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Zhang J, Chang Q, Rizzello L, Wu Y. Research progress on the effects and mechanisms of anesthetics on neural stem cells. IBRAIN 2022; 8:453-464. [PMID: 37786590 PMCID: PMC10528967 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to anesthetic drugs has been proven to seriously affect developing animals in terms of neural stem cells' (NSCs') proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. This can severely hamper the development of physiological learning and memory skills. Studies on the effects of anesthetics on NSCs' proliferation and differentiation are thus reviewed here, with the aim to highlight which specific drug mechanisms are the least harmful to NSCs. PubMed has been used as the preferential searching database of relevant literature to identify studies on the effects and mechanisms of NSCs' proliferation and differentiation. It was concluded that propofol and sevoflurane may be the safest options for NSCs during pregnancy and in pediatric clinical procedures, while dexmedetomidine has been found to reduce opioid-related damage in NSCs. It was also found that the growth environment may impact neurodevelopment even more than narcotic drugs. Nonetheless, the current scientific literature available further highlights how more extensive clinical trials are absolutely required for corroborating the conclusion drawn here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologySouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Quan‐Yuan Chang
- Department of AnesthesiologySouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Loris Rizzello
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM)MilanItaly
| | - You Wu
- Department of Family PlanningThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityGuizhouZunyiChina
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Sarić N, Hashimoto-Torii K, Jevtović-Todorović V, Ishibashi N. Nonapoptotic caspases in neural development and in anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:446-458. [PMID: 35491256 PMCID: PMC9117442 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, classically initiated by caspase pathway activation, plays a prominent role during normal brain development as well as in neurodegeneration. The noncanonical, nonlethal arm of the caspase pathway is evolutionarily conserved and has also been implicated in both processes, yet is relatively understudied. Dysregulated pathway activation during critical periods of neurodevelopment due to environmental neurotoxins or exposure to compounds such as anesthetics can have detrimental consequences for brain maturation and long-term effects on behavior. In this review, we discuss key molecular characteristics and roles of the noncanonical caspase pathway and how its dysregulation may adversely affect brain development. We highlight both genetic and environmental factors that regulate apoptotic and sublethal caspase responses and discuss potential interventions that target the noncanonical caspase pathway for developmental brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Sarić
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kazue Hashimoto-Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Nobuyuki Ishibashi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA; Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
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3
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Yin SW, Meng YL, Li C, Wang Y. Enriched environment for offspring improves learning and memory impairments induced by sevoflurane exposure during the second trimester of pregnancy. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1293-1298. [PMID: 34782574 PMCID: PMC8643064 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in animals indicate that sevoflurane exposure in the second trimester of pregnancy has harmful effects on the learning and memory of offspring. Whether an enriched environment can reverse the damage of sevoflurane exposure in the second trimester of pregnancy on the learning and memory of rat offspring remains unclear. In this study, rats at 14 days of pregnancy were exposed to 3.5% sevoflurane for 2 hours and their offspring were treated with an enriched environment for 20 successive days. We found that the enriched environment for offspring increased nestin and Ki67 levels in hippocampal tissue, increased hippocampal neurogenesis, inhibited glycogen synthase kinase 3β activity, and increased the expression of cell proliferation-related β-catenin and apoptosis-related Bcl-2, indicating that an enriched environment reduces sevoflurane-induced damage by increasing the proliferation of stem cells in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that an enriched environment can reverse the effects of sevoflurane inhaled by rats during the second trimester of pregnancy on learning and memory of offspring. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University (approval No. 2018PS07K) on January 2, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wei Yin
- Department of Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yi-Lin Meng
- Department of Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Tong D, Ma Z, Su P, Wang S, Xu Y, Zhang LM, Wu Z, Liu K, Zhao P. Sevoflurane-Induced Neuroapoptosis in Rat Dentate Gyrus Is Activated by Autophagy Through NF-κB Signaling on the Late-Stage Progenitor Granule Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:590577. [PMID: 33384584 PMCID: PMC7769878 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.590577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The mechanisms by which exposure of the late-stage progenitor cells to the anesthesia sevoflurane alters their differentiation are not known. We seek to query whether the effects of sevoflurane on late-stage progenitor cells might be regulated by apoptosis and/or autophagy. Methods To address the short-term impact of sevoflurane exposure on granule cell differentiation, we used 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to identify the labeled late-stage progenitor granule cells. Male or female rats were exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 4 h when the labeled granule cells were 2 weeks old. Differentiation of the BrdU-labeled granule cells was quantified 4 and 7 days after exposure by double immunofluorescence. The expression of apoptosis and autophagy in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) was determined by western blot and immunofluorescence. Western blot for the expression of NF-κB was used to evaluate the mechanism. Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed to detect cognitive function in the rats on postnatal 28–33 days. Results Exposure to sevoflurane decreased the differentiation of the BrdU-labeled late-stage progenitor granule cells, but increased the expression of caspase-3, autophagy, and phosphorylated-P65 in the hippocampus of juvenile rats and resulted in cognitive deficiency. These damaging effects of sevoflurane could be mitigated by inhibitors of autophagy, apoptosis, and NF-κB. The increased apoptosis could be alleviated by pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, and the increased autophagy and apoptosis could be reduced by pretreatment with NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7085. Conclusion These findings suggest that a single, prolonged sevoflurane exposure could impair the differentiation of late-stage progenitor granule cells in hippocampal DG and cause cognitive deficits possibly via apoptosis activated by autophagy through NF-κB signaling. Our results do not preclude the possibility that the affected differentiation and functional deficits may be caused by depletion of the progenitors pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongliang Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Su
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Benxi, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Min Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Luo X, Yang Z. TrkC Overexpression Protects Sevoflurane-Induced Neurotoxicity in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. Dev Neurosci 2020; 42:105-113. [PMID: 33105134 DOI: 10.1159/000510326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane (SEVO) may induce cortical neurotoxicity and memory dysfunction in both animals and humans. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of SEVO on human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived neurons. METHODS Human iPS-derived neurons were exposed to SEVO in vitro. SEVO-induced toxic effects were examined with the viability, live caspase 3/7, and neurite density assays, respectively. The effects of SEVO on the receptors of the tyrosine kinases TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC were assessed by qRT-PCR. TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC were ectopically overexpressed in human iPS-derived neurons. Their functional effects on SEVO-induced human iPS-derived neuron toxicity were further investigated. RESULTS SEVO induced dose-dependent cell death, caspase 3/7 elevation, neurite degeneration, and the downregulation of Trk receptors in human iPS-derived neurons. Adenovirus-mediated Trk receptor overexpression selectively upregulated endogenous TrkA, TrkB, or TrkC gene expressions in human iPS-derived neurons. Specifically, TrkC overexpression, but not TrkA or TrkB overexpression was found to overcome the neurotoxic effects of SEVO in human iPS-derived neurons. CONCLUSIONS SEVO may induce neurotoxicity in human iPS-derived neurons, and its neurotoxic damage could be protected by the overexpression of TrkC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xianyang Rainbow Hospital, Xianyang, China
| | - Zhifu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baoji People's Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yangling Demonstration Zone Hospital, Xianyang, China
| | - Zhoujing Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China,
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Zhang Y, Lu P, Liang F, Liufu N, Dong Y, Zheng JC, Xie Z. Cyclophilin D Contributes to Anesthesia Neurotoxicity in the Developing Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:396. [PMID: 32117955 PMCID: PMC7026027 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetic sevoflurane induces mitochondrial dysfunction, impairment of neurogenesis, and cognitive impairment in young mice, but the underlying mechanism remains to be determined. Cyclophilin D (CypD) is a modulatory factor for the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). We, therefore, set out to evaluate the role of CypD in these sevoflurane-induced changes in vitro and in young mice. Wild-type (WT) and CypD knockout (KO) young (postnatal day 6, 7, and 8) mice received 3% sevoflurane 2 h daily and the neural progenitor cells (NPCs) harvested from the WT or CypD KO mice received 4.1% sevoflurane. We used immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry imaging, flow cytometry, Western blot, RT-PCR, co-immunoprecipitation, and Morris Water Maze to assess the interaction of sevoflurane and CypD on mitochondria function, neurogenesis, and cognition in vitro and in WT or CypD KO mice. We demonstrated that the sevoflurane anesthesia induced accumulation of CypD, mitochondrial dysfunction, impairment of neurogenesis, and cognitive impairment in WT mice or NPCs harvested from WT mice, but not in CypD KO mice or NPCs harvested from CypD KO mice. Furthermore, the sevoflurane anesthesia reduced the binding of CypD with Adenine nucleotide translocator, the other component of mPTP. These data suggest that the sevoflurane anesthesia might induce a CypD-dependent mitochondria dysfunction, impairment of neurogenesis, and cognitive impairment in young mice and NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Zhang
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Anesthesia and Brain Research Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Pan Lu
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Ning Liufu
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Yuanlin Dong
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Jialin Charles Zheng
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Anesthesia and Brain Research Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences, Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
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Cavuoto KM, Javitt M, Chang TC. Neurodevelopmental Effect of General Anesthesia on the Pediatric Patient. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2019; 56:349-353. [PMID: 31743401 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20190923-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the authors review the animal and human data on the recent studies looking at the neurotoxicity of general anesthesia in the pediatric population. Animal studies in rodents and non-human primates demonstrate neurotoxic effects when exposed to general anesthesia at a young age. However, prospective clinical studies in humans do not show significant differences in intelligence quotient outcomes in children younger than 3 years with isolated and/or short exposures. Current studies are investigating alternatives to minimize the potential side effects, including the addition of protective agents to the anesthetic mix. Understanding the findings regarding the laboratory and clinical studies on the effects of general anesthesia is important in guiding both patient care and parent education. This is particularly relevant in the care of children with ophthalmic conditions such as trauma, congenital cataract, and congenital glaucoma, which may require urgent surgery and early anesthetic exposure. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2019;56(6):349-353.].
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Liang S, Yin N, Faiola F. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells as Tools for Predicting Developmental Neural Toxicity of Chemicals: Strategies, Applications, and Challenges. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:755-768. [PMID: 30990109 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human central nervous system (CNS) is very sensitive to perturbations, since it performs sophisticated biological processes and requires cooperation from multiple neural cell types. Subtle interference from exogenous chemicals, such as environmental pollutants, industrial chemicals, drug components, food additives, and cosmetic constituents, may initiate severe developmental neural toxicity (DNT). Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based neural differentiation assays provide effective and promising tools to help evaluate potential DNT caused by those toxicants. In fact, the specification of neural lineages in vitro recapitulates critical CNS developmental processes, such as patterning, differentiation, neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and myelination. Hence, the established protocols to generate a repertoire of neural derivatives from hPSCs greatly benefit the in vitro evaluation of DNT. In this review, we first dissect the various differentiation protocols inducing neural cells from hPSCs, with an emphasis on the signaling pathways and endpoint markers defining each differentiation stage. We then highlight the studies with hPSC-based protocols predicting developmental neural toxicants, and discuss remaining challenges. We hope this review can provide insights for the further progress of DNT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxian Liang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Xie Y, Wang X. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides attenuates the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons induced by sevoflurane. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1834-1840. [PMID: 30186408 PMCID: PMC6122330 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the application of inhalational anesthetics, including sevoflurane, patients may suffer from neural injury. The present study was conducted to explore the mechanism involved in Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) treatment of sevoflurane injured hippocampal neurons. Primary hippocampal neurons were isolated from Sprague Dawley embryonic rats. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect cell viability. Furthermore, flow cytometry (FCM) was used to determine cell proliferation and apoptosis rates. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis were applied to detect the expression levels of apoptosis-related factors, including activated-Caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X (Bax), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and total ERK1/2. The results showed that LBP promoted cell viability and cell proliferation but inhibited cell apoptosis in neurons injured with 3% sevoflurane, in dose-dependent manners (100, 200 and 400 µg/ml). LBP increased the expression levels of Bcl-2 and p-ERK1/2, and decreased levels of activated-Caspase-3 and Bax in a dose-dependent manner in hippocampal neurons that were injured with sevoflurane. In addition, ERK1/2 inhibitor reversed the above phenomenon in 400 µg/ml LBP and 3% sevoflurane-treated hippocampal neurons. Therefore, the present study indicated that LBP protected hippocampal neurons from sevoflurane injury, including aberrant cell apoptosis, via the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China
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