural incidence rates were the same (1.9 cases/100,000 population), however, regional differences were observed. Urban incidence rates were higher in the North and Northeast regions, while rural incidence rates were higher in the Southeast and South. The main exposure factor reported in urban and rural areas was exposure to places with signs of rodents, followed by flood in urban areas and agriculture and animal farming in rural areas. Clusters of leptospirosis were identified in densely populated urban areas of the North, Southeast and South regions, while rural clusters were concentrated in of the Southern region with large agriculture and animal farming practices. Conclusions This study highlights that leptospirosis is an important public health problem in both urban and rural areas of Brazil. The results provide decision-makers with detailed information about where disease incidence is high and can be used in the development of prevention and control strategies for priority areas and risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise I. Galan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amira A. Roess
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Maria Cristina Schneider
- Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Institute of Studies in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gutierrez JD. Effects of meteorological factors on human leptospirosis in Colombia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:257-263. [PMID: 33037904 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-02028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a disease usually acquired by humans through water contaminated with the urine of rodents that comes into direct contact with the cutaneous lesions, eyes, or mucous membranes. The disease has an important environmental component associated with climatic conditions and natural disasters, such as floods. We analyzed the relationship between rainfall and temperature and the incidence of leptospirosis in the top 30 municipalities with the highest numbers of cases of the disease in the period of 2007 to 2016. It was an ecological study of the time series of cases of leptospirosis, rainfall, and temperature with lags of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. A multilevel negative binomial regression model was implemented to evaluate the relationship between leptospirosis and both meteorological factors. In the 30 evaluated municipalities during the study period, a total of 5136 cases of leptospirosis were reported. According to the implemented statistical model, there was a positive association between the incidence of leptospirosis and rainfall with a lag of 1 week and a negative association with temperature with a lag of 4 weeks. Our results show the importance of short-term lags in rainfall and temperature for the occurrence of new cases of leptospirosis in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Gutierrez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Grupo Ambiental de Investigación Aplicada-GAIA, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
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Leptospiral Culture without 5'-Fluorouracil Revealed Improved Leptospira Isolation from Febrile Patients in North-Eastern Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041307. [PMID: 32085530 PMCID: PMC7068603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Isolation of Leptospira by culture represents a definitive growth and confirmation of the disease, yet it is hampered with its nature of slow growth. With slight modification of culture method, the study aims to isolate and characterize Leptospira spp. from patients with acute febrile illness. Methods: A total of 109 blood samples were collected from patients with acute febrile illness that presented at the Emergency Department of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. Clinical samples were subjected to Leptospira IgM Rapid test, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), isolation by culture method, and direct real-time PCR test. For leptospiral isolation, the samples (whole blood and deposit from spun plasma) were cultured into modified Ellinghausen McCullough Johnson Harris (EMJH) media with and without 5’-fluorouracil (5-FU). In every culture positive sample, partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed for molecular identification of the isolates. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out to determine the genetic relatedness among the isolates. An inhibition of 5-FU study was performed on Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola with different concentrations to compare the growth detection of the tested Leptospira with or without 5-FU within 7 days of incubation. Results: Leptospirosis was diagnosed in 14.7% of patients with acute febrile illness. Two Leptospira spp. (n = 2/109, 1.85%) were successfully isolated from whole blood and deposit from spun plasma samples. B004 and B208 samples were positive at day 11 and day 7, respectively, in EMJH media without addition of 5-FU. Sample B004 was identified as Leptospira interrogans and B208 as Leptospira weilli. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that both of them were within pathogenic group and they were not related. The 5-FU inhibition study revealed that additional of 5-FU at final concentration of 200 µg/mL to EMJH media demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the growth of the tested strain Conclusion: Isolation of Leptospira spp. using EMJH media without addition of 5’-fluorouracil resulted in a better outcome. Two pathogenic Leptospira isolates were successfully cultivated from patients with acute febrile illness that were genetically not related.
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Dhewantara PW, Hu W, Zhang W, Yin WW, Ding F, Mamun AA, Soares Magalhães RJ. Climate variability, satellite-derived physical environmental data and human leptospirosis: A retrospective ecological study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108523. [PMID: 31203048 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past three decades, the incidence rate of notified leptospirosis cases in China have steeply declined and are now circumscribed to discrete areas in the country. Previous research showed that climate and environmental variation may play an important role in leptospirosis transmission. However, quantitative associations between climate, environmental factors and leptospirosis in the high-risk areas in China, is still poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To quantify the temporal effects of climate and remotely-sensed physical environmental factors on human leptospirosis in the high-risk counties in China. METHODS Time series seasonal decomposition was performed to explore the seasonality pattern of leptospirosis incidence in Mengla County, Yunnan and Yilong County, Sichuan for the period 2006-2016. Time series cross-correlation analysis was carried out to examine lagged effects of rainfall, relative humidity, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) and land surface temperature (LST) on leptospirosis. The associations of climatic and physical environment factors with leptospirosis in each county were assessed by using a generalized linear regression model with negative binomial link, adjusted by seasonal components. RESULTS Leptospirosis incidence in both counties showed strong and unique annual seasonality. Our results show that in Mengla County leptospirosis notifications exhibits a bi-modal temporal pattern while in Yilong County it follows a typical single epidemic curve. After adjusting for seasonality, the final best-fitting model for Mengla County indicated that leptospirosis notifications were significantly associated with present LST values (incidence rate ratio, IRR = 0.857, 95% confidence interval (CI):0.729-0.929) and rainfall at a lag of 6-months (IRR = 0.989; 95% CI: 0.985-0.993). The incidence of leptospirosis in Yilong was associated with rainfall at 1-month lag (IRR = 1.013, 95% CI: 1.003-1.023), LST (3-months lag) (IRR = 1.193, 95% CI: 1.095-1.301), and MNDWI (5-months lag) (IRR = 7.960, 95% CI: 1.241-47.66). CONCLUSIONS Our study identified lagged effects between leptospirosis incidence and climate and remotely-sensed environmental factors in the two most endemic counties in China. Rainfall in combination with satellite derived physical environment factors provided better insight of the local epidemiology as well as good predictors for leptospirosis outbreak in both counties. This would also be an avenue for the development of leptospirosis early warning systems to support leptospirosis control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandji Wibawa Dhewantara
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia; Pangandaran Unit of Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health of Indonesia, West Java, 46396, Indonesia.
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Wu Yin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fan Ding
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, 4068, Australia.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia; Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.
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Zhao Q, Li S, Coelho MSZS, Saldiva PHN, Hu K, Abramson MJ, Huxley RR, Guo Y. Assessment of Intraseasonal Variation in Hospitalization Associated With Heat Exposure in Brazil. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e187901. [PMID: 30735233 PMCID: PMC6484586 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.7901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The onset of the hot season is known to be adversely associated with a range of health outcomes. However, little is known about whether the association is constant over the course of the hot season. OBJECTIVE To quantify the change in the association between heat exposure and hospitalization from the early to late hot season in the Brazilian population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This time-stratified case-crossover study used daily data on hospitalization and weather conditions during the 2000 to 2015 hot seasons in 1814 Brazilian cities. There were 49 145 997 admissions during the study period. Data analysis was conducted between May 12, 2018, and July 2, 2018. EXPOSURES Increase in daily mean temperature. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Daily hospitalizations were recorded. Conditional quasi-Poisson regression with time-varying constrained distributed lag model was used to examine the city-specific association between heat and hospitalization in the early or late hot season. City-specific estimates were then pooled at the national level using random-effect meta-analysis. Stratified analyses were conducted by 5 regions, sex, 10 age groups, and 7 cause-specific categories. RESULTS Of the 49 145 997 admissions (59% women), the median (interquartile range) age was 33.3 (19.8-55.7) years. At the national level, the risk of hospitalization increased by 4.6% (95% CI, 4.3%-4.9%) and 2.3% (95% CI, 1.9%-2.6%) for every 5°C increase in daily mean temperature in the early and late hot season, respectively. Exposure to early heat was associated with greater risk of hospitalization for residents in the northeast (6.4%; 95% CI, 5.5%-7.3%) and central west (7.1%; 95% CI, 6.1%-8.2%) compared with other regions. Children aged 0 to 9 years and elderly individuals (aged ≥80 years) were most susceptible. Admissions due to endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases were most strongly associated with heat exposure. There was an attenuation in the heat-associated risk of hospitalization from the early to late hot season for all subgroups except young children and patients with hospitalization caused by respiratory illness. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, the association between heat exposure and hospitalization attenuated temporally for most of the Brazilian population. Preventive strategies to mitigate the association of high temperature with population health should focus in particular on the first few days of heat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Kejia Hu
- Institute of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Michael J. Abramson
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel R. Huxley
- College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Zhao Q, Li S, Coelho MSZS, Saldiva PHN, Hu K, Huxley RR, Abramson MJ, Guo Y. The association between heatwaves and risk of hospitalization in Brazil: A nationwide time series study between 2000 and 2015. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002753. [PMID: 30794537 PMCID: PMC6386221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To our knowledge, no study has assessed the association between heatwaves and risk of hospitalization and how it may change over time in Brazil. We quantified the heatwave-hospitalization association in Brazil during 2000-2015. METHODS AND FINDINGS Daily data on hospitalization and temperature were collected from 1,814 cities (>78% of the national population) in the hottest five consecutive months during 2000-2015. Twelve types of heatwaves were defined with daily mean temperatures of ≥90th, 92.5th, 95th, or 97.5th percentiles of year-round temperature and durations of ≥2, 3, or 4 consecutive days. The city-specific association was estimated using a quasi-Poisson regression with constrained distributed lag model and then pooled at the national level using random-effect meta-analysis. Stratified analyses were performed by five regions, sex, 10 age groups, and nine cause categories. The temporal change in the heatwave-hospitalization association was assessed using a time-varying constrained distributed lag model. Of the 58,400,682 hospitalizations (59% women), 24%, 34%, 21%, and 19% of cases were aged <20, 20-39, 40-59, and ≥60 years, respectively. The city-specific year-round daily mean temperatures were 23.5 ± 2.8 °C on average, varying from 26.8 ± 1.8 °C for the 90th percentile to 28.0 ± 1.6 °C for the 97.5th percentile. We observed that the risk of hospitalization was most pronounced for heatwaves characterized by high daily temperatures and long durations across Brazil, except for the minimal association in the north (the hottest region). After controlling for temperature, the association remained for severe heatwaves in the south and southeast (cold regions). Children 0-9 years, the elderly ≥70 years, and admissions for perinatal conditions were most strongly associated with heatwaves. Over the study period, the strength of the heatwave-hospitalization association declined substantially in the south, while an apparent increase was observed in the southeast. The main limitations of this study included the lack of data on individual temperature exposure and measured air pollution. CONCLUSIONS There are geographic, demographic, cause-specific, and temporal variations in the heatwave-hospitalization associations across the Brazilian population. Considering the projected increase in frequency, duration, and intensity of heatwaves, future strategies should be developed, such as building early warning systems, to reduce the health risk associated with heatwaves in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail: (SL); (YG)
| | | | | | - Kejia Hu
- Institute of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Rachel R. Huxley
- College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael J. Abramson
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail: (SL); (YG)
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15
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Dhewantara PW, Lau CL, Allan KJ, Hu W, Zhang W, Mamun AA, Soares Magalhães RJ. Spatial epidemiological approaches to inform leptospirosis surveillance and control: A systematic review and critical appraisal of methods. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:185-206. [PMID: 30593736 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease that the transmission is driven by complex geographical and temporal variation in demographics, animal hosts and socioecological factors. This results in complex challenges for the identification of high-risk areas. Spatial and temporal epidemiological tools could be used to support leptospirosis control programs, but the adequacy of its application has not been evaluated. We searched literature in six databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, SciELO and Zoological Record to systematically review and critically assess the use of spatial and temporal analytical tools for leptospirosis and to provide general framework for its application in future studies. We reviewed 115 articles published between 1930 and October 2018 from 41 different countries. Of these, 65 (56.52%) articles were on human leptospirosis, 39 (33.91%) on animal leptospirosis and 11 (9.5%) used data from both human and animal leptospirosis. Spatial analytical (n = 106) tools were used to describe the distribution of incidence/prevalence at various geographical scales (96.5%) and to explored spatial patterns to detect clustering and hot spots (33%). A total of 51 studies modelled the relationships of various variables on the risk of human (n = 31), animal (n = 17) and both human and animal infection (n = 3). Among those modelling studies, few studies had generated spatially structured models and predictive maps of human (n = 2/31) and animal leptospirosis (n = 1/17). In addition, nine studies applied time-series analytical tools to predict leptospirosis incidence. Spatial and temporal analytical tools have been greatly utilized to improve our understanding on leptospirosis epidemiology. Yet the quality of the epidemiological data, the selection of covariates and spatial analytical techniques should be carefully considered in future studies to improve usefulness of evidence as tools to support leptospirosis control. A general framework for the application of spatial analytical tools for leptospirosis was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandji W Dhewantara
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Pangandaran Unit for Health Research and Development, National Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Pangandaran, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Allan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Center for Disease Surveillance and Research, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Ghizzo Filho J, Nazário NO, Freitas PF, Pinto GDA, Schlindwein AD. Temporal analysis of the relationship between leptospirosis, rainfall levels and seasonality, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2005-2015. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e39. [PMID: 30066807 PMCID: PMC6069269 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study is to analyze the temporal trend of leptospirosis
incidence, according to rainfall levels in Santa Catarina, according to
seasonality, from 2005 to 2015. This is an ecological study of time series, with
date of leptospirosis, rainfall levels and population. The incidence rates of
leptospirosis, relative excess of incidence, Pearson's correlation coefficient
(r) and an angular coefficient (β) were analyzed from the linear regression
adjustment, with a 5% significance level. Distribution of leptospirosis cases,
rainfall levels and cases reason/rainfall levels, stratified by month of
occurrence were presented. There were 5,274 cases of leptospirosis, with the
monthly average being 439 cases, ranging from 211 in September to 770 in
January. The mean rate of leptospirosis was 7.03 per 100,000 habitants. The
average rainfall level was 158.68 mm, with the lowest levels occurring in
August, average of 124.9 mm, and the highest in January average of 213.20 mm.
The positive correlation between leptospirosis rates and rainfall levels, during
the period from January to December (r = 0.68, p = 0.023), indicates a positive
temporal association between the amount of rainfall and the cases of the
disease. The disease occurred all year round and presented a distinct
seasonality from October to March.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ghizzo Filho
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Curso de Medicina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nazaré Otília Nazário
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Curso de Medicina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Fontoura Freitas
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Curso de Medicina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Daiane Schlindwein
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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17
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Sohail ML, Khan MS, Ijaz M, Naseer O, Fatima Z, Ahmad AS, Ahmad W. Seroprevalence and risk factor analysis of human leptospirosis in distinct climatic regions of Pakistan. Acta Trop 2018; 181:79-83. [PMID: 29407239 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide emerging infectious disease of zoonotic importance and large epidemics and epizootics have been reported all over the globe. A cross survey study was conducted to estimate seroprevalence of human leptospirosis in climatically distinct regions of Pakistan and to identify the risk factors associated with the disease. Blood samples from 360 humans were collected through convenient sampling, 120 from each of three study areas. Serological testing was performed using ELISA kit as per manufacturer's recommendations. The results showed an overall prevalence of 40.83% (95% CI; 35.71-46.11). Statistical analysis showed significant (P < .05) differences in leptospiral seroprevalence in three different geographic locations, with highest in humid sub-tropical climatic region (50.83%; 95% CI; 41.55-60.07), followed by semi-arid region (44.16%; 95% CI; 35.11-53.52) and lowest in hot and dry region (27.50%; 95% CI; 19.75-36.40). After multivariate analysis age, gender, exposure to flooding water, source of water usage, disinfection schedule of surroundings and history of cut and wound were found significantly associated with the seropositivity of Leptospira. The present study, first to uncover seroprevalence of human Leptospira in different climatic regions of Pakistan, alarms about effect of climate on prevalence of Leptospira in the region.
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18
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Jorge S, Schuch RA, de Oliveira NR, da Cunha CEP, Gomes CK, Oliveira TL, Rizzi C, Qadan AF, Pacce VD, Coelho Recuero AL, Soares Brod C, Dellagostin OA. Human and animal leptospirosis in Southern Brazil: A five-year retrospective study. Travel Med Infect Dis 2017; 18:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Erickson T. Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Mesoamerica: Historical Perspectives on One Health Transmission. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-017-0109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Sohail ML, Khan MS, Avais M, Zahoor MY, Ijaz M, Ullah A, Fatima Z, Naseer O, Khattak I, Ali S. Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in Horses of Distinct Climatic Regions of Punjab, Pakistan. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread emerging bacterial zoonosis. As the transmission is believed to be predominantly waterborne, human incidence is expected to increase in conjunction with global climate change and associated extreme weather events. Providing more accurate predictions of human leptospirosis requires more detailed information on animal reservoirs that are the source of human infection. We evaluated the prevalence of Leptospira in vertebrates worldwide and its association with taxonomy, geographic region, host biology, ambient temperature, and precipitation patterns. A multivariate regression analysis with a meta-analysis-like approach was used to analyze compiled data extracted from 300 Leptospira-related peer reviewed papers. A fairly uniform Leptospira infection prevalence of about 15% was found in the majority of mammalian families. Higher prevalence was frequently associated with species occupying urban habitats, and this may explain why climatic factors were not significantly correlated with prevalence as consistently as expected. Across different approaches of the multiple regression analyses, the variables most frequently correlated with Leptospira infection prevalence were the host's ability to swim, minimum ambient temperature, and methodologic quality of the study. Prevalence in carnivores was not associated with any climatic variable, and the importance of environmental risk factors were indicated to be of lesser consequence in nonhuman mammals. The dataset is made available for further analysis.
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22
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Weinberger D, Baroux N, Grangeon JP, Ko AI, Goarant C. El Niño Southern Oscillation and leptospirosis outbreaks in New Caledonia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2798. [PMID: 24743322 PMCID: PMC3990495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important cause of seasonal outbreaks in New Caledonia and the tropics. Using time series derived from high-quality laboratory-based surveillance from 2000-2012, we evaluated whether climatic factors, including El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and meteorological conditions allow for the prediction of leptospirosis outbreaks in New Caledonia. We found that La Niña periods are associated with high rainfall, and both of these factors were in turn, temporally associated with outbreaks of leptospirosis. The sea surface temperature in El Niño Box 4 allowed forecasting of leptospirosis outbreaks four months into the future, a time lag allowing public health authorities to increase preparedness. To our knowledge, our observations in New Caledonia are the first demonstration that ENSO has a strong association with leptospirosis. This association should be tested in other regions in the South Pacific, Asia or Latin America where ENSO may drive climate variability and the risk for leptospirosis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weinberger
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Noémie Baroux
- Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur International Network, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Jean-Paul Grangeon
- Direction des Affaires Sanitaires et Sociales de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cyrille Goarant
- Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur International Network, Noumea, New Caledonia
- * E-mail:
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23
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Desvars A, Michault A, Bourhy P. Leptospirosis in the western Indian Ocean islands: what is known so far? Vet Res 2013; 44:80. [PMID: 24016311 PMCID: PMC3852700 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, leptospirosis has emerged as a major zoonosis with a worldwide distribution. The disease is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The western Indian Ocean includes more than one hundred tropical or subequatorial islands where leptospirosis constitutes a major public health problem. The clinical signs of the human disease are generally similar to an influenza-like syndrome, but acute forms of the disease are reported and mortality remains significant in this region. In animals, clinical forms are mainly asymptomatic but leptospirosis reduces the fertility of livestock, resulting in economic losses. The data available about human and animal leptospirosis in the western Indian Ocean islands are diverse: human leptospirosis has been extensively studied in Reunion Island, Mayotte, and the Seychelles, whereas the human clinical disease has never been described in Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius, or Rodrigues, mainly because of the deficiency in appropriate medical and diagnostic structures. The rat is recognized as the major reservoir host for the bacteria on all islands, but recent data from Reunion Island indicates that almost all mammals can be a source of contamination. The incidence of leptospirosis in humans is highly seasonal, and linked to the rainy season, which is favorable for the environmental maintenance and transmission of the bacteria. The epidemiology of leptospirosis is fully island-dependent, related to the number of mammalian species, the origins of the introduced mammalian species, the relationships between humans and fauna, and environmental as well as cultural and socio-economic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Desvars
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Spirochètes, Centre National de Référence de la Leptospirose, Paris, France.
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24
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Miyazato KE, Fonseca ALA, Caputto LZ, Rocha KC, Azzalis LA, Junqueira VBC, Pereira EC, Chaves LC, Feder D, Corazzini R, De Abreu LC, Valenti VE, Batista Lacerda SN, Goulart FC, Fonseca FLA. Incidence of Leptospirosis infection in the East Zone of Sao Paulo City, Brazil. Int Arch Med 2013; 6:23. [PMID: 23672682 PMCID: PMC3682875 DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a zoonosis which is spread through contamined running water. This contaminations is seriously affected by the flooding which occurs in the area surrounding the Aricanduva river. The transmission of the disease results mainly from the contact of water with soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. We aimed to conduct an epidemiological survey on Leptospirosis cases in Sao Paulo East Zone area. METHOD The analysis conducted in this study was based on data collected from the health authorities of that region close the Aricanduva river between 2007 and 2008 years, which give the rates of confirmed cases, mortality and death from human Leptospirosis. Other information concerned with the relationships among rainfall index, points of flooding and incidence of Leptospirosis. RESULTS We observed a direct and important water contamination. Records of flooding points and dates of the reported cases in the region showed a direct relationship from which the period of higher rainfall also recorded an increase in cases. The annual record of the city and the region and rainfall regions also presented correlation. CONCLUSION The association between the indices of flooding and Leptospirosis cases indicates that preventive measures are necessary to avoid exposing the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Eiko Miyazato
- IPESSP (Instituto Paulista de Ensino em Saúde de São Paulo), Alameda Franca, 1604, São Paulo, SP, 01422-001, Brazil
| | - Alexandre LA Fonseca
- IPESSP (Instituto Paulista de Ensino em Saúde de São Paulo), Alameda Franca, 1604, São Paulo, SP, 01422-001, Brazil
| | - Luciana Z Caputto
- IPESSP (Instituto Paulista de Ensino em Saúde de São Paulo), Alameda Franca, 1604, São Paulo, SP, 01422-001, Brazil
| | - Katya C Rocha
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, Santo André, SP, 09060-650, Brazil
| | - Ligia A Azzalis
- Instituto de Ciências Químicas, Ambientais e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Virginia BC Junqueira
- Instituto de Ciências Químicas, Ambientais e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Edimar C Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Químicas, Ambientais e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Loide C Chaves
- Departamento de Enfermagem, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, Santo André, SP, 09060-650, Brazil
| | - David Feder
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, Santo André, SP 09060-650, Brazil
| | - Roseli Corazzini
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, Santo André, SP 09060-650, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos De Abreu
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, Santo André, SP 09060-650, Brazil
| | - Vitor E Valenti
- Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Av. Hygino Muzzi Filho, 737, Marília, SP, 17.525-900, Brazil
| | - Sheylla Nadjane Batista Lacerda
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, Santo André, SP, 09060-650, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, Santo André, SP 09060-650, Brazil
| | - Flávia C Goulart
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, Santo André, SP 09060-650, Brazil
| | - Fernando LA Fonseca
- Instituto de Ciências Químicas, Ambientais e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, Santo André, SP 09060-650, Brazil
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