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Bányai B, Répás C, Miklós Z, Johnsen J, Horváth EM, Benkő R. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol conserves cardiovascular functions in a rat model of endotoxemia: Involvement of endothelial molecular mechanisms and oxidative-nitrative stress. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287168. [PMID: 37327228 PMCID: PMC10275432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In endotoxemic models, the inflammatory parameters are altered to a favorable direction as a response to activation of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2. The phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is an agonist/partial antagonist of both cannabinoid receptors. This report targets the effects of THC on the cardiovascular system of endotoxemic rats. In our 24-hour endotoxemic rat model (E. coli derived lipopolysaccharide, LPS i.v. 5mg/kg) with THC treatment (LPS+THC 10 mg/kg i.p.), we investigated cardiac function by echocariography and endothelium-dependent relaxation of the thoracic aorta by isometric force measurement compared to vehicle controls. To evaluate the molecular mechanism, we measured endothelial NOS and COX-2 density by immunohistochemistry; and determined the levels of cGMP, the oxidative stress marker 4-hydroxynonenal, the nitrative stress marker 3-nitrotyrosine, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymers. A decrease in end-systolic and end-diastolic ventricular volumes in the LPS group was observed, which was absent in LPS+THC animals. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was worsened by LPS but not in the LPS+THC group. LPS administration decreased the abundance of cannabinoid receptors. Oxidative-nitrative stress markers showed an increment, and cGMP, eNOS staining showed a decrement in response to LPS. THC only decreased the oxidative-nitrative stress but had no effect on cGMP and eNOS density. COX-2 staining was reduced by THC. We hypothesize that the reduced diastolic filling in the LPS group is a consequence of vascular dysfunction, preventable by THC. The mechanism of action of THC is not based on its local effect on aortic NO homeostasis. The reduced oxidative-nitrative stress and the COX-2 suggest the activation of an anti-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Bányai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Répás
- Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Hatvan, Hungary
- Hungarian National Ambulance Service, Salgótarján, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Miklós
- Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Johnny Johnsen
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter M. Horváth
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Benkő
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Leite-Avalca MCG, Zampronio A, Lehmann C. Cannabinoid Receptor 1 and 2 Signaling Pathways Involved in Sepsis. Shock 2021; 56:673-681. [PMID: 33625115 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction, caused by a dysregulated host response to an infection and can progress to septic shock, which represents a major challenge in critical care with a high mortality rate. Currently, there is no definitive treatment available for the dysregulated immune response in sepsis. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms may be useful for elucidating the molecular basis of sepsis and may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies. The endocannabinoid system is an emerging research topic for the modulation of the host immune response under various pathological conditions. Cannabinoid receptors include the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) and the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2). This review addresses the main functionality of CB1 and CB2 in sepsis, which can contribute to a better understanding about the pathophysiology of sepsis. Specifically, we discuss the role of CB1 in the cardiovascular system which is one of the biological systems that are strongly affected by sepsis and septic shock. We are also reviewing the role of CB2 in sepsis, specially CB2 activation, which exerts anti-inflammatory activities with potential benefit in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksander Zampronio
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Involvement of Central Endothelin ETA and Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors and Arginine Vasopressin Release in Sepsis Induced by Cecal Ligation and Puncture in Rats. Shock 2016; 46:290-6. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cannabinoid receptor 1 ligands revisited: Pharmacological assessment in the ACTOne system. Anal Biochem 2016; 498:8-28. [PMID: 26772161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cannabinoid pharmacology has evolved over time from simple receptor binding to include [(35)S]GTPγ, β-arrestin, and cAMP assays. Each assay has benefits and drawbacks; however, no single functional system has been used for high-throughput evaluation of compounds from binding to pharmacological functionality and antagonist assessment in a well-characterized human cell line. In this study, we evaluated and validated one system-ACTOne human embryonic kidney cells transfected with a cyclic nucleotide gated channel and cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1)-and compared human CB1 affinity, functional, and antagonistic effects on cAMP with previously published results. The study was conducted on a diverse group of CB1 ligands, including endocannabinoids and related compounds, 2-AG, AEA, MAEA, and ACEA, the phytocannabinoid Δ(9) THC, and synthetic cannabinoids CP 55,940, WIN 55,212-2, SR 141716A, CP 945,598, and WIN 55,212-3. Our results were compared with literature values where human CB1 was used for affinity determination and cAMP was used as a functional readout. Here we report the first detailed evaluation of the ACTOne assay for the pharmacological evaluation of CB1 ligands. The results from the study reveal some interesting deviations from previously reported functional activities of the aforementioned ligands.
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The intracerebroventricular injection of rimonabant inhibits systemic lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 286:16-24. [PMID: 26298320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of rimonabant (500ng), a CB1 antagonist, on lipopolysaccharide ((LPS) 5mg/kg)-induced pulmonary inflammation in rats in an isolated perfused lung model. There were decreases in pulmonary capillary pressure (Ppc) and increases in the ((Wet-Dry)/Dry lung weight)/(Ppc) ratio in the ICV-vehicle/LPS group at 4h. There were decreases in TLR4 pathway markers, such as interleukin receptor-associated kinase-1, IκBα, Raf1 and phospho-SFK (Tyr416) at 30min and at 4h increases in IL-6, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and myeloperoxidase in lung homogenate. Intracerebroventricular rimonabant attenuated these LPS-induced responses, indicating that ICV rimonabant modulates LPS-initiated pulmonary inflammation.
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6
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Mukhopadhyay P, Horváth B, Rajesh M, Matsumoto S, Saito K, Bátkai S, Patel V, Tanchian G, Gao RY, Cravatt BF, Haskó G, Pacher P. Fatty acid amide hydrolase is a key regulator of endocannabinoid-induced myocardial tissue injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:179-95. [PMID: 21070851 PMCID: PMC3022384 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that increased levels of endocannabinoids in various cardiovascular disorders (e.g., various forms of shock, cardiomyopathies, atherosclerosis) through the activation of CB(1) cannabinoid receptors may promote cardiovascular dysfunction and tissue injury. We have investigated the role of the main endocannabinoid anandamide-metabolizing enzyme (fatty acid amide hydrolase; FAAH) in myocardial injury induced by an important chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX; known for its cardiotoxicity mediated by increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation), using well-established acute and chronic cardiomyopathy models in mice. The DOX-induced myocardial oxidative/nitrative stress (increased 4-hydroxynonenal, protein carbonyl, and nitrotyrosine levels and decreased glutathione content) correlated with multiple cell death markers, which were enhanced in FAAH knockout mice exhibiting significantly increased DOX-induced mortality and cardiac dysfunction compared to their wild type. The effects of DOX in FAAH knockouts were attenuated by CB(1) receptor antagonists. Furthermore, anandamide induced enhanced cell death in human cardiomyocytes pretreated with FAAH inhibitor and enhanced sensitivity to ROS generation in inflammatory cells of FAAH knockouts. These results suggest that in pathological conditions associated with acute oxidative/nitrative stress FAAH plays a key role in controlling the tissue injury that is, at least in part, mediated by the activation of CB(1) receptors by endocannabinoids.
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MESH Headings
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Amidohydrolases/physiology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/adverse effects
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Cardiomyopathies/chemically induced
- Cardiomyopathies/genetics
- Cardiomyopathies/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Doxorubicin/adverse effects
- Endocannabinoids
- Heart/drug effects
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bėla Horváth
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohanraj Rajesh
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Keita Saito
- Radiation Biology Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sándor Bátkai
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivek Patel
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Galin Tanchian
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Y Gao
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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7
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Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Haskó G, Liaudet L, Mackie K, Pacher P. Cannabinoid-1 receptor activation induces reactive oxygen species-dependent and -independent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and cell death in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:688-700. [PMID: 20590572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Impaired endothelial activity and/or cell death play a critical role in the development of vascular dysfunction associated with congestive heart failure, diabetic complications, hypertension, coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. Increasing evidence suggests that cannabinoid 1 (CB(1)) receptor inhibition is beneficial in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular inflammation both in experimental models, as well as in humans. Here, we investigated the effects of CB(1) receptor activation with the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) or synthetic agonist HU210 on cell death and interrelated signal transduction pathways in human primary coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell death, CB(1) receptor expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activation of signal transduction pathways in HCAECs were determined by flow cytometry and molecular biology tools. KEY RESULTS In HCAECs expressing CB(1) receptors (demonstrated by Western immunoblot and flow cytometry) AEA (5-15 microM) or HU210 (30-1000 nM) triggered concentration- and time-dependent activation of p38 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase (JNK)-mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cell death and ROS generation. The AEA- or HU210-induced cell death and MAPK activation were attenuated by CB(1) antagonists [SR141716 (rimonabant) and AM281], inhibitors of p38 and JNK-MAPKs or the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. N-acetylcysteine alone prevented AEA- or HU210-induced ROS generation, but only partially attenuated MAPK activation and cell death. In contrast, in combination with CB(1) antagonists, N-acetylcysteine completely prevented these effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CB(1) receptor activation in endothelial cells may amplify the ROS-MAPK activation-cell death pathway in pathological conditions when the endocannabinoid synthetic or metabolic pathways are dysregulated by excessive inflammation and/or oxidative/nitrosative stress, thereby contributing to the development of endothelial dysfunction and pathophysiology of multiple cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Rajesh
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
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8
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Mukhopadhyay P, Pan H, Rajesh M, Bátkai S, Patel V, Harvey-White J, Mukhopadhyay B, Haskó G, Gao B, Mackie K, Pacher P. CB1 cannabinoid receptors promote oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation and cell death in a murine nephropathy model. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:657-68. [PMID: 20590569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Accumulating recent evidence suggests that cannabinoid-1 (CB(1)) receptor activation may promote inflammation and cell death and its pharmacological inhibition is associated with anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effects in various preclinical disease models, as well as in humans. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, using molecular biology and biochemistry methods, we have investigated the effects of genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of CB(1) receptors on inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress and cell death pathways associated with a clinically relevant model of nephropathy, induced by an important chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. RESULTS Cisplatin significantly increased endocannabinoid anandamide content, activation of p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), apoptotic and poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase-dependent cell death, enhanced inflammation (leucocyte infiltration, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta) and promoted oxidative/nitrosative stress [increased expressions of superoxide-generating enzymes (NOX2(gp91phox), NOX4), inducible nitric oxide synthase and tissue 4-hydroxynonenal and nitrotyrosine levels] in the kidneys of mice, accompanied by marked histopathological damage and impaired renal function (elevated creatinine and serum blood urea nitrogen) 3 days following its administration. Both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of CB(1) receptors with AM281 or SR141716 markedly attenuated the cisplatin-induced renal dysfunction and interrelated oxidative/nitrosative stress, p38 and JNK MAPK activation, cell death and inflammatory response in the kidney. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The endocannabinoid system through CB(1) receptors promotes cisplatin-induced tissue injury by amplifying MAPK activation, cell death and interrelated inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress. These results also suggest that inhibition of CB(1) receptors may exert beneficial effects in renal (and most likely other) diseases associated with enhanced inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
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9
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Central cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist administration prevents endotoxic hypotension affecting norepinephrine release in the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area. Shock 2010; 32:614-20. [PMID: 19295473 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181a4fd8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is widely assumed that LPS lowers arterial pressure during sepsis by stimulating release of TNF-alpha and other vasoactive mediators from macrophages. However, recent data from this and other laboratories have shown that LPS hypotension can be prevented by inhibiting afferent impulse flow in the vagus nerve, by blocking neuronal activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract, or by blocking alpha-adrenergic receptors in the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamic area (POA). These findings suggest that the inflammatory signal is conveyed from the periphery to the brain via the vagus nerve, and that endotoxic shock is mediated through a central mechanism that requires activation of POA neurons. In the present study, we tested whether central cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors participate in the control of arterial pressure during endotoxemia based on evidence that hypothalamic neurons express CB1 receptors and synthesize the endogenous CB anandamide. We found that intracerebroventricular administration of rimonabant, a CB1 receptor antagonist, inhibited the fall in arterial pressure evoked by LPS significantly in both conscious and anesthetized rats. Rimonabant attenuated both the immediate fall in arterial pressure evoked by LPS and the second, delayed hypotensive phase that leads to tissue ischemia and death. Rimonabant also prevented the associated LPS-induced rise in extracellular fluid norepinephrine concentrations in the POA. Furthermore, rimonabant attenuated the associated increase in plasma TNF-alpha concentrations characteristic of the late phase of endotoxic hypotension. These data indicate that central CB1 receptors may play an important role in the initiation of endotoxic hypotension.
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10
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Mnich SJ, Hiebsch RR, Huff RM, Muthian S. Anti-inflammatory properties of CB1-receptor antagonist involves beta2 adrenoceptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:445-53. [PMID: 20164299 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.163998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonists of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) impart anti-inflammatory activity even though, paradoxically, CB2 receptors are more predominant on cells of the immune system. We attempted to understand the mechanism of this activity by using an acute model of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation/stress in both rat and mouse, with selective antagonists to CB1 receptors. We demonstrate that the ability of a CB1 antagonist to inhibit release of proinflammatory cytokines is not dependent on either adrenal-derived catecholamines or corticosteroids or input from the pituitary or thymus glands but does involve the spleen. Furthermore, we show that the anti-inflammatory activity is retained without communication from the central nervous system following ganglionic blockade, suggesting a peripheral site of action. Finally, we show that the anti-inflammatory activity can be inhibited with the use of a selective beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Mnich
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
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Tschöp J, Kasten KR, Nogueiras R, Goetzman HS, Cave CM, England LG, Dattilo J, Lentsch AB, Tschöp MH, Caldwell CC. The cannabinoid receptor 2 is critical for the host response to sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:499-505. [PMID: 19525393 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte function can be modulated through the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R). Using a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis, we examined the role of the CB2R during the immune response to an overwhelming infection. CB2R-knock out (KO) mice showed decreased survival as compared with wild-type mice. CB2R-KO mice also had increased serum IL-6 and bacteremia. Twenty-four hours after CLP, the CB2R-deficient mice had increased lung injury. Additionally, CB2R-deficiency led to increased neutrophil recruitment, decreased neutrophil activation, and decreased p38 activity at the site of infection. Consistent with a novel role for CB2R in sepsis, CB2R-agonist treatment in wild-type mice increased the mean survival time in response to CLP. Treatment with CB2R-agonist also decreased serum IL-6 levels, bacteremia, and damage to the lungs compared with vehicle-treated mice. Finally, the CB2R agonist decreased neutrophil recruitment, while increasing neutrophil activation and p38 activity at the site of infection compared with vehicle-treated mice. These data suggest that CB2R is a critical regulator of the immune response to sepsis and may be a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Tschöp
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267, USA
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12
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Mukhopadhyay P, Mohanraj R, Bátkai S, Pacher P. CB1 cannabinoid receptor inhibition: promising approach for heart failure? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:330-4. [PMID: 19076859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2008.00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
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13
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Endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors in ischaemia-reperfusion injury and preconditioning. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:252-62. [PMID: 18026124 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a pivotal mechanism of organ injury during stroke, myocardial infarction, organ transplantation and vascular surgeries. Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) is a potent endogenous form of tissue protection against I/R injury. On the one hand, endocannabinoids have been implicated in the protective effects of IPC through cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. However, there is evidence suggesting that endocannabinoids are overproduced during various forms of I/R, such as myocardial infarction or whole body I/R associated with circulatory shock, and may contribute to the cardiovascular depressive state associated with these pathologies. Previous studies using synthetic CB1 receptor agonists or knockout mice demonstrated CB1 receptor-dependent protection against cerebral I/R injury in various animal models. In contrast, several follow-up reports have shown protection afforded by CB1 receptor antagonists, but not agonists. Excitedly, emerging studies using potent CB2 receptor agonists and/or knockout mice have provided compelling evidence that CB2 receptor activation is protective against myocardial, cerebral and hepatic I/R injuries by decreasing the endothelial cell activation/inflammatory response (for example, expression of adhesion molecules, secretion of chemokines, and so on), and by attenuating the leukocyte chemotaxis, rolling, adhesion to endothelium, activation and transendothelial migration, and interrelated oxidative/nitrosative damage. This review is aimed to discuss the role of endocannabinoids and CB receptors in various forms of I/R injury (myocardial, cerebral, hepatic and circulatory shock) and preconditioning, and to delineate the evidence supporting the therapeutic utility of selective CB2 receptor agonists, which are devoid of psychoactive effects, as a promising new approach to limit I/R-induced tissue damage.
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Xie S, Furjanic MA, Ferrara JJ, McAndrew NR, Ardino EL, Ngondara A, Bernstein Y, Thomas KJ, Kim E, Walker JM, Nagar S, Ward SJ, Raffa RB. The endocannabinoid system and rimonabant: a new drug with a novel mechanism of action involving cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonism--or inverse agonism--as potential obesity treatment and other therapeutic use. J Clin Pharm Ther 2007; 32:209-31. [PMID: 17489873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that the endocannabinoid (endogenous cannabinoid) system plays a significant role in appetitive drive and associated behaviours. It is therefore reasonable to hypothesize that the attenuation of the activity of this system would have therapeutic benefit in treating disorders that might have a component of excess appetitive drive or over-activity of the endocannabinoid system, such as obesity, ethanol and other drug abuse, and a variety of central nervous system and other disorders. Towards this end, antagonists of cannabinoid receptors have been designed through rational drug discovery efforts. Devoid of the abuse concerns that confound and impede the use of cannabinoid receptor agonists for legitimate medical purposes, investigation of the use of cannabinoid receptor antagonists as possible pharmacotherapeutic agents is currently being actively investigated. The compound furthest along this pathway is rimonabant, a selective CB(1) (cannabinoid receptor subtype 1) antagonist, or inverse agonist, approved in the European Union and under regulatory review in the United States for the treatment of obesity. This article summarizes the basic science of the endocannabinoid system and the therapeutic potential of cannabinoid receptor antagonists, with emphasis on the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xie
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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