1
|
Wang J, Du L, Chen X. Oncolytic virus: A catalyst for the treatment of gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1017692. [PMID: 36505792 PMCID: PMC9731121 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1017692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading contributor to global cancer incidence and mortality. According to the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of incidence and mortality for 36 cancers in 185 countries produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), GC ranks fifth and fourth, respectively, and seriously threatens the survival and health of people all over the world. Therefore, how to effectively treat GC has become an urgent problem for medical personnel and scientific workers at this stage. Due to the unobvious early symptoms and the influence of some adverse factors such as tumor heterogeneity and low immunogenicity, patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) cannot benefit significantly from treatments such as radical surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. As an emerging cancer immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapies (OVTs) can not only selectively lyse cancer cells, but also induce a systemic antitumor immune response. This unique ability to turn unresponsive 'cold' tumors into responsive 'hot' tumors gives them great potential in GC therapy. This review integrates most experimental studies and clinical trials of various oncolytic viruses (OVs) in the diagnosis and treatment of GC. It also exhaustively introduces the concrete mechanism of invading GC cells and the viral genome composition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). At the end of the article, some prospects are put forward to determine the developmental directions of OVTs for GC in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wang
- School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linyong Du
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Xiangjian Chen, ; Linyong Du,
| | - Xiangjian Chen
- School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Xiangjian Chen, ; Linyong Du,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fan Z, Yu B, Pan T, Li F, Li J, Hou J, Liu W, Su L, Zhu Z, Yan C, Liu B. DKK1 as a robust predictor for adjuvant platinum chemotherapy benefit in resectable pStage II-III gastric cancer. Transl Oncol 2022; 27:101577. [PMID: 36332599 PMCID: PMC9636483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) with 5-FU alone or 5-FU plus platinum after curative surgery improves the prognosis of pStage II-III gastric cancer (GC). However, only a subset of patients benefits from adjuvant platinum. To avoid the side effects of platinum, it is significant to accurately screen the patients who would benefit maximally with this treatment. The present study aimed to assess the value of DKK1 in predicting the benefit of adjuvant platinum chemotherapy in patients with pStage II -III GC. METHODS Platinum sensitivity-related genes were screened by bioinformatics. DKK1 expression in 380 GC specimens was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, and the correlation with adjuvant platinum-specific benefits were analyzed. RESULTS DKK1 was screened as the most significant platinum sensitivity-related gene. In patients with DKK1high GC, the estimated absolute 5-year overall survival (OS) benefits from adjuvant platinum for pStage II-III, II, IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC were 25.5%, 17.3%, 36.4%, 29.2% and 31.1%, respectively, and the estimated absolute 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) benefits in the corresponding stages were 27.4%, 17.5%, 36.7%, 29.7% and 31.5%, respectively. These benefits were significantly higher than those in the same TNM stage without adjusting for DKK1 status. The performance of DKK1 was independent of the TNM stage and other clinicopathological variables. Similar results were obtained in the TCGA and ACRG cohorts. Furthermore, nomograms were constructed to predict the survival benefits in DKK1 subgroups. CONCLUSIONS The stratification strategy based on DKK1 status is more precise than the TNM staging system for the selection of pStage II-III GC patients suitable for platinum-containing ACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China,Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Beiqin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Junyi Hou
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liping Su
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Bingya Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China,Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rao X, Zhang C, Luo H, Zhang J, Zhuang Z, Liang Z, Wu X. Targeting Gastric Cancer Stem Cells to Enhance Treatment Response. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182828. [PMID: 36139403 PMCID: PMC9496718 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) was the fourth deadliest cancer in the world in 2020, and about 770,000 people died from GC that year. The death of patients with GC is mainly caused by the metastasis, recurrence, and chemotherapy resistance of GC cells. The cancer stem cell theory defines cancer stem cells (CSCs) as a key factor in the metastasis, recurrence, and chemotherapy resistance of cancer. It considers targeting gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs) to be an effective method for the treatment of GC. For GCSCs, genes or noncoding RNAs are important regulatory factors. Many experimental studies have found that some drugs can target the stemness of gastric cancer by regulating these genes or noncoding RNAs, which may bring new directions for the clinical treatment of gastric cancer. Therefore, this review mainly discusses related genes or noncoding RNAs in GCSCs and drugs that target its stemness, thereby providing some information for the treatment of GC.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang L, Chen J, Zuo Q, Wu C, Yu T, Zheng P, Huang H, Deng J, Fang L, Liu H, Li C, Yu P, Zou Q, Zheng J. Calreticulin enhances gastric cancer metastasis by dimethylating H3K9 in the E-cadherin promoter region mediating by G9a. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:29. [PMID: 35641480 PMCID: PMC9156786 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The latest study shows that gastric cancer (GC) ranked the fifth most common cancer (5.6%) with over 1 million estimated new cases annually and the fourth most common cause of cancer death (7.7%) globally in 2020. Metastasis is the leading cause of GC treatment failure. Therefore, clarifying the regulatory mechanisms for GC metastatic process is necessary. In the current study, we discovered that calreticulin (CALR) was highly expressed in GC tissues and related to lymph node metastasis and patient’s terrible prognosis. The introduction of CALR dramatically promoted GC cell migration in vitro and in vivo, while the repression of CALR got the opposite effects. Cell migration is a functional consequence of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and is related to adhesion of cells. Additionally, we observed that CALR inhibition or overexpression regulated the expression of EMT markers (E-cadherin, ZO-1, Snail, N-cadherin, and ZEB1) and cellular adhesive moleculars (Fibronectin, integrin β1and MMP2). Mechanistically, our data indicated that CALR could mediate DNA methylation of E-cadherin promoter by interacting with G9a, a major euchromatin methyltransferase responsible for methylation of histone H3 on lysine 9(H3K9me2) and recruiting G9a to the E-cadherin promoter. Knockdown of G9a in CALR overexpressing models restored E-cadherin expression and blocked the stimulatory effects of CALR on GC cell migration. Taken together, these findings not only reveal critical roles of CALR medicated GC metastasis but also provide novel treatment strategies for GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianfei Zuo
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunmei Wu
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Zheng
- Department of medicinal chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Lichao Fang
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Huamin Liu
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenghong Li
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Peiwu Yu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China.
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China.
| | - Junsong Zheng
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, 400038, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang Y, Meng WJ, Wang ZQ. Cancer Stem Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:803974. [PMID: 35047411 PMCID: PMC8761735 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.803974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) might be responsible for tumor initiation, relapse, metastasis and treatment resistance of GC. The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises tumor cells, immune cells, stromal cells and other extracellular components, which plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and therapy resistance. The properties of CSCs are regulated by cells and extracellular matrix components of the TME in some unique manners. This review will summarize current literature regarding the effects of CSCs and TME on the progression and therapy resistance of GC, while emphasizing the potential for developing successful anti-tumor therapy based on targeting the TME and CSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen-Jian Meng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li MM, Yuan J, Guan XY, Ma NF, Liu M. Molecular subclassification of gastrointestinal cancers based on cancer stem cell traits. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:53. [PMID: 34774101 PMCID: PMC8590337 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gastrointestinal malignancies are highly heterogeneous cancers. Clinically, heterogeneity largely contributes to tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Heterogeneity within gastrointestinal cancers is defined by molecular subtypes in genomic and transcriptomic analyses. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been demonstrated to be a major source of tumor heterogeneity; therefore, assessing tumor heterogeneity by CSC trait-guided classification of gastrointestinal cancers is essential for the development of effective therapies. CSCs share critical features with embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Molecular investigations have revealed that embryonic genes and developmental signaling pathways regulating the properties of ESCs or cell lineage differentiation are abnormally active and might be oncofetal drivers in certain tumor subtypes. Currently, multiple strategies allow comprehensive identification of tumor subtype-specific oncofetal signatures and evaluation of subtype-specific therapies. In this review, we summarize current knowledge concerning the molecular classification of gastrointestinal malignancies based on CSC features and elucidate their clinical relevance. We also outline strategies for molecular subtype identification and subtype-based therapies. Finally, we explore how clinical implementation of tumor classification by CSC subtype might facilitate the development of more effective personalized therapies for gastrointestinal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Mei Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning-Fang Ma
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China. .,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao Y, Liu Z, Li L, Wu J, Zhang H, Zhang H, Lei T, Xu B. Oncolytic Adenovirus: Prospects for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:707290. [PMID: 34367111 PMCID: PMC8334181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has moved to the forefront of modern oncologic treatment in the past few decades. Various forms of immunotherapy currently are emerging, including oncolytic viruses. In this therapy, viruses are engineered to selectively propagate in tumor cells and reduce toxicity for non-neoplastic tissues. Adenovirus is one of the most frequently employed oncolytic viruses because of its capacity in tumor cell lysis and immune response stimulation. Upregulation of immunostimulatory signals induced by oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) might significantly remove local immune suppression and amplify antitumor immune responses. Existing genetic engineering technology allows us to design OAds with increasingly better tumor tropism, selectivity, and antitumor efficacy. Several promising strategies to modify the genome of OAds have been applied: capsid modifications, small deletions in the pivotal viral genes, insertion of tumor-specific promoters, and addition of immunostimulatory transgenes. OAds armed with tumor-associated antigen (TAA) transgenes as cancer vaccines provide additional therapeutic strategies to trigger tumor-specific immunity. Furthermore, the combination of OAds and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) increases clinical benefit as evidence shown in completed and ongoing clinical trials, especially in the combination of OAds with antiprogrammed death 1/programed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) therapy. Despite remarkable antitumor potency, oncolytic adenovirus immunotherapy is confronted with tough challenges such as antiviral immune response and obstruction of tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we focus on genomic modification strategies of oncolytic adenoviruses and applications of OAds in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheming Liu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huibo Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haohan Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyu Lei
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo Z, Zhou K, Wang Q, Huang Y, Ji J, Peng Y, Zhang X, Zheng T, Zhang Z, Chong D, Yang Z. The transcription factor RUNX2 fuels YAP1 signaling and gastric cancer tumorigenesis. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3533-3544. [PMID: 34160112 PMCID: PMC8409423 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts in the detection and treatment of gastric cancer (GC), the underlying mechanism of the progression of GC remains unknown. Our previous work has demonstrated the remarkable role of Runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), in fueling the invasion and metastasis of GC. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of RUNX2 in tumorigenesis of GC. We assessed Runx2 expression and its clinical significance via bioinformatic analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. Roles for Runx2 in self‐renewal and tumorigenesis were examined in vitro and in vivo. Further bioinformatic analysis was applied to study the mechanism of GC progression. We found that Runx2 was highly expressed in the early stage of GC and positively correlated with a poor clinical outcome of patients. Runx2 was also significantly correlated with clinicopathological features, such as Hp infection, new neoplastic events, primary therapeutic outcome, ethnicity, race, and tumor stage. Multivariate analysis revealed that together with Runx2, age, cancer status, M stage, and T stage were independent prognostic factors for the outcome of GC patients. RUNX2 overexpression induced increased anchorage‐independent colony formation, sphere formation, and tumorigenesis in GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, bioinformatic analysis indicated that yes1 associated transcriptional regulator (YAP1) might be a downstream target of RUNX2. Specific knockdown of YAP1 reduced the tumor‐initiating ability of GC cells induced by ectopic Runx2 expression. Our findings support the hypothesis that RUNX2 exerts oncogenic properties via YAP1 regulation, highlighting essential roles for RUNX2 and YAP1 in gastric carcinogenesis and suggesting potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Guo
- Department of Cancer Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Pathology Department, Navy 971 Hospital of PLA, Qindao, China
| | - Yusheng Huang
- Department of Cancer Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Cancer Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Department of Cancer Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Taihao Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Daochen Chong
- Pathology Department, Navy 971 Hospital of PLA, Qindao, China
| | - Zhenzhou Yang
- Department of Cancer Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khakbaz P, Panahizadeh R, Vatankhah MA, Najafzadeh N. Allicin Reduces 5-fluorouracil-resistance in Gastric Cancer Cells through Modulating MDR1, DKK1, and WNT5A Expression. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2021; 71:448-454. [PMID: 34261152 DOI: 10.1055/a-1525-1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is approved for the treatment of gastric carcinoma (GC), but chemo-resistance limits the application of it for GC. Thus, the combination of 5-FU with adjuvants such as allicin may overcome multidrug resistance (MDR). METHODS The anticancer effects of allicin, 5-FU, and allicin/5-FU on the 5-FU resistant MKN-45 cells were evaluated by MTT assay and DAPi staining. The expression of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CD44 protein were determined using immunocytochemistry. We also quantified mRNA expression levels of WNT5A, Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), and MDR1 in the GC cells. RESULTS Here, we found that the combination of allicin with 5-FU significantly increased apoptosis compared to 5-FU alone (P<0.05). We showed that WNT5A, MDR1, and DKK1 mRNA expression levels were down-regulated in the allicin- and allicin/5-FU-treated cells. Indeed, the combination of allicin and 5-FU significantly decreased the expression of the P-gp and CD44 proteins (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the combination of allicin with 5-FU could reverse multidrug resistance in the GC cells by reducing the expression of WNT5A, DKK1, MDR1, P-gp, and CD44 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parya Khakbaz
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Reza Panahizadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Vatankhah
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Nowruz Najafzadeh
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jiang J, Li J, Yao W, Wang W, Shi B, Yuan F, Dong J, Zhang H. FOXC1 Negatively Regulates DKK1 Expression to Promote Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation Through Activation of Wnt Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662624. [PMID: 33987183 PMCID: PMC8111291 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), characterized by uncontrolled growth, is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system. The Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role in the tumorigenesis and proliferation of GC. Many studies on this signaling pathway have focused on its intracellular regulatory mechanism, whereas little attention has been given to extracellular regulatory factors. Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) is a secretory glycoprotein, and it can bind inhibit activation of the Wnt pathway. However, the regulation and mechanism of DKK1 in the proliferation of GC remain unclear. FOXC1 plays an important role in organ development and tumor growth, but its role in GC tumor growth remains unknown. In this study, we found that the FOXC1 is highly expressed in patients with GC and high expression of FOXC1 correlates to poor prognosis. In addition, we found that the Wnt signaling pathway in GC cells with high FOXC1 expression was strongly activated. FOXC1 negatively regulates DKK1 expression by binding to its promoter region, thereby promoting the activation of Wnt pathway. FOXC1 can also form a complex with unphosphorylated β-catenin protein in the cytoplasm and then dissociates from β-catenin in the nucleus, thereby promoting the entry of β-catenin into the nucleus and regulating expression of c-MYC, which promotes the proliferation of GC cells. Our study not only reveals the function and mechanism of FOXC1 in GC, but also provides a potential target for clinic GC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwu Yao
- Department of Radiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenfang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyan Dong
- Department of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanxi Eye Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang L, Liu Q, Liu KW, Qin ZY, Zhu GX, Shen LT, Zhang N, Liu BY, Che LR, Li JY, Wang T, Wen LZ, Liu KJ, Guo Y, Yin XR, Wang XW, Zhou ZH, Xiao HL, Cui YH, Bian XW, Lan CH, Chen D, Wang B. SHARPIN stabilizes β-catenin through a linear ubiquitination-independent manner to support gastric tumorigenesis. Gastric Cancer 2021; 24:402-416. [PMID: 33159601 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-020-01138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by dysregulated post-translational protein modifications, especially ubiquitination is causally linked to cancer development and progression. Although Lys48-linked ubiquitination is known to regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling, it remains largely obscure how other types of ubiquitination, such as linear ubiquitination governs its signaling activity. METHODS The expression and regulatory mechanism of linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) on Wnt/β-catenin signaling was examined by immunoprecipitation, western blot and immunohistochemical staining. The ubiquitination status of β-catenin was detected by ubiquitination assay. The impacts of SHARPIN, a core component of LUBAC on malignant behaviors of gastric cancer cells were determined by various functional assays in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Unlike a canonical role in promoting linear ubiquitination, SHARPIN specifically interacts with β-catenin to maintain its protein stability. Mechanistically, SHARPIN competes with the E3 ubiquitin ligase β-Trcp1 for β-catenin binding, thereby decreasing β-catenin ubiquitination levels to abolish its proteasomal degradation. Importantly, SHARPIN is required for invasiveness and malignant growth of gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, a function that is largely dependent on its binding partner β-catenin. In line with these findings, elevated expression of SHARPIN in gastric cancer tissues is associated with disease malignancy and correlates with β-catenin expression levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a novel molecular link connecting linear ubiquitination machinery and Wnt/β-catenin signaling via SHARPIN-mediated stabilization of β-catenin. Targeting the linear ubiquitination-independent function of SHARPIN could be exploited to inhibit the hyperactive β-catenin signaling in a subset of human gastric cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Wei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yi Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Xi Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ting Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Ying Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Rong Che
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Zhi Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Jun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ru Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The 904 Hospital of People Liberation Army, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Liang Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hui Lan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu G, Song J, Chen W, Yuan D, Wang W, Chen X, Liu H, Su H, Zhu J. Expression and Role of Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) in Tumors: From the Cells to the Patients. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:659-675. [PMID: 33536782 PMCID: PMC7847771 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s275172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) is a secretory antagonist of the classical Wnt signaling pathway. Many studies have reported that Dkk1 is abnormally expressed in tumor cells, and abnormal expression of Dkk1 can inhibit cell proliferation or induce apoptosis through pro-apoptotic factors, However, due to the differences in tumor environment and the complex regulatory mechanisms in different tumors, Dkk1 has different effects on the progression of different tumors. In many tumors, high expression of Dkk1 may promote tumor metastasis. However, Dkk1, which is highly expressed in other tumors, can inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis. More and more evidence shows that Dkk1 plays a complex and different role in tumor occurrence, development and metastasis in different tumor environments and through a variety of complex regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, Dkk1 may not only be a useful biomarker of metastasis, but also a target for studying the metabolic mechanism of tumor cells and treating tumors in many tumor types. Therefore, this article reviews the research progress on the expression, mechanism and function of Dkk1 in different tumors, and at the same time, based on the public database data, we made a further analysis of the expression of Dkk1 in different tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhu
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jukun Song
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Chen
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Yuan
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hen Liu
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China.,Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang L, Xiao B, Yu T, Gong L, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zou Q, Zuo Q. lncRNA PVT1 promotes the migration of gastric cancer by functioning as ceRNA of miR-30a and regulating Snail. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:536-548. [PMID: 32557622 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer (GC) are slowly decreasing, the overall prognosis of GC patients with distal metastasis remains dismal. Long non-coding RNA PVT1 has been verified to function as a tumor promoter in several types of cancer. However, the role of PVT1 in GC metastasis remains obscure. Herein, we found that PVT1 was highly expressed in GC tissues and high PVT1 level was associated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis. Overexpression of PVT1 significantly elevated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker (N-cadherin, ZEB1, and ZEB2) levels and promoted GC cell EMT process and tumor metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Snail was identified as a direct target of miR-30a. PVT1 could bind with miR-30a and increase the expression of Snail by acting as a competing endogenous RNA, whereas re-expression of miR-30a in GC cells rescued the EMT markers, decreased Snail level, and inhibited GC cell migration. Taken together, these findings provide a new light on PVT1 in the pathogenesis and development of GC and an important implication for future therapy of the GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 89th Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China
| | - Li Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Basic Courses, NCO School, Army Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quanming Zou
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianfei Zuo
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Koushyar S, Powell AG, Vincan E, Phesse TJ. Targeting Wnt Signaling for the Treatment of Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3927. [PMID: 32486243 PMCID: PMC7311964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved, regulating both embryonic development and maintaining adult tissue homeostasis. Wnt signaling controls several fundamental cell functions, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and stemness. It therefore plays an important role in the epithelial homeostasis and regeneration of the gastrointestinal tract. Often, both hypo- or hyper-activation of the pathway due to genetic, epigenetic, or receptor/ligand alterations are seen in many solid cancers, such as breast, colorectal, gastric, and prostate. Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth commonest cause of cancer worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death annually. Although the number of new diagnoses has declined over recent decades, prognosis remains poor, with only 15% surviving to five years. Geographical differences in clinicopathological features are also apparent, with epidemiological and genetic studies revealing GC to be a highly heterogeneous disease with phenotypic diversity as a result of etiological factors. The molecular heterogeneity associated with GC dictates that a single 'one size fits all' approach to management is unlikely to be successful. Wnt pathway dysregulation has been observed in approximately 50% of GC tumors and may offer a novel therapeutic target for patients who would otherwise have a poor outcome. This mini review will highlight some recent discoveries involving Wnt signaling in GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koushyar
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (S.K.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Arfon G. Powell
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (S.K.); (A.G.P.)
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6102, Australia
| | - Toby J. Phesse
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lv Y, Zhou D, Hao XQ, Zhu MY, Zhang CD, Zhou DM, Wang JH, Liu RX, Wang YL, Gu WZ, Shen HQ, Chen X, Zhao ZY. A recombinant measles virus vaccine strain rMV-Hu191 has oncolytic effect against human gastric cancer by inducing apoptotic cell death requiring integrity of lipid raft microdomains. Cancer Lett 2019; 460:108-118. [PMID: 31226409 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Live-attenuated strain of measles virus (MV) has oncolytic effect. In this study, the antitumor effect of rMV-Hu191, a recombinant Chinese Hu191 MV generated in our laboratory by efficient reverse genetics system, was evaluated in gastric cancer (GC). From our data, rMV-Hu191 induced cytopathic effects and inhibited tumor proliferation both in vitro and in vivo by inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis. In mice bearing GC xenografts, tumor size was reduced and survival was prolonged significantly after intratumoral injections of rMV-Hu191. Furthermore, lipid rafts, a type of membrane microdomain with specific lipid compositions, played an important role in facilitating entry of rMV-Hu191. Integrity of lipid rafts was required for successful viral infection as well as subsequent cell apoptosis, but was not required for viral binding and replication. CD46, a MV membrane receptor, was found to be partially localized in lipid rafts microdomains. This is the first study to demonstrate that Chinese Hu191 MV vaccine strain could be used as a potentially effective therapeutic agent in GC treatment. As part of the underlying cellular mechanism, the integrity of lipid rafts is required for viral entry and to exercise the oncolytic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lv
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Duo Zhou
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiao-Qiang Hao
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Meng-Ying Zhu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chu-di Zhang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dong-Ming Zhou
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jin-Hu Wang
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Rong-Xian Liu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yi-Long Wang
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wei-Zhong Gu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hong-Qiang Shen
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China; Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zheng-Yan Zhao
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China; Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Norrin maintains malignancy of gastric cancer cells in part through activating AKT signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:405-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
17
|
NETO2 promotes invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells via activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB/Snail axis and predicts outcome of the patients. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:162. [PMID: 30770791 PMCID: PMC6377647 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of neuropilin and tolloid-like 2 (NETO2) has been observed during the progression of some human carcinomas. However, the expression pattern and clinical relevance of NETO2 in gastric cancer (GC) remain to be elucidated. In this study, we found that NETO2 expression was higher in GC tissues compared with paired non-cancerous tissues. Moreover, the expression of NETO2 was positively correlated with clinical stage, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, and tumor size, but inversely correlated with overall and disease-free survival rates. Cox regression analysis identified NETO2 as an independent prognostic indicator for GC patients. Overexpression of NETO2 facilitated migration and invasion of GC cells in vitro and metastasis in vivo in association with induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Conversely, knockdown of NETO2 had the opposite effects. Mechanistically, silencing NETO2 reduced the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, and NF-κB p65 as well as the expression of Snail, whereas NETO2 overexpression achieved the opposite results. Furthermore, we identified TNFRSF12A as a mediator for NETO2 to activate PI3K/AKT/NF-κB/Snail axis. Collectively, our results demonstrate that NETO2 promotes invasion and metastasis of GC cells and represents a novel prognostic indicator as well as a potential therapeutic target in GC.
Collapse
|
18
|
Flanagan DJ, Barker N, Costanzo NSD, Mason EA, Gurney A, Meniel VS, Koushyar S, Austin CR, Ernst M, Pearson HB, Boussioutas A, Clevers H, Phesse TJ, Vincan E. Frizzled-7 Is Required for Wnt Signaling in Gastric Tumors with and Without Apc Mutations. Cancer Res 2019; 79:970-981. [PMID: 30622113 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A subset of patients with gastric cancer have mutations in genes that participate in or regulate Wnt signaling at the level of ligand (Wnt) receptor (Fzd) binding. Moreover, increased Fzd expression is associated with poor clinical outcome. Despite these findings, there are no in vivo studies investigating the potential of targeting Wnt receptors for treating gastric cancer, and the specific Wnt receptor transmitting oncogenic Wnt signaling in gastric cancer is unknown. Here, we use inhibitors of Wnt/Fzd (OMP-18R5/vantictumab) and conditional gene deletion to test the therapeutic potential of targeting Wnt signaling in preclinical models of intestinal-type gastric cancer and ex vivo organoid cultures. Pharmacologic targeting of Fzd inhibited the growth of gastric adenomas in vivo. We identified Fzd7 to be the predominant Wnt receptor responsible for transmitting Wnt signaling in human gastric cancer cells and mouse models of gastric cancer, whereby Fzd7-deficient cells were retained in gastric adenomas but were unable to respond to Wnt signals and consequently failed to proliferate. Genetic deletion of Fzd7 or treatment with vantictumab was sufficient to inhibit the growth of gastric adenomas with or without mutations to Apc. Vantictumab is currently in phase Ib clinical trials for advanced pancreatic, lung, and breast cancer. Our data extend the scope of patients that may benefit from this therapeutic approach as we demonstrate that this drug will be effective in treating patients with gastric cancer regardless of APC mutation status. SIGNIFICANCE: The Wnt receptor Fzd7 plays an essential role in gastric tumorigenesis irrespective of Apc mutation status, therefore targeting Wnt/Fzd7 may be of therapeutic benefit to patients with gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Flanagan
- University of Melbourne & Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,NTU School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Elizabeth A Mason
- University of Melbourne, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Austin Gurney
- OncoMed Pharmaceuticals Inc., Redwood City, California
| | - Valerie S Meniel
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Koushyar
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe R Austin
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen B Pearson
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Toby J Phesse
- University of Melbourne & Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- University of Melbourne & Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hong SA, Yoo SH, Lee HH, Sun DS, Won HS, Kim O, Ko YH. Prognostic value of Dickkopf-1 and ß-catenin expression in advanced gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:506. [PMID: 29720122 PMCID: PMC5930854 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is a Wnt/ß-catenin pathway antagonist related to gastric cancer (GC) carcinogenesis. However, the prognostic role of combined DKK1 and ß-catenin expression in advanced GC (AGC) is not clear. Methods In total, 158 patients with AGC who underwent gastric resection were enrolled in this study. DKK1 and ß-catenin expression was evaluated in whole tumor sections by immunohistochemistry. Results DKK1 expression was high in 73 (46.2%) patients, while ß-catenin expression was positive in 51 (32.3%) patients. The expression of DKK1 was positively correlated with that of ß-catenin (P < 0.001). The combined expression of DKK1 and ß-catenin was significantly associated with high N stage (N2 and N3) (P = 0.042). In addition, patients with high DKK expression demonstrated poorer overall (OS) (P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.001). However, there were no differences between high DKK1 expression with ß-catenin positivity and high DKK1 expression with ß-catenin negativity (OS, P = 0.379: DFS, P = 0.255). Multivariate analysis revealed that high DKK1 alone or high DKK1 with ß-catenin positivity were independent prognostic factors for both OS (high DKK1: hazard ratio [HR], 2.130; 95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.370–3.312, P = 0.001; high DKK1 with ß-catenin positivity: HR, 2.140; 95% CI, 1.343–3.409: P = 0.001) and DFS (high DKK1: HR, 2.092; 95% CI, 1.180–3.708; P = 0.012; high DKK1 with ß-catenin positivity: HR, 2.357; 95% CI, 1.291–4.306; P = 0.005). Conclusion Our results indicate that high DKK1 expression regardless of ß-catenin positivity is a crucial prognostic factor for predicting tumor recurrence and survival in patients with resected AGC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4420-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Auck Hong
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hosptial, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Yoo
- Medical Clinic Laboratory Department of U2Bio Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Hong Lee
- Department of General Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Der Sheng Sun
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpodaero, Seochogu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Won
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpodaero, Seochogu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Okran Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ho Ko
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpodaero, Seochogu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 maintains gastric cancer stem-like cell phenotype by activating a Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Oncogene 2018; 37:3953-3966. [PMID: 29662192 PMCID: PMC6053357 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence shows that the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC) is mainly associated to the presence of gastric cancer stem-like cells (GCSLCs). However, it is unclear how GCSLC population is maintained. This study aimed to explore the role of capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) in GCSLC maintenance and the relevance to GC progression. We found that CMG2 was highly expressed in GC tissues and the expression levels were associated with the invasion depth and lymph node metastasis of GC, and inversely correlated with the survival of GC patients. Sorted CMG2High GC cells preferentially clustered in CD44High stem-like cell population, which expressed high levels of stemness-related genes with increased capabilities of self-renewal and tumorigenicity. Depletion of CMG2 gene resulted in reduction of GCSLC population with attenuated stemness and decrease of invasive and metastatic capabilities with subdued epithelial–mesenchymal transition phenotype in GC cells. Mechanistically, CMG2 interacted with LRP6 in GCSLCs to activate a Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, our results demonstrate that CMG2 promotes GC progression by maintaining GCSLCs and can serve as a new prognostic indicator and a target for human GC therapy.
Collapse
|
21
|
Flanagan DJ, Austin CR, Vincan E, Phesse TJ. Wnt Signalling in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040178. [PMID: 29570681 PMCID: PMC5924520 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling regulates several cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration, and is critical for embryonic development. Stem cells are defined by their ability for self-renewal and the ability to be able to give rise to differentiated progeny. Consequently, they are essential for the homeostasis of many organs including the gastrointestinal tract. This review will describe the huge advances in our understanding of how stem cell functions in the gastrointestinal tract are regulated by Wnt signalling, including how deregulated Wnt signalling can hijack these functions to transform cells and lead to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Flanagan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory and the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Chloe R Austin
- Cancer and Cell Signalling Laboratory, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory and the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Toby J Phesse
- Cancer and Cell Signalling Laboratory, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ji CD, Wang YX, Xiang DF, Liu Q, Zhou ZH, Qian F, Yang L, Ren Y, Cui W, Xu SL, Zhao XL, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang P, Wang JM, Cui YH, Bian XW. Kir2.1 Interaction with Stk38 Promotes Invasion and Metastasis of Human Gastric Cancer by Enhancing MEKK2-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 Signaling. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3041-3053. [PMID: 29549164 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Potassium ion channels are emerging as promalignant factors involved in cancer progression. In this study, we found that invading human gastric cancer cells express high levels of inwardly rectifying potassium channel 2.1 (Kir2.1). Silencing Kir2.1 markedly reduced the invasive and metastatic capabilities as well as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of gastric cancer cells. The promalignant nature of Kir2.1 in gastric cancer cells was independent of potassium permeation but relied on its interaction with serine/threonine-protein kinase 38 (Stk38) to inhibit ubiquitination and degradation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MEKK2). Degradation of MEKK2 was mediated by small mothers against decapentaplegic-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Smurf1), which resulted in activation of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2-Snail pathway in gastric cancer cells. In human gastric cancer tissues, expression was high and positively correlated with invasion depth and metastatic status of the tumors as well as poor overall patient survival. Cox regression analysis identified Kir2.1 as an independent prognostic indicator for patients with gastric cancer. Our results suggest that Kir2.1 is an important regulator of gastric cancer malignancy and acts as a novel prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for gastric cancer.Significance: Kir2.1 contributes to invasion and metastasis by a noncanonical ion permeation-independent signaling pathway and may act as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for gastric cancer. Cancer Res; 78(11); 3041-53. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Dong Ji
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Fang Xiang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhou
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lang Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Ren
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Sen-Lin Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xi-Long Zhao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-Ming Wang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Epigenetic silencing of the Wnt antagonist APCDD1 by promoter DNA hyper-methylation contributes to osteosarcoma cell invasion and metastasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:91-97. [PMID: 28698141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common type of bone tumor in children and adults. However, the molecular mechanism underlying OS tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, we report that the expression of APCDD1, a Wnt antagonist, was reduced in OS tissues and cells compared to adjacent normal tissue and osteoblast cells, respectively. Mechanistically, this was due to increased levels of methylation in the promoter region of the APCDD1 gene. Consistently, the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-AZA-dC, reduced DNA methylation in the APCDD1 promoter, and restored APCDD1 expression in OS tissue and cells. Moreover, DNMT3a, but not DNMT1 or DNMT3b, was the major DNA methyltransferase that facilitated hyper-methylation of DNA in the APCDD1 promoter, thus reducing APCDD1 mRNA levels in OS tissues. Importantly, ectopic expression of APCDD1 suppressed activity of the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in OS cells and inhibited their invasion and reversed their EMT-like properties, while depletion of APCDD1 promoted invasion and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we have provided the first evidence that APCDD1 expression is epigenetically silenced in OS, which may facilitate invasion and metastasis of OS cells.
Collapse
|
24
|
Flanagan DJ, Vincan E, Phesse TJ. Winding back Wnt signalling: potential therapeutic targets for treating gastric cancers. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4666-4683. [PMID: 28568899 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer persists as a frequent and deadly disease that claims over 700 000 lives annually. Gastric cancer is a multifactorial disease that is genetically, cytologically and architecturally more heterogeneous than other gastrointestinal cancers, making it therapeutically challenging. As such, and largely attributed to late-stage diagnosis, gastric cancer patients show only partial response to standard chemo and targeted molecular therapies, highlighting an urgent need to develop new targeted therapies for this disease. Wnt signalling has a well-documented history in the genesis of many cancers and is, therefore, an attractive therapeutic target. As such, drug discovery has focused on developing inhibitors that target multiple nodes of the Wnt signalling cascade, some of which have progressed to clinical trials. The collective efforts of patient genomic profiling has uncovered genetic lesions to multiple components of the Wnt pathway in gastric cancer patients, which strongly suggest that Wnt-targeted therapies could offer therapeutic benefits for gastric cancer patients. These data have been supported by studies in mouse models of gastric cancer, which identify Wnt signalling as a driver of gastric tumourigenesis. Here, we review the current literature regarding Wnt signalling in gastric cancer and highlight the suitability of each class of Wnt inhibitor as a potential treatment for gastric cancer patients, in relation to the type of Wnt deregulation observed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on WNT Signalling: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.24/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Flanagan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Toby J Phesse
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Cell Signalling and Cancer Laboratory, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yan X, Li Q, Ni D, Xie Y, He Q, Wan Q, Liu Y, Lyu Z, Mao Z, Zhou Q. Apobec-1 complementation factor regulates cell migration and apoptosis through Dickkopf1 by acting on its 3′ untranslated region in MCF7 cells. Tumour Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317706218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianyin Li
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongsheng Ni
- The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yajun Xie
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingling He
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianya Wan
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yamin Liu
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongshi Lyu
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaomin Mao
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Division of Molecular Nephrology and the Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Song Y, Wang Y, Tong C, Xi H, Zhao X, Wang Y, Chen L. A unified model of the hierarchical and stochastic theories of gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:973-989. [PMID: 28301871 PMCID: PMC5396111 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a life-threatening disease worldwide. Despite remarkable advances in treatments for GC, it is still fatal to many patients due to cancer progression, recurrence and metastasis. Regarding the development of novel therapeutic techniques, many studies have focused on the biological mechanisms that initiate tumours and cause treatment resistance. Tumours have traditionally been considered to result from somatic mutations, either via clonal evolution or through a stochastic model. However, emerging evidence has characterised tumours using a hierarchical organisational structure, with cancer stem cells (CSCs) at the apex. Both stochastic and hierarchical models are reasonable systems that have been hypothesised to describe tumour heterogeneity. Although each model alone inadequately explains tumour diversity, the two models can be integrated to provide a more comprehensive explanation. In this review, we discuss existing evidence supporting a unified model of gastric CSCs, including the regulatory mechanisms of this unified model in addition to the current status of stemness-related targeted therapy in GC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Song
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hongqing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Targeting KDM1A attenuates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to eliminate sorafenib-resistant stem-like cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2017; 398:12-21. [PMID: 28377178 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Use of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often hindered by the development of resistance, which has been recently shown to be associated with the emergence of a cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulation. However, it remains largely unknown whether epigenetic mechanisms, especially histone posttranslational modifications, are causally linked to the maintenance of stem-like properties in sorafenib-resistant HCC. In this study, we report that the activity of lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A (KDM1A or LSD1) is required for the emergence of cancer stem cells following prolonged sorafenib treatment. As such, KDM1A inhibitors, such as pargyline and GSK2879552, dramatically suppress stem-like properties of sorafenib-resistant HCC cells. Mechanistically, KDM1A inhibitors derepress the expression of multiple upstream negative regulators of the Wnt signaling pathway to downregulate the β-catenin pathway. More importantly, KDM1A inhibition resensitizes sorafenib-resistant HCC cells to sorafenib in vivo, at least in part through reducing a CSC pool, suggesting a promising opportunity for this therapeutic combination. Together, these findings suggest that KDM1A inhibitors may be utilized to alleviate acquired resistance to sorafenib, thus increasing the therapeutic efficacy of sorafenib in HCC patients.
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang X, Yang M, Shi H, Hu J, Wang Y, Sun Z, Xu S. Reduced E-cadherin facilitates renal cell carcinoma progression by WNT/β-catenin signaling activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19566-19576. [PMID: 28223537 PMCID: PMC5386706 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression of E-cadherin was observed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, its potential clinical value and correlation with WNT/β-catenin signaling in RCC progression was still unclear. Immunohistochemical staining was performed in RCC tissue microarray to examine the expression status and prognosis value of E-cadherin and β-catenin. The potential role of E-cadherin in β-catenin translocation was analyzed with immunobloting assays. A significant negative correlation was observed between E-cadherin and β-catenin expression in RCC tissues. E-cadherin inhibits β-catenin translocation from membrane to cytoplasm in RCC tissues, which was an important step for WNT/β-catenin signaling. Reduced E-cadherin expression was associated with poor prognosis. More importantly, E-cadherin-/β-catenin+ was an independent detrimental factor for survival estimation of RCC patients. Reduced E-cadherin expression in RCC promoted cancer progression via WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway activation. E-cadherin/β-catenin provides a valuable prognosis marker for RCC, which may be an effective target for RCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Zhang
- Emergency Department, General Hospital of Jinan Military Area, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, China
| | - Mingxi Yang
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Hua Shi
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Jianxin Hu
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Yuanlin Wang
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Shuxiong Xu
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang J, Lei ZJ, Guo Y, Wang T, Qin ZY, Xiao HL, Fan LL, Chen DF, Bian XW, Liu J, Wang B. miRNA-regulated delivery of lincRNA-p21 suppresses β-catenin signaling and tumorigenicity of colorectal cancer stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37852-70. [PMID: 26497997 PMCID: PMC4741970 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are key cellular targets for effective cancer therapy, due to their critical roles in cancer progression and chemo/radio-resistance. Emerging evidence demonstrates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important players in the biology of cancers. However, it remains unknown whether lncRNAs could be exploited to target CSCs. We report that large intergenic non-coding RNA p21 (lincRNA-p21) is a potent suppressor of stem-like traits of CSCs purified from both primary colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and cell lines. A novel lincRNA-p21-expressing adenoviral vector, which was armed with miRNA responsive element (MRE) of miR-451 (Ad-lnc-p21-MRE), was generated to eliminate CRC CSCs. Integration of miR-451 MREs into the adenovirus efficiently delivered lincRNA-p21 into CSCs that contained low levels of miR-451. Moreover, lincRNA-p21 inhibited the activity of β-catenin signaling, thereby attenuating the viability, self-renewal, and glycolysis of CSCs in vitro. By limiting dilution and serial tumor formation assay, we demonstrated that Ad-lnc-p21-MRE significantly suppressed the self-renewal potential and tumorigenicity of CSCs in nude mice. Importantly, application of miR-451 MREs appeared to protect normal liver cells from off-target expression of lincRNA-p21 in both tumor-bearing and naïve mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that lncRNAs may be promising therapeutic molecules to eradicate CSCs and MREs of tumor-suppressor miRNAs, such as miR-451, may be exploited to ensure the specificity of CSC-targeting strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zeng-jie Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zhong-yi Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hua-liang Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Li-lin Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Dong-feng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiu-wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
López-Gómez M, Casado E, Muñoz M, Alcalá S, Moreno-Rubio J, D'Errico G, Jiménez-Gordo AM, Salinas S, Sainz B. Current evidence for cancer stem cells in gastrointestinal tumors and future research perspectives. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 107:54-71. [PMID: 27823652 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a very heterogeneous subpopulation of "stem-like" cancer cells that have been identified in many cancers, including leukemias and solid tumors. It is believed that CSCs drive tumor growth, malignant behavior and are responsible for the initiation of metastatic spread. In addition, CSCs have been implicated in chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. Current evidence supports the theory that CSCs share at least two main features of normal stem cells: self-renewal and differentiation, properties that contribute to tumor survival even in the presence of aggressive chemotherapy; however, the mechanism(s) governing the unique biology of CSCs remain unclear. In the field of gastrointestinal cancer, where we face very low survival rates across different tumor types, unraveling the role of CSCs in gastrointestinal tumors should improve our knowledge of cancer biology and chemoresistance, ultimately benefiting patient survival. Towards this end, much effort is being invested in the characterization of CSCs as a means of overcoming drug resistance and controlling metastatic spread. In this review we will cover the concept of CSCs, the current evidence for CSCs in gastrointestinal tumors and future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam López-Gómez
- Medical Oncology Department, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain; Precision Oncology Laboratory, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Casado
- Medical Oncology Department, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain; Precision Oncology Laboratory, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Muñoz
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Alcalá
- Department of Biochemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Cancer Biology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Enfermedades Crónicas y Cáncer Area, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Moreno-Rubio
- Precision Oncology Laboratory, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriele D'Errico
- Department of Biochemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Jiménez-Gordo
- Medical Oncology Department, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain; Precision Oncology Laboratory, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Salinas
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Department of Biochemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Cancer Biology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Enfermedades Crónicas y Cáncer Area, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
miR-96 promotes the growth of prostate carcinoma cells by suppressing MTSS1. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12023-12032. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
32
|
Guo ZJ, Yang L, Qian F, Wang YX, Yu X, Ji CD, Cui W, Xiang DF, Zhang X, Zhang P, Wang JM, Cui YH, Bian XW. Transcription factor RUNX2 up-regulates chemokine receptor CXCR4 to promote invasive and metastatic potentials of human gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:20999-1012. [PMID: 27007162 PMCID: PMC4991507 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) is a regulator of embryogenesis and development, but has also been implicated in the progression of certain human cancer. This study aimed to elucidate the role of RUNX2 in the invasive and metastatic potentials of human gastric cancer (GC) and the underlying mechanisms. We found that the levels of RUNX2 expression in gastric cancer tissues were correlated with the differentiation degrees, invasion depth and lymph node metastasis. COX regression analysis indicated that RUNX2 was an independent prognostic indicator for GC patients. RUNX2 significantly increased the migration and invasion ability of GC cells in vitro and enhanced the invasion and metastatic potential of GC cells in an orthotopic GC model of nude mice. Mechanistically, RUNX2 directly bound to the promoter region of the gene coding for the chemokine receptor CXCR4 to enhance its transcription. CXCR4 knockdown or treatment with AMD3100, a CXCR4 inhibitor, attenuated RUNX2-promoted invasion and metastasis. These results demonstrate that RUNX2 promotes the invasion and metastasis of human GC by transcriptionally up-regulating the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Therefore, the RUNX2-CXCR4 axis is a potential therapeutic target for GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jun Guo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lang Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng-Dong Ji
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Fang Xiang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gastric cancer stem cells: evidence, potential markers, and clinical implications. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:313-26. [PMID: 26428661 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a significant global health problem. It is the fifth most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide (Torre et al. in CA Cancer J Clin 65(2):87-108, 2015). Despite advances in treatment, overall prognosis remains poor, due to tumour relapse and metastasis. There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches to improve clinical outcomes in gastric cancer. The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been proposed to explain the high rate of relapse and subsequent resistance of cancer to current systemic treatments (Vermeulen et al. in Lancet Oncol 13(2):e83-e89, 2012). CSCs have been identified in many solid malignancies, including gastric cancer, and have significant clinical implications, as targeting the CSC population may be essential in preventing the recurrence and spread of a tumour (Dewi et al. in J Gastroenterol 46(10):1145-1157, 2011). This review seeks to summarise the current evidence for CSC in gastric cancer, with an emphasis on candidate CSC markers, clinical implications, and potential therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
34
|
Wan YC, Li T, Han YD, Zhang HY, Lin H, Zhang B. MicroRNA-155 enhances the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in colorectal carcinoma by suppressing HMG-box transcription factor 1. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2221-8. [PMID: 26780942 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a malignant solid tumor arising from the large intestine and is associated with an increasing incidence and poor prognosis. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying CRC may contribute to the development of novel effective therapeutic strategies. MicroRNAs (miRs), including miR‑155, have been reported to be associated with the etiology and biology of CRC; however, the molecular mechanisms by which miR‑155 affect CRC remain to be fully elucidated. The present study used a multidisciplinary approach, involving reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, northern blotting, MTT assay, cell cycle progression analysis, immunoblotting, and animal experiments, to determine the possible targets of miR‑155 in CRC cells. miR‑155 was found to be overexpressed in CRC tissue samples, compared with paired normal colon tissue samples. In addition, the inhibition of miR‑155 induced a deceleration in CRC cell proliferation and inactivation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. miR‑155 suppression also reduced the growth of CRC xenografts in an animal model. HMG‑box transcription factor 1 (HBP1) was identified as a novel target of miR‑155, which mediated its effect on CRC via the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Furthermore, patients with CRC exhibiting higher serum levels of miR‑155 exhibited reduced survival rates. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that miR‑155 may contribute to the progression and growth of CRC by enhancing the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway in an HBP1‑associated mechanism. Therefore, miR‑155 may be considered a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Dong Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Internal Medicines, Outpatient Department, Aviation University of Air Force, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Microscopic Examination Department, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Miao ZF, Wang ZN, Zhao TT, Xu YY, Gao J, Miao F, Xu HM. Peritoneal milky spots serve as a hypoxic niche and favor gastric cancer stem/progenitor cell peritoneal dissemination through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Stem Cells 2015; 32:3062-74. [PMID: 25142304 PMCID: PMC4282537 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination is the most common cause of death in gastric cancer patients. The hypoxic microenvironment plays a major role in controlling the tumor stem cell phenotype and is associated with patients' prognosis through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a key transcriptional factor that responds to hypoxic stimuli. During the peritoneal dissemination process, gastric cancer stem/progenitor cells (GCSPCs) are thought to enter into and maintained in peritoneal milky spots (PMSs), which have hypoxic microenvironments. However, the mechanism through which the hypoxic environment of PMSs regulated GCSPC maintenance is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether hypoxic PMSs were an ideal cancer stem cell niche suitable for GCSPC engraftment. We also evaluated the mechanisms through which the HIF-1α-mediated hypoxic microenvironment regulated GCSPC fate. We observed a positive correlation between HIF-1α expression and gastric cancer peritoneal dissemination (GCPD) in gastric cancer patients. Furthermore, the GCSPC population expanded in primary gastric cancer cells under hypoxic condition in vitro, and hypoxic GCSPCs showed enhanced self-renewal ability, but reduced differentiation capacity, mediated by HIF-1α. In an animal model, GCSPCs preferentially resided in the hypoxic zone of PMSs; moreover, when the hypoxic microenvironment in PMSs was destroyed, GCPD was significantly alleviated. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that PMSs served as a hypoxic niche and favored GCSPCs peritoneal dissemination through HIF-1α both in vitro and in vivo. These results provided new insights into the GCPD process and may lead to advancements in the clinical treatment of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Miao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shi J, Jiang X, Yu Z, He G, Ning H, Wu Z, Cai Y, Yu H, Chen A. ZNRF3 contributes to the growth of lung carcinoma via inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway and is regulated by miR-93. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3051-7. [PMID: 26423400 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung carcinoma is the most common cancer with increasing morbidity, inefficient therapeutic modality, and poor prognosis, due to the lack of understanding of its related molecular mechanism. ZNRF3 is a newly identified negative regulator of Wnt signaling. In this study, we found that ZNRF3 level is reduced in lung carcinoma compared with normal lung tissue and its expression level is positively correlated with the survival of lung cancer patients. Restoration of ZNRF3 suppressed the proliferation and cell cycle progression of lung cancer cell lines. Suppression of ZNRF3 expression in normal lung cells increased the proliferation rates. In an animal model, ZNRF3 was shown to suppress the growth of lung cancer xenografts. ZNRF3 was shown to negatively regulate the activation of Wnt signaling in lung cancerous and normal cells. Further studies revealed that ZNRF3 is a target of miR-93, an oncogenic microRNA (miRNA) for lung cancer progression. Collectively, we found that miR-93/ZNRF3/Wnt/β-catenin regulatory network contributes to the growth of lung carcinoma. Targeting this pathway may be a promising strategy for lung cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jichan Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiangao Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Zhijie Yu
- Department of Scientific Research Center, The First Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Guiqing He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Hongye Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhengxing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yuwei Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Hehe Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Aiqiong Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lei ZJ, Wang J, Xiao HL, Guo Y, Wang T, Li Q, Liu L, Luo X, Fan LL, Lin L, Mao CY, Wang SN, Wei YL, Lan CH, Jiang J, Yang XJ, Liu PD, Chen DF, Wang B. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 promotes the stemness and chemoresistance of Lgr5(+) liver cancer initiating cells by suppressing negative regulators of β-catenin signaling. Oncogene 2015; 34:3188-98. [PMID: 25893304 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer initiating cells (CICs) are responsible for the unrestrained cell growth and chemoresistance of malignant tumors. Histone demethylation has been shown to be crucial for self-renewal/differentiation of stem cells, but it remains elusive whether lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) regulates the stemness properties of CICs. Here we report that the abundant expression of leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) is associated with the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Lgr5(+) HCC cells behave similarly to CICs and are highly tumorigenic and resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. Importantly, Lgr5(+) cells express higher levels of LSD1, which in turn regulates Lgr5 expression and promotes the self-renewal and drug resistance of Lgr5(+) CICs. Mechanistically, LSD1 promotes β-catenin activation by inhibiting the expression of several suppressors of β-catenin signaling, especially Prickle1 and APC in Lgr5(+) CICs, by directly regulating the levels of mono- and di-methylation of histone H3 lysine-4 at the promoters of these genes. Furthermore, LSD1-associated activation of the β-catenin signaling is essential for maintaining the activity of Lgr5(+) CICs. Together, our findings unravel the LSD1/Prickle1/APC/β-catenin signaling axis as a novel molecular circuit regulating the stemness and chemoresistance of hepatic Lgr5(+) CICs and provide potential targets to improve chemotherapeutic efficacies against HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z-J Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - H-L Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - T Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Q Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - X Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L-L Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Lin
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - C-Y Mao
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - S-N Wang
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y-L Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - C-H Lan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J Jiang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - X-J Yang
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - P-D Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D-F Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - B Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chiurillo MA. Role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in gastric cancer: An in-depth literature review. World J Exp Med 2015; 5:84-102. [PMID: 25992323 PMCID: PMC4436943 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains one of the most common cancers worldwide and one of the leading cause for cancer-related deaths. Gastric adenocarcinoma is a multifactorial disease that is genetically, cytologically and architecturally more heterogeneous than other gastrointestinal carcinomas. The aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in the development and progression of a significant proportion of gastric cancer cases. This review focuses on the participation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in gastric cancer by offering an analysis of the relevant literature published in this field. Indeed, it is discussed the role of key factors in Wnt/β-catenin signaling and their downstream effectors regulating processes involved in tumor initiation, tumor growth, metastasis and resistance to therapy. Available data indicate that constitutive Wnt signalling resulting from Helicobacter pylori infection and inactivation of Wnt inhibitors (mainly by inactivating mutations and promoter hypermethylation) play an important role in gastric cancer. Moreover, a number of recent studies confirmed CTNNB1 and APC as driver genes in gastric cancer. The identification of specific membrane, intracellular, and extracellular components of the Wnt pathway has revealed potential targets for gastric cancer therapy. High-throughput “omics” approaches will help in the search for Wnt pathway antagonist in the near future.
Collapse
|
39
|
miR-155 contributes to the progression of glioma by enhancing Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5323-31. [PMID: 25672607 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most common brain tumor, glioma is featured with poor prognosis due to its resistance to current therapeutic strategies. The elucidation of etiology is believed to facilitate the development of novel effective anti-glioma treatment modalities. As a confirmed oncogenic microRNA (miRNA) in many other types of cancers, the role of miR-155 in glioma is still unknown. This study is aimed to study the role of miR-155 in the progression of glioma. Our results revealed that miR-155 was overexpressed in the collected glioma specimen, compared with noncancerous brain tissues. The suppression of miR-155 attenuated the proliferation of glioma cells and the activation of Wnt pathway. Silencing miR-155 was also able to suppress the growth of U-87 MG glioma xenografts in mice. Pearson analysis indicated that miR-155 level was inversely correlated with the abundance of HMG-box transcription factor 1 (HBP1), a strong Wnt pathway inhibitor, in glioma samples. Further experiments confirmed that miR-155 suppressed the expression of HBP1 by targeting the putative miRNA recognition elements (MREs) within its messenger RNA (mRNA) 3' untranslated region (UTR). Furthermore, HBP1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished the effect of miR-155 suppression on the proliferation of glioma and the activation of Wnt pathway. Taken together, miR-155 promoted the progression of glioma by enhancing the activation of Wnt pathway. Thus, targeting miR-155 may be an effective strategy for glioma treatment.
Collapse
|
40
|
Sun X, Geng X, Zhang J, Zhao H, Liu Y. miR-155 promotes the growth of osteosarcoma in a HBP1-dependent mechanism. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 403:139-47. [PMID: 25666090 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a type of malignant tumor arising from soft-tissues of bone and displays poor prognosis in most cases. However, the molecular mechanism by which OS initiates and progresses is still not completely elucidated. miR-155 has been shown to be overexpressed in OS specimen and cell lines. Our study is intended to explore the role of miR-155 in OS etiology. The data confirmed that miR-155 abundance is higher in OS samples than non-cancerous bone tissue. Inhibition of miR-155 suppressed the proliferation of OS cells and cell cycle progression in vitro, and the growth of OS xenografts in vivo. Wnt pathway was suppressed in OS cells by miR-155 inhibitors. HMG-box transcription factor 1 (HBP1), a strong Wnt pathway suppressor, was found to be a target of miR-155. Restoration of HBP1 abolished the effect of miR-155 on OS cells. Finally, miR-155 levels in OS tissues and serum are both inversely associated with the survival of OS patients. Collectively, miR-155 was identified to be among the list of OS-related oncogenic miRNAs, and HBP1-mediated Wnt signaling is involved with the role of miR-155 in OS progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Sun
- The Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, 88 Jiankang Road, Weihui, 453100, China,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mazur M, Bujak A, Matloka M, Janowska S, Gunerka P, Bojarski L, Stanczak A, Klejman A, Bednarek A, Lamparska-Przybysz M, Wieczorek M. Cell-based assay for low- and high-scale screening of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling modulators. Anal Biochem 2015; 475:56-67. [PMID: 25659657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is associated with many serious disorders, including cancer and Alzheimer's disease. The pivotal player is β-catenin, which avoids degradation after activation of the pathway and is translocated to the nucleus, where it interacts with TCF/LEF transcription factors and induces expression of genes involved in cell cycle and apoptosis regulation. The identification of small molecules that may affect Wnt/β-catenin signaling remains an important target during the development of novel therapies. We used the TCF/LEF lentiviral vector and the Wnt-independent H1703 cell line to develop a luciferase reporter-based cell assay for screening of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulators. Following the optimization of cell density, concentration of activator, and stimulation time, the reporter system was validated by demonstrating its specific and dose-dependent response to several established modulators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling such as Wnt3a, small interfering RNA (siRNA) against β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), and β-catenin/TCF transcription complex inhibitors. Two pilot screens of inhibitors and activators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling identified potential novel modulators of this pathway. Our findings suggest that the H1703-7TFP assay constitutes a suitable model of low background and high sensitivity for the low- and high-scale screening of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mazur
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland; Department of Molecular Cancerogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Bujak
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Matloka
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Janowska
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland
| | - Pawel Gunerka
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bojarski
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Stanczak
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland
| | - Agata Klejman
- Laboratory of Animal Models, Nencki Institute, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Cancerogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Wieczorek
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xiao F, Chen J, Lian C, Han P, Zhang C. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand induces cytotoxicity specific to osteosarcoma by microRNA response elements. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:739-45. [PMID: 25335093 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most common primary bone neoplasm, osteosarcoma is highly aggressive and represents a high risk to human health. Biological agents, including tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), are considered promising therapeutic strategies for osteosarcoma. The current issue limiting the application of TRAIL gene therapy is that normal cells are also affected due to the lack of tumor selectivity. The present study aimed to employ the miRNA response elements (MREs) of microRNA (miR)-34 and miR-122, which are tumor suppressors, to enable the selective expression of TRAIL by adenoviral vectors in osteosarcoma cells. The results revealed that miR-34 and miR-122 were underexpressed in osteosarcoma tissues, compared with normal tissues. The MREs of miR-34 and miR-122 ensured that the luciferase gene was expressed selectively in osteosarcoma cells. Adenovirus (Ad)-TRAIL-34-122, which expressed TRAIL in an miR-34 and miR-122-regulated manner, selectively expressed TRAIL in the osteosarcoma cells assessed, which was detected using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting and ELISA. Apoptosis and cytotoxicity were also detected in the osteosarcoma cells, compared with the normal cells. Animal experiments further indicated that Ad-TRAIL-34-122 was able to reduce the growth of osteosarcoma xenografts without toxicity to the liver. In conclusion, the present study identified a novel miRNA-regulated biological cancer therapy against osteosarcoma, which is tumor selective and may be promising for future clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Juwu Chen
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Chuanju Lian
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Pengchao Han
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang B, Wang Q, Wang Z, Jiang J, Yu SC, Ping YF, Yang J, Xu SL, Ye XZ, Xu C, Yang L, Qian C, Wang JM, Cui YH, Zhang X, Bian XW. Metastatic consequences of immune escape from NK cell cytotoxicity by human breast cancer stem cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5746-57. [PMID: 25164008 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSC) are crucial for metastasis but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells failed to limit metastasis and were not associated with improved therapeutic outcome of BCSC-rich breast cancer. Primary BCSCs were resistant to cytotoxicity mediated by autologous/allogeneic NK cells due to reduced expression of MICA and MICB, two ligands for the stimulatory NK cell receptor NKG2D. Furthermore, the downregulation of MICA/MICB in BCSCs was mediated by aberrantly expressed oncogenic miR20a, which promoted the resistance of BCSC to NK cell cytotoxicity and resultant lung metastasis. The breast cancer cell differentiation-inducing agent, all-trans retinoic acid, restored the miR20a-MICA/MICB axis and sensitized BCSC to NK cell-mediated killing, thereby reducing immune escape-associated BCSC metastasis. Together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism for immune escape of human BCSC and identify the miR20a-MICA/MICB signaling axis as a therapeutic target to limit metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Breast Surgery Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Cang Yu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Fang Ping
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Sen-Lin Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian-Zong Ye
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Lang Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu G, Ji Z, Li H, Lei Y, Jin X, Yu Y, Sun M. Selective TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity to lung cancer cells mediated by miRNA response elements. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:547-56. [PMID: 25132116 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is among the most common cancers, and the current therapeutic strategies are still inefficient in most cases. Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising biological agent for cancer treatment because of its potent pro-apoptotic effect on cancer cells. However, TRAIL also induces apoptosis in normal cells and therefore may cause toxicity to normal tissues if clinically applied. To address this issue, we inserted microRNA response elements (MREs) of miR-133a, miR-137 and miR-449a, which are all underexpressed in lung cancer cells, into an adenoviral vector to regulate TRAIL expression. This MRE-regulated vector (Ad-TRAIL-MRE) was able to express TRAIL in a lung-cancer-specific fashion. No TRAIL expression was detected in normal cells. Consistently, Ad-TRAIL-MRE exerted cytotoxicity to lung cancer cells, rather than normal cells, perhaps via inducing selective apoptosis. The selective TRAIL-mediated growth-inhibiting effect was further confirmed in a tumour xenograft model. Also, Ad-TRAIL-MRE only resulted in very low hepatotoxicity when applied. Collectively, we generated a novel TRAIL-expressing adenoviral vector that was regulated by MREs. This strategy permits TRAIL expression in a lung-cancer-specific manner and is worth further studying for clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li CY, Zhang HY, Gao YL. microRNA response element‑regulated TIKI2 expression suppresses the tumorigencity of malignant gliomas. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2079-86. [PMID: 25051157 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common brain malignancy and has a very poor prognosis. The current treatment options have a minimal benefit on prolonging patient survival time. Accumulating data have shown that the WNT signaling pathway has a critical function in the progression and invasion of glioma. Thus, targeting WNT signaling appears to be an effective anti‑glioma strategy. TIKI2 was recently found to suppress the activation of the WNT signaling pathway by post‑translationally modifying secreted WNT proteins. The implication of TIKI2 aberrance in cancers and its potential therapeutic effect, however, has not been studied. In the present study, a glioma‑specific adenoviral vector was constructed, which was regulated by response elements of miR‑124, to express TIKI2 in glioma cells (Ad‑TIKI2‑124). Ad‑TIKI2‑124 was found to potently suppress the activation of WNT signaling in glioma cells. This inhibitory effect on the WNT signaling pathway lead to the reduction in proliferation, colony formation ability and invasion of glioma cell lines. In addition, animal experiments confirmed that the expression of the Ad‑TIKI2‑124 construct could compromise the tumorigenicity of glioma cells in vivo. Furthermore, this glioma‑selective TIKI2 expression protected normal cells from toxicity. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that adenovirus‑mediated TIKI2 therapy may be used for glioma treatment and therefore warrants further clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-You Li
- Department of Brain Surgery, Xinxiang Center Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yun Zhang
- Department of Brain Surgery, Xinxiang Center Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Lu Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yan Z, Wang J, Wang C, Jiao Y, Qi W, Che S. miR-96/HBP1/Wnt/β-catenin regulatory circuitry promotes glioma growth. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3038-46. [PMID: 24931370 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We found that miR-96 is overexpressed in glioma, and its level inversely correlates with the survival of patients. The reduction in miR-96 abundance suppresses the proliferation and colony formation of glioma cells. The tumorigenicity of U-87 MG cells is reduced by miR-96 silencing. miR-96 contributes to the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in glioma cells. HMG-box transcription factor 1 (HBP-1), a Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor, is suppressed by miR-96. The reactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling causes an increase in the proliferation of glioma cells, and a decrease in miR-96 expression. On the other hand, HBP1 silencing promotes miR-96 expression. Collectively, miR-96 contributes to the progression of glioma by enhancing the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and the miR-96/HBP1/Wnt/β-catenin regulatory circuitry promotes the proliferation of glioma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Jianpeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yingbing Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Weiguo Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Shusheng Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang Z, Zhang H, Li H, Chen X, Liu M, Liu D, Zhao Y, Kong X. Selective expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand mediated by microRNA suppresses renal carcinoma growth. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 392:125-34. [PMID: 24788726 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common types among kidney cancers. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) strongly induces apoptosis in RCC. However, TRAIL therapy also leads to hepatotoxicity. To improve the biosafety, we inserted miRNA response elements (MREs) of miR-138, miR-199, and miR-122 into an adenoviral vector, Ad-TRAIL-3MREs, to restrict TRAIL expression within RCC cells. Luciferase assays showed that MREs can regulate the expression of exogenous gene in RCC cells. Ad-TRAIL-3MREs selectively expressed TRAIL and induce apoptosis in RCC cells, but not in normal cells. MTT assays revealed that Ad-TRAIL-3MREs reduced viability of RCC cells without cytotoxicity to normal cells. Ad-TRAIL-3MREs suppressed the growth of ACHN tumors and exerted no hepatotoxicity in vivo. Collectively, we generated a TRAIL-expressing adenoviral vector under the regulation of MREs. This miRNA-based gene therapy may be a promising strategy for RCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Urology, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li R, Liu J, Wu H, Liu L, Wang L, Zhang S. TIKI2 suppresses growth of osteosarcoma by targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 392:109-16. [PMID: 24771064 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most bone-associated malignancy with high lethality. The current therapeutic strategy benefits little on the survival of patients. Studies have shown that aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway is essential for the progression of osteosarcoma, implying that targeting this signaling may be an effective way of therapeutics. Recently, TIKI family has been identified as a new class of negative regulators for Wnt/β-catenin pathway. However, the implication of TIKIs with osteosarcoma has not been explored. Here, we constructed an adenoviral vector that expresses TIKI2 in osteosarcoma cells (Ad-TIKI2). TIKI2 expression was found to be reduced in osteosarcoma specimens and cell lines. In tested osteosarcoma cells, the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway was found to be inhibited by TIKI2 expression. Furthermore, the proliferation, colony formation ability, and invasion were all significantly suppressed in osteosarcoma cells infected with Ad-TIKI2. Finally, animal experiments further confirmed that TIKI2 restoration was able to inhibit the growth of osteosarcoma in vivo. Taken together, we provided evidence that reduced expression of TIKI family protein in osteosarcoma may participate in the progression of osteosarcoma and restoring its expression was able to impair the growth of osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruhui Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Norman Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Xi XL, Jiang BJ, Yu JW. Cancer stem cell-related signaling pathways in development of gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:494-500. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i4.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are a subset of cancer cells with self-renewal and differentiation capacity. They play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis, proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis and are involved in resistance to chemotherapy. Numerous studies indicate that stem cell-related signaling pathways (such as Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, PI3K, and BMP) are activated in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. Inhibition of tumor self-renewal-related signaling pathways can significantly improve the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. In this paper we will review the roles of these cancer stem cell-related signaling pathways in gastric cancer.
Collapse
|
50
|
Chen L, Li M, Li Q, Wang CJ, Xie SQ. DKK1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion through β-catenin/MMP7 signaling pathway. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:157. [PMID: 24325363 PMCID: PMC4029244 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently several reports have indicated that elevated expression of DKK1 is tightly associated with the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the biological function of DKK1 in HCC has not yet been well documented. Methods In this study, the role of DKK1 in tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion was investigated using MTT, colony formation, wound scratch, transwell assays, and also human HCC samples. Results Both gain- and loss-of-function studies showed that DKK1 did not influence the tumor cell proliferation and colony formation, while dramatically promoted HCC cell migration and invasion. Subsequent investigations revealed that β-catenin was an important target of DKK1. The blocking of β-catenin by pharmacological inhibitor antagonized the function of DKK1, whereas introduction of β-catenin by transfection with plasmids or treatment with GSK3β inhibitor phenocopied the pro-migration and pro-invasion effects of DKK1. We further disclosed that DKK1 exerted its pro-invasion function, at least in part, by promoting β-catenin expression, in turn, upregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7), which was independent of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Moreover, introduction of MMP7 significantly enhanced the ability of HCC cells to invade extracellular matrix gel in vitro. Consistently, in human HCC tissues, DKK1 level was positively correlated with β-catenin expression, as well as tumor metastasis. Conclusion Taken together, these results demonstrated that DKK1 is overexpressed in HCC; moreover, ectopic expression DKK1 promotes HCC cell migration and invasion at least partly through β-catenin/MMP7 signaling axis, suggesting that DKK1 may be a promising target for HCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chao-Jie Wang
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|