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Li YY, Qin ZH, Sheng R. The Multiple Roles of Autophagy in Neural Function and Diseases. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:363-382. [PMID: 37856037 PMCID: PMC10912456 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy involves the sequestration and delivery of cytoplasmic materials to lysosomes, where proteins, lipids, and organelles are degraded and recycled. According to the way the cytoplasmic components are engulfed, autophagy can be divided into macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Recently, many studies have found that autophagy plays an important role in neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, neuronal excitotoxicity, and cerebral ischemia. Autophagy maintains cell homeostasis in the nervous system via degradation of misfolded proteins, elimination of damaged organelles, and regulation of apoptosis and inflammation. AMPK-mTOR, Beclin 1, TP53, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and other signal pathways are involved in the regulation of autophagy and can be used as potential therapeutic targets for neurological diseases. Here, we discuss the role, functions, and signal pathways of autophagy in neurological diseases, which will shed light on the pathogenic mechanisms of neurological diseases and suggest novel targets for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Cheng W, Cui C, Liu G, Ye C, Shao F, Bagchi AK, Mehta JL, Wang X. NF-κB, A Potential Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2022; 37:571-584. [PMID: 35796905 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-022-07362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. Atherosclerosis is the basis of major CVDs - myocardial ischemia, heart failure, and stroke. Among numerous functional molecules, the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) has been linked to downstream target genes involved in atherosclerosis. The activation of the NF-κB family and its downstream target genes in response to environmental and cellular stress, hypoxia, and ischemia initiate different pathological events such as innate and adaptive immunity, and cell survival, differentiation, and proliferation. Thus, NF-κB is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of atherosclerosis and related CVDs. Several biologics and small molecules as well as peptide/proteins have been shown to regulate NF-κB dependent signaling pathways. In this review, we will focus on the function of NF-κB in CVDs and the role of NF-κB inhibitors in the treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Chenji Ye
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Fang Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ashim K Bagchi
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Hu B, Tian T, Hao PP, Liu WC, Chen YG, Jiang TY, Xue FS. The Protective Effect of Sevoflurane Conditionings Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Trials in in-vivo Models. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:841654. [PMID: 35571167 PMCID: PMC9095933 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.841654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common and serious complication in clinical practice. Sevoflurane conditionings have been identified to provide a protection against myocardial IRI in animal experiments, but their true clinical benefits remain controversial. Here, we aimed to analyze the preclinical evidences obtained in animal models of myocardial IRI and explore the possible reasons for controversial clinical benefits. Methods Our primary outcome was the difference in mean infarct size between the sevoflurane and control groups in animal models of myocardial IRI. After searching the databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, a systematic review retrieved 37 eligible studies, from which 28 studies controlled comparisons of sevoflurane preconditioning (SPreC) and 40 studies controlled comparisons of sevoflurane postconditioning (SPostC) that were made in a pooled random-effects meta-analysis. In total, this analysis included data from 313 control animals and 536 animals subject to sevoflurane conditionings. Results Pooled estimates for primary outcome demonstrated that sevoflurane could significantly reduce the infarct size after myocardial IRI whether preconditioning [weighted mean difference (WMD): −18.56, 95% CI: −23.27 to −13.85, P < 0.01; I2 = 94.1%, P < 0.01] or postconditioning (WMD: −18.35, 95% CI: −20.88 to −15.83, P < 0.01; I2 = 90.5%, P < 0.01) was performed. Interestingly, there was significant heterogeneity in effect size that could not be explained by any of the prespecified variables by meta-regression and stratified analysis. However, sensitivity analysis still identified the cardioprotective benefits of sevoflurane conditionings with robust results. Conclusion Sevoflurane conditionings can significantly reduce infarct size in in-vivo models of myocardial IRI. Given the fact that there is a lack of consistency in the quality and design of included studies, more well-performed in-vivo studies with the detailed characterization of sevoflurane protocols, especially studies in larger animals regarding cardioprotection effects of sevoflurane, are still required.
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Heart Failure after Cardiac Surgery: The Role of Halogenated Agents, Myocardial Conditioning and Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031360. [PMID: 35163284 PMCID: PMC8836224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease requires a surgical approach sometimes. Cardiac-surgery patients develop heart failure associated with ischemia induced during extracorporeal circulation. This complication could be decreased with anesthetic drugs. The cardioprotective effects of halogenated agents are based on pre- and postconditioning (sevoflurane, desflurane, or isoflurane) compared to intravenous hypnotics (propofol). We tried to put light on the shadows walking through the line of the halogenated anesthetic drugs’ effects in several enzymatic routes and oxidative stress, waiting for the final results of the ACDHUVV-16 clinical trial regarding the genetic modulation of this kind of drugs.
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Naryzhnaya NV, Maslov LN, Derkachev IA, Ma H, Zhang Y, Prasad NR, Singh N, Fu F, Pei JM, Sarybaev A, Sydykov A. The effect of adaptation to hypoxia on cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion. J Biomed Res 2022:1-25. [PMID: 37183617 PMCID: PMC10387748 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), both associated with acute cardiac ischemia, are one of the leading causes of adult death in economically developed countries. The development of new approaches for the treatment and prevention of AMI and SCD remains the highest priority for medicine. A study on the cardiovascular effects of chronic hypoxia (CH) may contribute to the development of these methods. Chronic hypoxia exerts both positive and adverse effects. The positive effects are the infarct-reducing, vasoprotective, and antiarrhythmic effects, which can lead to the improvement of cardiac contractility in reperfusion. The adverse effects are pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how CH enhances cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion. It is an in-depth analysis of the published data on the underlying mechanisms, which can lead to future development of the cardioprotective effect of CH. A better understanding of the CH-activated protective signaling pathways may contribute to new therapeutic approaches in an increase of cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion.
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García-Niño WR, Zazueta C, Buelna-Chontal M, Silva-Palacios A. Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cardiac-Conditioning Strategies against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1123. [PMID: 34832998 PMCID: PMC8620839 DOI: 10.3390/life11111123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the central target of ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning cardioprotective strategies, which consist of either the application of brief intermittent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) cycles or the administration of pharmacological agents. Such strategies reduce cardiac I/R injury by activating protective signaling pathways that prevent the exacerbated production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, inhibit opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and reduce apoptosis, maintaining normal mitochondrial function. Cardioprotection also involves the activation of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) processes, which replace defective mitochondria or eliminate mitochondrial debris, preserving the structure and function of the network of these organelles, and consequently ensuring homeostasis and survival of cardiomyocytes. Such processes include mitochondrial biogenesis, fission, fusion, mitophagy and mitochondrial-controlled cell death. This review updates recent advances in MQC mechanisms that are activated in the protection conferred by different cardiac conditioning interventions. Furthermore, the role of extracellular vesicles in mitochondrial protection and turnover of these organelles will be discussed. It is concluded that modulation of MQC mechanisms and recognition of mitochondrial targets could provide a potential and selective therapeutic approach for I/R-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Sheng R, Chen JL, Qin ZH. Cerebral conditioning: Mechanisms and potential clinical implications. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Duan Z, Zhou X, Chen F, Chen H, Duan G, Li H. THAP11 down-regulation may contribute to cardio-protective effects of sevoflurane anesthesia: Evidence from clinical and molecular evidence. Life Sci 2021; 274:119327. [PMID: 33711390 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the potential target of the cardio-protective effect induced by sevoflurane anesthesia based on evidence from clinical samples and in vitro model. Forty patients undergoing mitral valve replacement were randomly allocated to receive sevoflurane or propofol-based anesthesia. Atrial muscle specimens were collected from all patients, of which 5 were used to perform transcriptomics analysis. The cTn-I concentration was tested before, at the end of, and 24 h after surgery. In in vitro study, the expression level of the identified target gene, i.e., THAP11, was studied in H9C2 cells treated with sevoflurane or propofol. Then, we studied cell viability using CCK-8 staining, apoptosis by using flow cytometry, and cell death by lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) detection in H9C2 cells exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury. THAP11 was the most significantly down-regulated gene in the transcriptomics analysis (P < 0.001), as confirmed in validation samples (P = 0.006). THAP11 mRNA levels in atrial muscle specimens were positively associated with cTn-I levels at 24-h postoperatively (determination coefficient = 0.564; P < 0.001). Sevoflurane treatment down-regulated THAP11 in H9C2 cell models, which promoted cell viability, inhibited cell apoptosis, and death in the OGD/R injury cell model. Up-regulation of THAP11 reduced the protective effect of sevoflurane treatment against OGD/R injury. Sevoflurane anesthesia down-regulates the expression of THAP11, which contributes to a cardio-protective effect. THAP11 down-regulation promotes cell viability, and inhibits cell apoptosis and death, thereby protecting again myocardial injury; it may therefore be a novel target for perioperative cardio-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxin Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huifang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangyou Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Zhang J, Cai X, Zhang Q, Li X, Li S, Ma J, Zhu W, Liu X, Wei M, Tu W, Shen Y, Liu J, Lai X, Yu P. Hydrogen sulfide restores sevoflurane postconditioning mediated cardioprotection in diabetic rats: Role of SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling-modulated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:5052-5068. [PMID: 33325044 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic hearts are vulnerable to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), but are insensitive to sevoflurane postconditioning (SPC), activating peroxiredoxins that confer cardioprotection. Previous studies have demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) can suppress oxidative stress of diabetic rats through increasing the expression of silent information regulator factor 2-related enzyme 1 (SIRT1), but whether cardioprotection by SPC can be restored afterward remains unclear. Diabetic rat was subjected to IRI (30 min of ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion). Postconditioning treatment with sevoflurane was administered for 15 min upon the onset of reperfusion. The diabetic rats were treated with GYY4137 (H2 S donor) 5 days before the experiment. Myocardial infarct size, mitochondrial structure and function, ATP content, activities of complex I-IV, marker of oxidative stress, SIRT1, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NADPH Oxidase-2 (Nox-2) protein expression were detected after reperfusion, and cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography at 24 h after reperfusion. After H2 S activated SIRT1 in the impaired myocardium of diabetic rats, SPC significantly upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream mediator HO-1, thus reduced the expression of Nox-2. In addition, H2 S remarkably increased cytoplasmic and nuclear SIRT1 which was further enhanced by SPC. Furthermore, H2 S combined with SPC reduced the production of reactive oxygen species, increased the content of ATP, and maintained mitochondrial enzyme activity. Finally, myocardial infarct size and myocardium damage were decreased, and cardiac function was improved. Taken together, our study proved that H2 S could restore SPC-induced cardioprotection in diabetic rats by enhancing and promoting SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaozhong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianyong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Wengen Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meilin Wei
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Tu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Shen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lai
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Hong L, Sun Y, An JZ, Wang C, Qiao SG. Sevoflurane Preconditioning Confers Delayed Cardioprotection by Upregulating AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Levels to Restore Autophagic Flux in Ischemia-Reperfusion Rat Hearts. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e922176. [PMID: 32476662 PMCID: PMC7288833 DOI: 10.12659/msm.922176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Volatile anesthetic preconditioning confers delayed cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) takes part in autophagy activation. Furthermore, autophagic flux is thought to be impaired after I/R. We hypothesized that delayed cardioprotection can restore autophagic flux by activating AMPK. Material/Methods All male rat hearts underwent 30-min ischemia and 120-min reperfusion with or without sevoflurane exposure. AMPK inhibitor compound C (250 μg/kg, iv) was given at the reperfusion period. Autophagic flux blocker chloroquine (10 mg/kg, ip) was administrated 1 h before the experiment. Myocardial infarction, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) content, and cytochrome c were measured. To evaluate autophagic flux, the markers of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) I and II, P62 and Beclin 1, and lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP 2) were analyzed. Results The delayed cardioprotection enhanced post-ischemic AMPK activation, reduced infarction, CK-MB level, NAD+ content loss and cytochrome c release, and compound C blocked these effects. Sevoflurane restored impaired autophagic flux through a lower ratio of LC3II/LC3I, downregulation of P62 and Beclin 1, and higher expression in LAMP 2. Consistently, compound C inhibited these changes of autophagy flux. Moreover, chloroquine pretreatment abolished sevoflurane-induced infarct size reduction, CK-MB level, NAD+ content loss, and cytochrome c release, with concomitant increase the ratios of LC3II/LC3I and levels of P62 and Beclin 1, but p-AMPK expression was not downregulated by chloroquine. Conclusions Sevoflurane exerts a delayed cardioprotective effects against myocardial injury in rats by activation of AMPK and restoration of I/R-impaired autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Sun
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jian-Zhong An
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Shi-Gang Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Jiang Q, Gu S. Sevoflurane Postconditioning Reduces Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury in H9C2 Embryonic Rat Cardiomyocytes and Targets the STRADA Gene by Upregulating microRNA-107. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920849. [PMID: 32332694 PMCID: PMC7197225 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sevoflurane as a widely used inhalational general anesthetic that also has a cardioprotective role in hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury. This study aimed to investigate the effects of microRNA-107 (miR-107) on sevoflurane postconditioning (SpostC) in H9C2 embryonic rat cardiomyocytes and to use bioinformatics analysis to identify the molecular basis of cardioprotection from sevoflurane in human cardiac tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS The STRADA gene was identified from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. H9C2 embryonic rat cardiomyocytes were cultured with sevoflurane. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to measure the mRNA expression and protein expression of STRADA and miR-107 in H9C2 cells. TargetScanHuman version 7.2 was used to identify the target gene of miR-107 and to predict the STRADA 3'-UTR binding site of miR-107. The dual-luciferase reporter assay measured the relative luciferase activity. The cell proliferation rate and cell apoptosis were measured using the MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS H/R injury in H9C2 cells following SpostC resulted in increased expression of miR-107 and reduced expression of STRADA. Specific binding of miR-107 was identified to STRADA 3'-UTR. Upregulation of the miR-107 in SpostC H/R injured H9C2 cells promoted cell proliferation, reduced cell apoptosis, and downregulating the protein expression of caspase-3. STRADA overexpression reduced the effects of a miR-107 mimic on SpostC. CONCLUSIONS SpostC reduced H/R injury in H9C2 embryonic rat cardiomyocytes by targeting the STRADA gene and by upregulating the expression of microRNA-107.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Jiang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Shan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Billah M, Ridiandries A, Allahwala UK, Mudaliar H, Dona A, Hunyor S, Khachigian LM, Bhindi R. Remote Ischemic Preconditioning induces Cardioprotective Autophagy and Signals through the IL-6-Dependent JAK-STAT Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051692. [PMID: 32121587 PMCID: PMC7084188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process by which mammalian cells degrade and assist in recycling damaged organelles and proteins. This study aimed to ascertain the role of autophagy in remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC)-induced cardioprotection. Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to RIPC at the hindlimb followed by a 30-min transient blockade of the left coronary artery to simulate ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. Hindlimb muscle and the heart were excised 24 h post reperfusion. RIPC prior to I/R upregulated autophagy in the rat heart at 24 h post reperfusion. In vitro, autophagy inhibition or stimulation prior to RIPC, respectively, either ameliorated or stimulated the cardioprotective effect, measured as improved cell viability to mimic the preconditioning effect. Recombinant interleukin-6 (IL-6) treatment prior to I/R increased in vitro autophagy in a dose-dependent manner, activating the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway without affecting the other kinase pathways, such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and glycogen synthase kinase 3 Beta (GSK-3β) pathways. Prior to I/R, in vitro inhibition of the JAK-STAT pathway reduced autophagy upregulation despite recombinant IL-6 pre-treatment. Autophagy is an essential component of RIPC-induced cardioprotection that may upregulate autophagy through an IL-6/JAK-STAT-dependent mechanism, thus identifying a potentially new therapeutic option for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntasir Billah
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.R.); (U.K.A.); (H.M.); (A.D.); (S.H.); (R.B.)
- Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
- Correspondence:
| | - Anisyah Ridiandries
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.R.); (U.K.A.); (H.M.); (A.D.); (S.H.); (R.B.)
- Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Usaid K Allahwala
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.R.); (U.K.A.); (H.M.); (A.D.); (S.H.); (R.B.)
- Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Harshini Mudaliar
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.R.); (U.K.A.); (H.M.); (A.D.); (S.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Anthony Dona
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.R.); (U.K.A.); (H.M.); (A.D.); (S.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Stephen Hunyor
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.R.); (U.K.A.); (H.M.); (A.D.); (S.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Levon M. Khachigian
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Ravinay Bhindi
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.R.); (U.K.A.); (H.M.); (A.D.); (S.H.); (R.B.)
- Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Fang J, Wang J, Chen F, Xu Y, Zhang H, Wang Y. α7nAChR Deletion Aggravates Myocardial Infarction and Enhances Systemic Inflammatory Reaction via mTOR-Signaling-Related Autophagy. Inflammation 2020; 42:1190-1202. [PMID: 30806956 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-00979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) has been previously reported to play an alleviative role in myocardial infarction (MI). In this study, we investigated its specific mechanism. α7nAChR-/- mice and its control (α7nAChR+/+) were used for the study of α7nAChR. Left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion was conducted for the creation of mice MI model and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as inflammatory stressor in murine peritoneal macrophages. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and echocardiography was used for the detection of infarct size and cardiac function, respectively. Western blot was conducted for the testing of autophagy-related proteins and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for the testing of proinflammatory cytokines. Rapamycin was used for the induction of autophagy through inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-related signaling. We found that knocking out α7nAChR enhanced the cardiac infarct size and damaged cardiac function in MI. α7nAChR deficiency increased the levels of several proinflammatory cytokines in serum and spleen from MI mice as well as murine macrophages under inflammatory stress. α7nAChR deletion decreased the level of autophagy in spleen from MI mice and macrophages under inflammatory stress. Rapamycin alleviated the cardiac function and systemic inflammatory reaction in MI mice as well as inflammatory reaction in macrophages under inflammatory stress, which was attenuated by knocking out α7nAChR. Our current study investigated the mechanism of α7nAChR-mediated cardio-protective and anti-inflammatory effect related to mTOR-related autophagy, which might provide a novel insight in the treatment of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Fang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 261 HuanSha Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The 903th Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fanghui Chen
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 261 HuanSha Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuansheng Xu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 261 HuanSha Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 261 HuanSha Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 261 HuanSha Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Xu G, Wang X, Xiong Y, Ma X, Qu L. Effect of sevoflurane pretreatment in relieving liver ischemia/reperfusion-induced pulmonary and hepatic injury. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 34:e201900805. [PMID: 31618405 PMCID: PMC6799973 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190080000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of sevoflurane preconditioning on
ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced pulmonary/hepatic injury Methods Fifty-one Wistar rats were randomly grouped into sham, I/R, and sevoflurane
groups. After reperfusion, the structural change of the lung was measured by
Smith score, the wet and dry weights (W/D) were determined, malondialdehyde
(MDA) myeloperoxidase (MPO) content was determined colorimetrically and by
fluorescence, respectively, and matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9) mRNA was
quantified by RT-PCR. Biopsy and morphological analyses were performed on
liver tissue, activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) were determined, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha
(TNF-α) level was determined. Results The sham group showed no changes in tissue structure. Structural lesions in
the sevoflurane and I/R groups were mild and severe, respectively. Smith
score, W/D, MDA, MPO, and MMP mRNA showed the same trend, and were increased
in the I/R group and recovered in the sevoflurane group, compared with the
sham group (both P<0.05). AST and ALT were significantly increased
compared to the sham group (AST: 655±52.06 vs . 29±9.30
U/L; ALT: 693±75.56 vs . 37±6.71 U/L; P<0.05). In the
sevoflurane group, AST and ALT levels were significantly decreased
(464±47.71 and 516±78.84 U/L; P<0.001). TNF-α presented similar
results. Conclusion The protection of lung and liver by sevoflurane may be mediated by inhibited
leukocyte recruitment and MMP-9 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Xu
- Professor, Department of Anesthesia, Xinjiang Uygur Municipal People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, China. Conception, design, intellectual and scientific content of the study; manuscript writing; critical revision; final approval
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- MD, Department of Anesthesia, Xinjiang Uygur Municipal People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, China. Acquisition and analysis of data, manuscript writing
| | - Yuxiang Xiong
- MD, Department of Anesthesia, Xinjiang Uygur Municipal People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, China. Acquisition and analysis of data
| | - Xueping Ma
- MD, Department of Anesthesia, Xinjiang Uygur Municipal People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, China. Acquisition and analysis of data
| | - Li Qu
- MD, Department of Anesthesia, Xinjiang Uygur Municipal People's Hospital, Urumqi 830001, China. Acquisition and analysis of data
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Qiao SG, Sun Y, Sun B, Wang A, Qiu J, Hong L, An JZ, Wang C, Zhang HL. Sevoflurane postconditioning protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by restoring autophagic flux via an NO-dependent mechanism. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:35-45. [PMID: 30002490 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile anesthetics improve postischemic cardiac function and reduce infarction even when administered for only a brief time at the onset of reperfusion. A recent study showed that sevoflurane postconditioning (SPC) attenuated myocardial reperfusion injury, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of sevoflurane on nitric oxide (NO) release and autophagic flux during the myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats in vivo and ex vivo. Male rats were subjected to 30 min ischemia and 2 h reperfusion in the presence or absence of sevoflurane (1.0 minimum alveolar concentration) during the first 15 min of reperfusion. We found that SPC significantly improved hemodynamic performance after reperfusion, alleviated postischemic myocardial infarction, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide content loss, and cytochrome c release in heart tissues. Furthermore, SPC significantly increased the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and elevated myocardial NOS activity and NO production. All these effects were abolished by treatment with an NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg, i.v.). We also observed myocardial I/R-induced accumulation of autophagosomes in heart tissues, as evidenced by increased ratios of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 II/I, up-regulation of Beclin 1 and P62, and reduced lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 expression. SPC significantly attenuated I/R-impaired autophagic flux, which were blocked by L-NAME. Moreover, pretreatment with the autophagic flux blocker chloroquine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) increased autophagosome accumulation in SPC-treated heart following I/R and blocked SPC-induced cardioprotection. The same results were also observed in a rat model of myocardial I/R injury ex vivo, suggesting that SPC protects rat hearts against myocardial reperfusion injury by restoring I/R-impaired autophagic flux via an NO-dependent mechanism.
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Perry NJS, Wigmore T. Propofol (TIVA) Versus Volatile-Based Anesthetics: Is There Any Oncological Benefit? CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-018-0296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Anesthetic agents provide patient comfort and optimize conditions for surgical and procedural interventions. These agents have been shown to modulate autophagy, which is a cellular mechanism that maintains tissue homeostasis by degrading and recycling excess, aged, or dysfunctional proteins. However, it is not always clear if upregulated autophagy is beneficial or harmful. This review assesses the anesthetic effects on autophagy. In the vast majority of studies, anesthetic modulation of autophagy is beneficial for cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zhi-Yi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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18
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Effects of sevoflurane on NF-кB and TNF-α expression in renal ischemia–reperfusion diabetic rats. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:901-910. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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The Slo(w) path to identifying the mitochondrial channels responsible for ischemic protection. Biochem J 2017; 474:2067-2094. [PMID: 28600454 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an important role in tissue ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury, with energetic failure and the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore being the major causes of IR-induced cell death. Thus, mitochondria are an appropriate focus for strategies to protect against IR injury. Two widely studied paradigms of IR protection, particularly in the field of cardiac IR, are ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and volatile anesthetic preconditioning (APC). While the molecular mechanisms recruited by these protective paradigms are not fully elucidated, a commonality is the involvement of mitochondrial K+ channel opening. In the case of IPC, research has focused on a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel (mitoKATP), but, despite recent progress, the molecular identity of this channel remains a subject of contention. In the case of APC, early research suggested the existence of a mitochondrial large-conductance K+ (BK, big conductance of potassium) channel encoded by the Kcnma1 gene, although more recent work has shown that the channel that underlies APC is in fact encoded by Kcnt2 In this review, we discuss both the pharmacologic and genetic evidence for the existence and identity of mitochondrial K+ channels, and the role of these channels both in IR protection and in regulating normal mitochondrial function.
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Abstract
Volatile general anesthetics continue to be an important part of clinical anesthesia worldwide. The impact of volatile anesthetics on the immune system has been investigated at both mechanistic and clinical levels, but previous studies have returned conflicting findings due to varied protocols, experimental environments, and subject species. While many of these studies have focused on the immunosuppressive effects of volatile anesthetics, compelling evidence also exists for immunoactivation. Depending on the clinical conditions, immunosuppression and activation due to volatile anesthetics can be either detrimental or beneficial. This review provides a balanced perspective on the anesthetic modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses as well as indirect effectors of immunity. Potential mechanisms of immunomodulation by volatile anesthetics are also discussed. A clearer understanding of these issues will pave the way for clinical guidelines that better account for the impact of volatile anesthetics on the immune system, with the ultimate goal of improving perioperative management.
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Yu J, Maimaitili Y, Xie P, Wu JJ, Wang J, Yang YN, Ma HP, Zheng H. High glucose concentration abrogates sevoflurane post-conditioning cardioprotection by advancing mitochondrial fission but dynamin-related protein 1 inhibitor restores these effects. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:83-98. [PMID: 27684054 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hyperglycaemia-induced cell injury is a primary cause of cardiovascular complications in patients with diabetes. In vivo studies demonstrated that sevoflurane post-conditioning (SpostC) was cardioprotective against ischaemia/reperfusion injury, which was blocked by hyperglycaemia. This study investigated whether high glucose concentration abrogated SpostC cardioprotection in vitro by advancing mitochondrial fission and whether mitochondrial division inhibitor-1 (Mdivi-1) restored SpostC cardioprotection in cultured primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NCMs). METHODS Primary cultured NCMs in low and high glucose concentrations were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. SpostC was carried out by adding 2.4% sevoflurane to the cells at the beginning of reoxygenation for 15 min. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, cell death, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening level, as well as fission- and fusion-related proteins, were measured after H/R injury. Mdivi-1 treatment was performed 40 min before hypoxia to inhibit DRP1. RESULTS SpostC protected cultured cardiomyocytes by increasing cell viability and reducing the LDH level and cell death following H/R, but high glucose concentration eliminated the cardioprotective effect. High glucose concentration abrogated SpostC cardioprotection via mitochondrial fragmentation (evidenced by decreased mitochondrial interconnectivity and elongation) and facilitation of mPTP opening. Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential was investigated with increased DRP1, FIS1 and MFN2 and decreased MFN1 and OPA1 expressions. Mdivi-1 (100 μmol L-1 ) inhibited excessive mitochondrial fission and restored the cardioprotective effect of SpostC in high glucose conditions. CONCLUSION SpostC-induced cardioprotection against H/R injury was impaired under high glucose concentrations, but the inhibition of excess mitochondrial fission restored these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Yu
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - Y. Maimaitili
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - P. Xie
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - J. J. Wu
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - J. Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - Y. N. Yang
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - H. P. Ma
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - H. Zheng
- Department of Anaesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
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Guerrero-Orriach JL, Escalona Belmonte JJ, Ramirez Fernandez A, Ramirez Aliaga M, Rubio Navarro M, Cruz Mañas J. Cardioprotection with halogenated gases: how does it occur? Drug Des Devel Ther 2017; 11:837-849. [PMID: 28352158 PMCID: PMC5358986 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s127916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have studied the effect of halogenated agents on the myocardium, highlighting the beneficial cardiac effect of the pharmacological mechanism (preconditioning and postconditioning) when employed before and after ischemia in patients with ischemic heart disease. Anesthetic preconditioning is related to the dose-dependent signal, while the degree of protection is related to the concentration of the administered drug and the duration of the administration itself. Triggers for postconditioning and preconditioning might have numerous pathways in common; mitochondrial protection and a decrease in inflammatory mediators could be the major biochemical elements. Several pathways have been identified, including attenuation of NFκB activation and reduced expression of TNFα, IL-1, intracellular adhesion molecules, eNOS, the hypercontraction reduction that follows reperfusion, and antiapoptotic activating kinases (Akt, ERK1/2). It appears that the preconditioning and postconditioning triggers have numerous similar paths. The key biochemical elements are protection of the mitochondria and reduction in inflammatory mediators, both of which are developed in various ways. We have studied this issue, and have published several articles on cardioprotection with halogenated gases. Our results confirm greater cardioprotection through myocardial preconditioning in patients anesthetized with sevoflurane compared with propofol, with decreasing levels of troponin and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide prohormone. The difference between our studies and previous studies lies in the use of sedation with sevoflurane in the postoperative period. The results could be related to a prolonged effect, in addition to preconditioning and postconditioning, which could enhance the cardioprotective effect of sevoflurane in the postoperative period. With this review, we aim to clarify the importance of various mechanisms involved in preconditioning and postconditioning with halogenated gases, as supported by our studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Guerrero-Orriach
- Department of Cardioanesthesiology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose Cruz Mañas
- Department of Cardioanesthesiology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital
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Shen P, Hou S, Zhu M, Zhao M, Ouyang Y, Feng J. Cortical spreading depression preconditioning mediates neuroprotection against ischemic stroke by inducing AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent autophagy in a rat cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury model. J Neurochem 2017; 140:799-813. [PMID: 27987215 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department; The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun Jilin China
| | - Shuai Hou
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department; The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun Jilin China
| | - Mingqin Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department; The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun Jilin China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department; The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun Jilin China
| | - Yibing Ouyang
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department; The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun Jilin China
- Department of Anesthesia; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford California USA
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department; The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun Jilin China
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Zeng M, Wei X, Wu Z, Li W, Zheng Y, Li B, Meng X, Fu X, Fei Y. Simulated ischemia/reperfusion-induced p65-Beclin 1-dependent autophagic cell death in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37448. [PMID: 27857190 PMCID: PMC5114588 DOI: 10.1038/srep37448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury detrimentally alters the prognosis of patients undergoing revascularization after acute myocardial infarction. Our previous study demonstrated that NF-κB-induced autophagy plays a detrimental role in cardiac I/R injury using a rabbit myocardial I/R model. In this study, we sought to explore the specific mechanism of this autophagy-mediated cell damage in an in vitro simulated ischemia/reperfusion (sI/R) model using human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Our current study demonstrates that simulated I/R induces autophagy in a p65-Beclin 1-dependent manner, which can be suppressed with the inhibition of NF-κB. Furthermore, rapamycin which promotes autophagy, exacerbates sI/R-induced cell death. While 3-methyladenine rescues cell damage. Our data thus suggest that I/R promotes NF-κB p65 activity mediated Beclin 1-mediated autophagic flux, thereby exacerbating myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zeng
- Medical Center, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Medical Center, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Medical Center, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Wei Li
- Medical Center, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Yin Zheng
- Medical Center, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Bing Li
- Medical Center, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Xuqing Meng
- Medical Center, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Xiuhong Fu
- Medical Center, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Yi Fei
- Medical Center, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China
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Yu J, Wu J, Xie P, Maimaitili Y, Wang J, Xia Z, Gao F, Zhang X, Zheng H. Sevoflurane postconditioning attenuates cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via restoring mitochondrial morphology. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2659. [PMID: 27833818 PMCID: PMC5101611 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anesthetic postconditioning is a cellular protective approach whereby exposure to a volatile anesthetic renders a tissue more resistant to subsequent ischemic/reperfusion event. Sevoflurane postconditioning (SPostC) has been shown to exert cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that SPostC protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury by maintaining/restoring mitochondrial morphological integrity, a critical determinant of cell fate. Methods Primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NCMs) were subjected to H/R injury (3 h of hypoxia followed by 3 h reoxygenation). Intervention with SPostC (2.4% sevoflurane) was administered for 15 min upon the onset of reoxygenation. Cell viability, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, cell death, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening were assessed after intervention. Mitochondrial fusion and fission regulating proteins (Drp1, Fis1, Mfn1, Mfn2 and Opa1) were assessed by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting was performed to determine the level of protein expression. Results Cardiomyocyte H/R injury resulted in significant increases in LDH release and cell death that were concomitant with reduced cell viability and reduced mitochondrial interconnectivity (mean area/perimeter ratio) and mitochondrial elongation, and with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mPTP opening. All the above changes were significantly attenuated by SPostC. Furthermore, H/R resulted in significant reductions in mitochondrial fusion proteins Mfn1, Mfn2 and Opa1 and significant enhancement of fission proteins Drp1 and Fis1. SPostC significantly enhanced Mfn2 and Opa1 and reduced Drp1, without significant impact on Mfn1 and Fis1. Conclusions Sevoflurane postconditioning attenuates cardiomyocytes hypoxia/reoxygenation injury (HRI) by restoring mitochondrial fusion/fission balance and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Anethesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
| | - Jianjiang Wu
- Department of Anethesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Anethesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
| | - Yiliyaer Maimaitili
- Department of Anethesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Anethesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anethesiology, University of Hong Kong , Hongkong , China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Anethesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang , China
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Kassan A, Pham U, Nguyen Q, Reichelt ME, Cho E, Patel PM, Roth DM, Head BP, Patel HH. Caveolin-3 plays a critical role in autophagy after ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C854-C865. [PMID: 27707689 PMCID: PMC5206298 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00147.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic recycling process responsible for the breakdown of misfolded proteins and damaged organelles, providing nutrients and energy for cellular renovation and homeostasis. Loss of autophagy is associated with cardiovascular diseases. Caveolin-3 (Cav-3), a muscle-specific isoform, is a structural protein within caveolae and is critical to stress adaptation in the heart. Whether Cav-3 plays a role in regulating autophagy to modulate cardiac stress responses remains unknown. In the present study, we used HL-1 cells, a cardiac muscle cell line, with stable Cav-3 knockdown (Cav-3 KD) and Cav-3 overexpression (Cav-3 OE) to study the impact of Cav-3 in regulation of autophagy. We show that traditional stimulators of autophagy (i.e., rapamycin and starvation) result in upregulation of the process in Cav-3 OE cells while Cav-3 KD cells have a blunted response. Cav-3 coimmunoprecipitated with beclin-1 and Atg12, showing an interaction of caveolin with autophagy-related proteins. In the heart, autophagy may be a major regulator of protection from ischemic stress. We found that Cav-3 KD cells have a decreased expression of autophagy markers [beclin-1, light chain (LC3-II)] after simulated ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) compared with WT, whereas OE cells showed increased expression. Moreover, Cav-3 KD cells showed increased cell death and higher level of apoptotic proteins (cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome c) with suppressed mitochondrial function in response to simulated ischemia and I/R, whereas Cav-3 OE cells were protected and had preserved mitochondrial function. Taken together, these results indicate that autophagy regulates adaptation to cardiac stress in a Cav-3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kassan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; and
| | - Uyen Pham
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; and
| | - Quynhmy Nguyen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; and
| | - Melissa E Reichelt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eunbyul Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; and
| | - Piyush M Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; and
| | - David M Roth
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; and
| | - Brian P Head
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; and
| | - Hemal H Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; .,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; and
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LIU XIAO, LIU XIAOPENG, WANG RUIKE, LUO HUI, QIN GANG, WANG LU, YE ZHI, GUO QULIAN, WANG E. Circulating microRNAs indicate cardioprotection by sevoflurane inhalation in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2270-2276. [PMID: 27284310 PMCID: PMC4887861 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB), it is important to attenuate myocardium injury during the surgery. The present study aimed to observe the cardioprotection induced by sevoflurane induction and maintenance compared with propofol intravenous anesthesia, and to detect its potential protection against acute myocardial injury with sensitive biomarkers. In total, 36 patients undergoing OPCAB were randomly assigned into two groups, receiving sevoflurane (n=18) or propofol (n=18) as the induction and maintenance anesthetic agent. The depth of anesthesia in the two groups was kept at a bispectral index value of 40-50. Physiological and hemodynamic parameters were recorded during the surgery. Cardiac troponin-I (cTnI), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and two microRNAs (miR-499 and miR-208b) were also measured during and subsequent to surgery. Nno statistically significant differences were observed in the physiological and hemodynamic parameters between the two groups prior to surgery. Following surgery, the cardiac output and stroke volume improved significantly in the sevoflurane group (P<0.05). In addition, patients in the sevoflurane group had lower miR-499 (P<0.05) and miR-208b (P<0.01) levels at 12 h after surgery when compared with the propofol group. However, no significant differences in cTnI, CK-MB and LDH levels were observed following surgery between the two groups. In conclusion, volatile induction and maintenance with sevoflurane resulted in some extent of cardiac function improvement in patients undergoing OPCAB. Cardioprotection by sevoflurane is suggested by reduced cardiac injury compared with propofol, and indicated by the sensitive biomarkers, circulating miR-499 and miR-208b.
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Affiliation(s)
- XIAO LIU
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - XIAOPENG LIU
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - RUIKE WANG
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - HUI LUO
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - GANG QIN
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - LU WANG
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - ZHI YE
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - QULIAN GUO
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - E WANG
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Lin C, Liu Z, Lu Y, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Kuai M, Sun X, Sun S, Jing Y, Yu L, Li Y, Zhang Q, Bian H. Cardioprotective effect of Salvianolic acid B on acute myocardial infarction by promoting autophagy and neovascularization and inhibiting apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:941-52. [PMID: 27139338 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the cardioprotective effect of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in rats and its potential mechanisms. METHODS The AMI model was established in rats to study the effect of Sal B on AMI. Haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate the pathological change in AMI rats. Immunofluorescence and TUNEL staining were used to detect autophagy and apoptosis of myocardial cells in hearts of AMI rats, respectively. Protein expression of apoptosis-related, autophagy-related and angiogenesis-related proteins were examined by Western blot. KEY FINDINGS Sal B attenuated myocardial infarction significantly compared with that of the model group. Rats administered with Sal B showed higher inhibition rate of infarction and lower infarct size than those of the model group. Moreover, Sal B decreased the serum levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde, while increased such level of superoxide dismutase significantly compared with those of the model group. Sal B inhibited the expression of Bax, cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved PARP, while promoted the expression of Bcl-2, LC3-II, Beclin1 and VEGF. CONCLUSIONS Sal B has cardioprotective effect on AMI and Sal B may be a promising candidate for AMI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoguo Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Meiyu Kuai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuaijun Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Jing
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizhen Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Preclinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacolgy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacolgy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing, China
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Zhou YF, Wang QX, Zhou HY, Chen G. Autophagy activation prevents sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in H4 human neuroglioma cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:580-8. [PMID: 27041458 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane may induce cognitive impairment in both animals and humans. Previous study has shown that sevoflurane triggers ER stress and may lead to apoptosis in rat hippocampal neurons. In this study, we examined whether sevoflurane caused autophagy and its contributions to sevoflurane induced neuronal cell injury. METHODS H4 human neuroglioma cells were exposed to 4.1% sevoflurane for 6 h. Cell viability and apoptosis ratio were assessed using a CCK8 kit and flow cytometry, respectively. Autophagosomes in the cells were detected using GFP-LC3 plasmid transfection or transmission electronic microscopy. The expression of LC3B, p62/SQSTM, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78) was assessed with Western blotting. RESULTS Sevoflurane treatment induced apoptosis and markedly increased the LC3-II level and GFP-LC3 puncta number, decreased p62 expression in H4 cells. Activation of autophagy by rapamycin (1 μmol/L) significantly reduced sevoflurane-induced apoptosis and increased cell viability, whereas inhibition of autophagy with 3-MA (5 mmol/L) caused the opposite effects. Furthermore, sevoflurane treatment markedly increased the expression of CHOP and GRP78, two hallmark proteins of ER stress. Inhibition of ER stress by 4-phenylbutyrate (500 μmol/L) abrogated sevoflurane-induced autophagy and apoptosis, and improved the viability. Moreover, sevoflurane-stimulated expression of CHOP and GRP78 was inhibited by rapamycin, but further enhanced by 3-MA. CONCLUSION Sevoflurane treatment induces ER stress and activates autophagy, which antagonizes sevoflurane-induced apoptosis in H4 human neuroglioma cells. The results suggest that autophagy may be a potential therapeutic target in preventing sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity.
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Ji W, Wei S, Hao P, Xing J, Yuan Q, Wang J, Xu F, Chen Y. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Has Cardioprotective Effects on Myocardial Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury via Suppressing Mitophagy. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:101. [PMID: 27148058 PMCID: PMC4838626 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy, is excessively activated in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The study investigated whether aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) exerted its cardioprotective effect by regulating mitophagy. Myocardial infarct size and apoptosis after I/R in rats were ameliorated by Alda-1, an ALDH2 activator, and aggravated by ALDH2 inhibition. Both in I/R rats and hypoxia/reoxygenation H9C2 cells, ALDH2 activation suppressed phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin expression, regulating mitophagy, by preventing 4-hydroxynonenal, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide accumulation. Furthermore, the effect was enhanced by ALDH2 inhibition. Thus, ALDH2 may protect hearts against I/R injury by suppressing PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Ji
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Shujian Wei
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Panpan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Junhui Xing
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Qiuhuan Yuan
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
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Late remote ischemic preconditioning provides benefit to patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:437-42. [PMID: 25015066 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To assess whether late remote ischemic preconditioning (L-RIPC) is effective in myocardial protection in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). L-RIPC is exerted by newly synthesized cardioprotective proteins. The cardioprotective effects of L-RIPC are more durable. 200 consecutive patients undergoing elective PCI were randomized to receive L-RIPC (induced by three 5-minute inflations of a blood pressure cuff to 200 mmHg around the upper arm, followed by 5-min intervals of reperfusion) or control (an uninflated cuff around the arm) at 18 h before PCI. Creatine phosphokinase (CK), its cardiac isoenzyme (CK-MB), troponin I (TNI), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured at 24 h after PCI. Adverse events' rates at 6 months were assessed. Compared with the control group, patients in L-RIPC group were observed with significantly lower incidences in Chest pain score >1 and ECG ST deviation >1 mm (P < 0.05). The median TNI, CK, and CK-MB concentrations at 24 h were lower in the L-RIPC group (0.009 vs. 0.036 ng/mL, 123 vs. 186 IU/L, 15 vs. 27 IU/L; P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in hs-CRP between two groups. At 6 months, the adverse events' rate was lower in the L-RIPC group (P = 0.036). L-RIPC is effective in myocardial protection in patients undergoing elective PCI and reduces adverse events' rate at 6 months.
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Protective Effect of Sevoflurane Postconditioning against Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Ameliorating Mitochondrial Impairment, Oxidative Stress and Rescuing Autophagic Clearance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134666. [PMID: 26263161 PMCID: PMC4532466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Myocardial infarction leads to heart failure. Autophagy is excessively activated in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the protection of sevoflurane postconditioning (SPC) in myocardial I/R is through restored impaired autophagic flux. Methods Except for the sham control (SHAM) group, each rat underwent 30 min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary (LAD) followed by 2 h reperfusion. Cardiac infarction was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride triazole (TTC) staining. Cardiac function was examined by hemodynamics and echocardiography. The activation of autophagy was evaluated by autophagosome accumulation, LC3 conversion and p62 degradation. Potential molecular mechanisms were investigated by immunoblotting, real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining. Results SPC improved the hemodynamic parameters, cardiac dysfunction, histopathological and ultrastructural damages, and decreased myocardial infarction size after myocardial I/R injury (P < 0.05 vs. I/R group). Compared with the cases in I/R group, myocardial ATP and NAD+ content, mitochondrial function related genes and proteins, and the expressions of SOD2 and HO-1 were increased, while the expressions of ROS and Vimentin were decreased in the SPC group (P < 0.05 vs. I/R group). SPC significantly activated Akt/mTOR signaling, and inhibited the formation of Vps34/Beclin1 complex via increasing expression of Bcl2 protein (P < 0.05 vs. I/R group). SPC suppressed elevated expressions of LC3 II/I ratio, Beclin1, Atg5 and Atg7 in I/R rat, which indicated that SPC inhibited over-activation of autophagy, and promoted autophagosome clearance. Meanwhile, SPC significantly suppressed the decline of Opa1 and increases of Drp1 and Parkin induced by I/R injury (P < 0.05 vs. I/R group). Moreover, SPC maintained the contents of ATP by reducing impaired mitochondria. Conclusion SPC protects rat hearts against I/R injury via ameliorating mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress and rescuing autophagic clearance.
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Chytilová A, Borchert GH, Mandíková-Alánová P, Hlaváčková M, Kopkan L, Khan MAH, Imig JD, Kolář F, Neckář J. Tumour necrosis factor-α contributes to improved cardiac ischaemic tolerance in rats adapted to chronic continuous hypoxia. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:97-108. [PMID: 25760892 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM It has been demonstrated that tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) via its receptor 2 (TNFR2) plays a role in the cardioprotective effects of preconditioning. It is also well known that chronic hypoxia is associated with activation of inflammatory response. With this background, we hypothesized that TNF-α signalling may contribute to the improved ischaemic tolerance of chronically hypoxic hearts. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were kept either at room air (normoxic controls) or at continuous normobaric hypoxia (CNH; inspired O2 fraction 0.1) for 3 weeks; subgroups of animals were treated with infliximab (monoclonal antibody against TNF-α; 5 mg kg(-1), i.p., once a week). Myocardial levels of oxidative stress markers and the expression of selected signalling molecules were analysed. Infarct size (tetrazolium staining) was assessed in open-chest rats subjected to acute coronary artery occlusion/reperfusion. RESULTS CNH increased myocardial TNF-α level and expression of TNFR2; this response was abolished by infliximab treatment. CNH reduced myocardial infarct size from 50.8 ± 4.3% of the area at risk in normoxic animals to 35.5 ± 2.4%. Infliximab abolished the protective effect of CNH (44.9 ± 2.0%). CNH increased the levels of oxidative stress markers (3-nitrotyrosine and malondialdehyde), the expression of nuclear factor κB and manganese superoxide dismutase, while these effects were absent in infliximab-treated animals. CNH-elevated levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 were not affected by infliximab. CONCLUSION TNF-α plays a role in the induction of ischaemia-resistant cardiac phenotype of CNH rats, possibly via the activation of protective redox signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Chytilová
- Institute of Physiology; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - G. H. Borchert
- Institute of Physiology; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - P. Mandíková-Alánová
- Institute of Physiology; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
- Center for Experimental Medicine; Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Prague Czech Republic
| | - M. Hlaváčková
- Institute of Physiology; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - L. Kopkan
- Center for Experimental Medicine; Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Md. A. Hye Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - J. D. Imig
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - F. Kolář
- Institute of Physiology; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - J. Neckář
- Institute of Physiology; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
- Center for Experimental Medicine; Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Prague Czech Republic
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Sun XJ, Li XQ, Wang XL, Tan WF, Wang JK. Sevoflurane inhibits nuclear factor-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute inflammatory lung injury via toll-like receptor 4 signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122752. [PMID: 25875290 PMCID: PMC4397052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection is a common cause of acute lung injury (ALI). This study was aimed to explore whether Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) play a role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and potential mechanisms. Methods In vivo: A sensitizing dose of LPS (50 µg) was administered i.p. to female mice before anesthesia with either 3% sevoflurane or phenobarbital i.p. After stabilization, the mice were challenged with 5 µg of intratracheal LPS to mimic inflammatory attack. The effects of sevoflurane were assessed by measurement of airway responsiveness to methacholine, histological examination, and IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Protein and gene expression of TLR4 and NF-κB were also assessed. In vitro: After pre-sensitization of ASMCs and ASM segments for 24h, levels of TLR4 and NF-κB proteins in cultured ASMCs were measured after continuous LPS exposure for 1, 3, 5, 12 and 24h in presence or absence of sevoflurane. Constrictor and relaxant responsiveness of ASM was measured 24 h afterwards. Results The mRNA and protein levels of NF-κB and TLR4 in ASM were increased and maintained at high level after LPS challenge throughout 24h observation period, both in vivo and in vitro. Sevoflurane reduced LPS-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, lung inflammatory cell infiltration and proinflammatory cytokines release in BALF as well as maximal isometric contractile force of ASM segments to acetylcholine, but it increased maximal relaxation response to isoproterenol. Treatment with specific NF-κB inhibitor produced similar protections as sevoflurane, including decreased expressions of TLR4 and NF-κB in cultured ASMCs and improved pharmacodynamic responsiveness of ASM to ACh and isoproterenol. Conclusions This study demonstrates the crucial role of TLR4 activation in ASMCs during ALI in response to LPS. Sevoflurane exerts direct relaxant and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro via inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jia Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao Long Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Wen Fei Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Ke Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
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The divergent roles of autophagy in ischemia and preconditioning. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:411-20. [PMID: 25832421 PMCID: PMC4387298 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved and lysosome-dependent process for degrading and recycling cellular constituents. Autophagy is activated following an ischemic insult or preconditioning, but it may exert dual roles in cell death or survival during these two processes. Preconditioning or lethal ischemia may trigger autophagy via multiple signaling pathways involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, AMPK/TSC/mTOR, Beclin 1/BNIP3/SPK2, and FoxO/NF-κB transcription factors, etc. Autophagy then interacts with apoptotic and necrotic signaling pathways to regulate cell death. Autophagy may also maintain cell function by removing protein aggregates or damaged mitochondria. To date, the dual roles of autophagy in ischemia and preconditioning have not been fully clarified. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the recent progress in the mechanisms underlying autophagy activation during ischemia and preconditioning. A better understanding of the dual effects of autophagy in ischemia and preconditioning could help to develop new strategies for the preventive treatment of ischemia.
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Wang C, Hu SM, Xie H, Qiao SG, Liu H, Liu CF. Role of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel-mediated PKC-ε in delayed protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated hearts of sevoflurane-preconditioned rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:528-36. [PMID: 25831209 PMCID: PMC4470312 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the role of mitochondrial adenosine
triphosphate-sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channels and protein kinase C
(PKC)-ε in the delayed protective effects of sevoflurane preconditioning using
Langendorff isolated heart perfusion models. Fifty-four isolated perfused rat hearts
were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=9). The rats were exposed for 60 min to 2.5%
sevoflurane (the second window of protection group, SWOP group) or 33% oxygen
inhalation (I/R group) 24 h before coronary occlusion. The control group (CON) and
the sevoflurane group (SEVO) group were exposed to 33% oxygen and 2.5% sevoflurane
for 60 min, respectively, without coronary occlusion. The mitoKATP channel
inhibitor 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) was given 30 min before sevoflurane
preconditioning (5-HD+SWOP group). Cardiac function indices, infarct sizes, serum
cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations, and the expression levels of phosphorylated
PKC-ε (p-PKC-ε) and caspase-8 were measured. Cardiac function was unchanged, p-PKC-ε
expression was upregulated, caspase-8 expression was downregulated, cTnI
concentrations were decreased, and the infarcts were significantly smaller
(P<0.05) in the SWOP group compared with the I/R group. Cardiac function was
worse, p-PKC-ε expression was downregulated, caspase-8 expression was upregulated,
cTnI concentration was increased and infarcts were larger in the 5-HD+SWOP group
(P<0.05) compared with the SWOP group. The results suggest that
mitoKATP channels are involved in the myocardial protective effects of
sevoflurane in preconditioning against I/R injury, by regulating PKC-ε
phosphorylation before ischemia, and by downregulating caspase-8 during
reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The Second Affiliate Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - S M Hu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - H Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The Second Affiliate Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - S G Qiao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The Second Affiliate Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - H Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health System, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C F Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Xie H, Xu Q, Jia J, Ao G, Sun Y, Hu L, Alkayed NJ, Wang C, Cheng J. Hydrogen sulfide protects against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury by activating AMP-activated protein kinase to restore autophagic flux. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:632-638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Oei GTML, Heger M, van Golen RF, Alles LK, Flick M, van der Wal AC, van Gulik TM, Hollmann MW, Preckel B, Weber NC. Reduction of cardiac cell death after helium postconditioning in rats: transcriptional analysis of cell death and survival pathways. Mol Med 2015; 20:516-26. [PMID: 25171109 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Helium, a noble gas, has been used safely in humans. In animal models of regional myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) it was shown that helium conditioning reduces infarct size. Currently, it is not known how helium exerts its cytoprotective effects and which cell death/survival pathways are affected. The objective of this study, therefore, was to investigate the cell protective effects of helium postconditioning by PCR array analysis of genes involved in necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy. Male rats were subjected to 25 min of ischemia and 5, 15 or 30 min of reperfusion. Semiquantitative histological analysis revealed that 15 min of helium postconditioning reduced the extent of I/R-induced cell damage. This effect was not observed after 5 and 30 min of helium postconditioning. Analysis of the differential expression of genes showed that 15 min of helium postconditioning mainly caused upregulation of genes involved in autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis versus I/R alone. The results suggest that the cytoprotective effects of helium inhalation may be caused by a switch from pro-cell-death signaling to activation of cell survival mechanisms, which appears to affect a wide range of pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gezina T M L Oei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rowan F van Golen
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lindy K Alles
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Moritz Flick
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allard C van der Wal
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus W Hollmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benedikt Preckel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nina C Weber
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang J, Wang C, Yu S, Luo Z, Chen Y, Liu Q, Hua F, Xu G, Yu P. Sevoflurane postconditioning protects rat hearts against ischemia-reperfusion injury via the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7317. [PMID: 25471136 PMCID: PMC4255182 DOI: 10.1038/srep07317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway plays a key role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a downstream target of PI3K/AKT signaling, is necessary and sufficient to protect the heart from I/R injury. Inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane is widely used in cardiac surgeries because its induction and recovery are faster and smoother than other inhaled anesthetics. Sevoflurane proved capable of inducing postconditioning effects in the myocardium. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for sevoflurane-induced postconditioning (SPC) were largely unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that SPC protects myocardium from I/R injury with narrowed cardiac infarct focus, increased ATP content, and decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which are mainly due to the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and the protection of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Application of dactolisib (BEZ235), a PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor, abolishes the up-regulation of pho-AKT, pho-GSK, pho-mTOR, and pho-p70s6k induced by SPC, hence abrogating the anti-apoptotic effect of sevoflurane and reducing SPC-mediated protection of heart from I/R injury. As such, this study proved that PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway plays an important role in SPC induced cardiac protection against I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliate Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliate Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Shuchun Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliate Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Zhenzhong Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliate Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliate Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliate Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliate Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Guohai Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliate Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliate Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China
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Anderson SL, Duke-Novakovski T, Singh B. The immune response to anesthesia: part 1. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:113-26. [PMID: 24588928 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the immune response to anesthesia including mechanical ventilation, inhaled anesthetic gases, and injectable anesthetics and sedatives. STUDY DESIGN Review. METHODS AND DATABASES Multiple literature searches were performed using PubMed and Google Scholar from spring 2012 through fall 2013. Relevant anesthetic and immune terms were used to search databases without year published or species constraints. The online database for Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia and the Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care were searched by issue starting in 2000 for relevant articles. CONCLUSION Recent research data indicate that commonly used volatile anesthetic agents, such as isoflurane and sevoflurane, may have a protective effect on vital organs. With the lung as the target organ, protection using an appropriate anesthetic protocol may be possible during direct pulmonary insults, including mechanical ventilation, and during systemic disease processes, such as endotoxemia, generalized sepsis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Haar L, Ren X, Liu Y, Koch SE, Goines J, Tranter M, Engevik MA, Nieman M, Rubinstein J, Jones WK. Acute consumption of a high-fat diet prior to ischemia-reperfusion results in cardioprotection through NF-κB-dependent regulation of autophagic pathways. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1705-13. [PMID: 25239807 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00271.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated improvement of cardiac function occurs with acute consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) after myocardial infarction (MI). However, no data exist addressing the effects of acute HFD upon the extent of injury after MI. This study investigates the hypothesis that short-term HFD, prior to infarction, protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury through NF-κB-dependent regulation of cell death pathways in the heart. Data show that an acute HFD initiates cardioprotection against MI (>50% reduction in infarct size normalized to risk region) after 24 h to 2 wk of HFD, but protection is completely absent after 6 wk of HFD, when mice are reported to develop pathophysiology related to the diet. Furthermore, cardioprotection after 24 h of HFD persists after an additional 24 h of normal chow feeding and was found to be dependent upon NF-κB activation in cardiomyocytes. This study also indicates that short-term HFD activates autophagic processes (beclin-1, LC-3) preischemia, as seen in other protective stimuli. Increases in beclin-1 and LC-3 were found to be NF-κB-dependent, and administration of chloroquine, an inhibitor of autophagy, abrogated cardioprotection. Our results support that acute high-fat feeding mediates cardioprotection against I/R injury associated with a NF-κB-dependent increase in autophagy and reduced apoptosis, as has been found for ischemic preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Haar
- Department of Systems Biology and Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xiaoping Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sheryl E Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jillian Goines
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois; and Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael Tranter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Systems Biology and Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michelle Nieman
- Department of Systems Biology and Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jack Rubinstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - W Keith Jones
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois; and Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Agarwal B, Stowe DF, Dash RK, Bosnjak ZJ, Camara AKS. Mitochondrial targets for volatile anesthetics against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Physiol 2014; 5:341. [PMID: 25278902 PMCID: PMC4165278 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical modulators of cell function and are increasingly recognized as proximal sensors and effectors that ultimately determine the balance between cell survival and cell death. Volatile anesthetics (VA) are long known for their cardioprotective effects, as demonstrated by improved mitochondrial and cellular functions, and by reduced necrotic and apoptotic cell death during cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. The molecular mechanisms by which VA impart cardioprotection are still poorly understood. Because of the emerging role of mitochondria as therapeutic targets in diseases, including ischemic heart disease, it is important to know if VA-induced cytoprotective mechanisms are mediated at the mitochondrial level. In recent years, considerable evidence points to direct effects of VA on mitochondrial channel/transporter protein functions and electron transport chain (ETC) complexes as potential targets in mediating cardioprotection. This review furnishes an integrated overview of targets that VA impart on mitochondrial channels/transporters and ETC proteins that could provide a basis for cation regulation and homeostasis, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission in redox signaling for cardiac cell protection during IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Agarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David F. Stowe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Zablocki VA Medical CenterMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette UniversityMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ranjan K. Dash
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette UniversityMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Zeljko J. Bosnjak
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Amadou K. S. Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
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Li XQ, Cao XZ, Wang J, Fang B, Tan WF, Ma H. Sevoflurane preconditioning ameliorates neuronal deficits by inhibiting microglial MMP-9 expression after spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Mol Brain 2014; 7:69. [PMID: 25186151 PMCID: PMC4161899 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-014-0069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia are the primary immune cells of the spinal cord that are activated in response to ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury and release various neurotrophic and/or neurotoxic factors to determine neuronal survival. Among them, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which cleaves various components of the extracellular matrix in the basal lamina and functions as part of the blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB), is considered important for regulating inflammatory responses and microenvironmental homeostasis of the BSCB in the pathology of ischemia. Sevoflurane has been reported to protect against neuronal apoptosis during cerebral IR. However, the effects of sevoflurane preconditioning on spinal cord IR injury remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of sevoflurane on potential genetic roles of microglial MMP-9 in tight junction protein breakdown, opening of the BSCB, and subsequent recruitment of microglia to apoptotic spinal cord neurons. Results The results showed significant upregulation of MMP-9 in rats with IR-induced inflammation of the BSCB compared to that of the sham group, manifested as dysfunctional BSCB with increased Evans blue extravasation and reduced expression of occludin protein. Increased MMP-9 expression was also observed to facilitate invasion and migration of activated microglia, imaging as high Iba-1 expression, clustered to neurons in the injured spinal cord, as shown by double immunofluorescence, and increased proinflammatory chemokine production (CXCL10, CCL2). Further, sevoflurane preconditioning markedly improved motor function by ameliorating neuronal apoptosis, as shown by reduced TUNEL-positive cell counts and expression of cleaved caspase-3. These protective effects were probably responsible for downregulation of MMP-9 and maintenance of normal expression of occludin protein indicating BSCB integrity from inflammatory damage, which was confirmed by decreased protein levels of Iba-1 and MMP-9, as well as reduced production of proinflammatory chemokines (CXCL10, CCL2) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β). Intrathecal injection of specific siRNAs targeting MMP-9 had similar protective effects to those of sevoflurane preconditioning. Conclusions Preconditioning with 2.4% sevoflurane attenuated spinal cord IR injury by inhibiting recruitment of microglia and secretion of MMP-9; thus inhibiting downstream effects on inflammatory damage to BSCB integrity and neuronal apoptosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-014-0069-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China.
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Zhang YL, Yao YT, Fang NX, Zhou CH, Gong JS, Li LH. Restoration of autophagic flux in myocardial tissues is required for cardioprotection of sevoflurane postconditioning in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:758-69. [PMID: 24793309 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Sevoflurane postconditioning (SpostC) has been shown to protect the heart from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this study, we examined whether SpostC affected autophagic flux in myocardial tissues that contributed to its cardioprotective effects in rats following acute I/R injury. METHODS SD rats underwent 30 min of left anterior descending coronary artery ligation followed by 120 min of reperfusion. The rats were subjected to inhalation of 2.4% (v/v) sevoflurane during the first 5 min of reperfusion, and chloroquine (10 mg/kg, ip) was injected 1 h before I/R. Myocardial infarct size was estimated using TTC staining. Autophagosomes in myocardial tissues were detected under TEM. Expression of LC3B-II, beclin-1, p62/SQSTM1, cathepsin B, caspase-3 and cleaved PARP was assessed using Western blot analysis. Plasma cardiac troponin I was measured using ELISA. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was evaluated with TUNEL staining. RESULTS I/R procedure produced severe myocardium infarct and apoptosis accompanied by markedly increased number of autophagosomes, as well as increased levels of LC3B-II, beclin-1 and p62 in myocardial tissues. SpostC significantly reduced infarct size, attenuated myocardial apoptosis, restored intact autophagic flux and improved the lysosomal function in myocardial tissues. Administration of chloroquine that blocked autophagic flux abrogated the cardioprotective effects of SpostC. CONCLUSION SpostC exerts its cardioprotective effects in rats following I/R injury via restoring autophagic flux in myocardial tissues.
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Álvarez P, Tapia L, Mardones LA, Pedemonte JC, Farías JG, Castillo RL. Cellular mechanisms against ischemia reperfusion injury induced by the use of anesthetic pharmacological agents. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 218:89-98. [PMID: 24835546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) cycle in the myocardium is associated with activation of an injurious cascade, thus leading to new myocardial challenges, which account for up to 50% of infarct size. Some evidence implicates reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a probable cause of myocardial injury in prooxidant clinical settings. Damage occurs during both ischemia and post-ischemic reperfusion in animal and human models. The mechanisms that contribute to this damage include the increase in cellular calcium (Ca(2+)) concentration and induction of ROS sources during reperfusion. Pharmacological preconditioning, which includes pharmacological strategies that counteract the ROS burst and Ca(2+) overload followed to IR cycle in the myocardium, could be effective in limiting injury. Currently widespread evidence supports the use of anesthetics agents as an important cardioprotective strategy that act at various levels such as metabotropic receptors, ion channels or mitochondrial level. Their administration before a prolonged ischemic episode is known as anesthetic preconditioning, whereas when given at the very onset of reperfusion, is termed anesthetic postconditioning. Both types of anesthetic conditioning reduce, albeit not to the same degree, the extent of myocardial injury. This review focuses on cellular and pathophysiological concepts on the myocardial damage induced by IR and how anesthetic pharmacological agents commonly used could attenuate the functional and structural effects induced by oxidative stress in cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Álvarez
- Critical Care Unit, Hospital Clínico Metropolitano La Florida, Santiago, Chile; Faculty of Medicine, University Finis Terrae, Chile; Pathophysiology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - L Tapia
- Pathophysiology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile; Emergency Unit, Clínica Dávila, Santiago, Chile
| | - L A Mardones
- Pathophysiology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - J C Pedemonte
- Anesthesia Unit, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J G Farías
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de la Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - R L Castillo
- Pathophysiology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile.
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Ji F, Li Z, Nguyen H, Young N, Shi P, Fleming N, Liu H. Response to letters regarding article, "perioperative dexmedetomidine improves outcomes of cardiac surgery". Circulation 2014; 128:e339-40. [PMID: 24126331 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.005450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuhai Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health System, Davis, CA
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Shiomi M, Miyamae M, Takemura G, Kaneda K, Inamura Y, Onishi A, Koshinuma S, Momota Y, Minami T, Figueredo VM. Sevoflurane induces cardioprotection through reactive oxygen species-mediated upregulation of autophagy in isolated guinea pig hearts. J Anesth 2013; 28:593-600. [PMID: 24337890 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-013-1755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sevoflurane increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), which mediate cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Emerging evidence suggests that autophagy is involved in cardioprotection. We examined whether reactive oxygen species mediate sevoflurane preconditioning through autophagy. METHODS Isolated guinea pigs hearts were subjected to 30 min ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion (control). Anesthetic preconditioning was elicited with 2 % sevoflurane for 10 min before ischemia (SEVO). The ROS-scavenger, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine (MPG, 1 mmol/l), was administered starting 30 min before ischemia to sevoflurane-treated (SEVO + MPG) or non-sevoflurane-treated (MPG) hearts. Infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride stain. Tissue samples were obtained after reperfusion to determine autophagy-related protein (microtubule-associated protein light chain I and II: LC3-I, -II) and 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression using Western blot analysis. Electron microscopy was used to detect autophagosomes. RESULTS Infarct size was significantly reduced and there were more abundant autophagosomes in SEVO compared with control. Western blot analysis revealed that the ratio of LC3-II/I and phosphorylation of AMPK were significantly increased in SEVO. These effects were abolished by MPG. CONCLUSIONS Sevoflurane induces cardioprotection through ROS-mediated upregulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Shiomi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
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Combination of necroptosis and apoptosis inhibition enhances cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Anesth 2013; 28:235-41. [PMID: 24113863 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-013-1716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Necroptosis has been proposed as a mode of cell death that is a caspase-independent programmed necrosis. We investigated whether necroptosis is involved in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated guinea pig hearts and, if so, whether simultaneous inhibition of necroptosis and apoptosis confers enhanced cardioprotection. METHODS Isolated perfused guinea pig hearts were subjected to 30 min ischemia and 4 h reperfusion (control = CTL, n = 8). Necrostatin-1 (necroptosis inhibitor, 10 μM), Z-VAD (apoptosis inhibitor, 0.1 μM) and both inhibitors were administered starting 5 min before ischemia and during the initial 30 min of reperfusion (Nec, Z-VAD, Nec + Z-VAD; n = 8 each). Contractile recovery was monitored by left ventricular developed (LVDP) and end-diastolic (LVEDP) pressure. Infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Tissue samples were obtained after 4 h reperfusion to determine expression of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and activated caspase 3 by Western blot analysis. RESULTS After reperfusion, Nec + Z-VAD had higher LVDP and lower LVEDP compared with CTL. Infarct size was reduced in Nec and Z-VAD compared with CTL. Combination of necroptosis and apoptosis inhibition further reduced infarct size. Expression of activated caspase 3 was not increased in Z-VAD and Nec + Z-VAD compared with Nec and CTL. Expression of RIP1 was preserved in Z-VAD and Nec + Z-VAD compared with CTL, suggesting RIP1-mediated necrosis is involved in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. CONCLUSION Necroptosis is involved in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and simultaneous inhibition of necroptosis and apoptosis enhances the cardioprotective effect. These findings may provide a novel, additive strategy for cardioprotection in acute myocardial infarction.
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Shi KH, Tao H, Wu JX. Tumour necrosis factor-α is a foe for patients with acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2013; 100:180-1. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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LIN XUEFENG, WU MIN, LIU BO, WANG JUNKUI, GUAN GONGCHANG, MA AIQUN, ZHANG YONG. Candesartan ameliorates acute myocardial infarction in rats through inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor-κB, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, activator protein-1 and restoration of heat shock protein 72. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:8193-200. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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