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Wu W, Diao Y. Anamorphic chaetosphaeriaceous fungi from China. FUNGAL DIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-022-00509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChaetosphaeriaceae is one of the largest families in Sordariomycetes with its members commonly found on decaying leaf, fruit, branch, bark and wood in both terrestrial and submerged environment in nature. This paper reports our research result of diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of anamorphic Chaetosphaeriaceae in China, which is based on a systematic study with an integrated approach of morphological observation and phylogenetic analysis for a large collection (> 1300 herbarium specimens and 1100 living strains). The family Chaetosphaeriaceae is expanded to accommodate 89 accepted genera, including 22 new genera and 10 newly assigned genera. Most of these genera (except for Chaetosphaeria and several other relatively large genera) are delimitated as monophyletic genera with well-defined diagnostic characters in morphology. The phylogenetic connection of non-phialidic Sporidesmium-like fungi is further confirmed and expanded to 10 different genera. The polyphyletic Codinaea/Dictyochaeta/Tainosphaeria complex is further resolved with a taxonomic framework of 28 monophyletic genera by redelimitation of Codinaea and Dictyochaeta with narrower concept, acceptance of the 16 established genera, and finally introduction of 10 new genera. Chloridium is phylogenetically redefined as monophyletic genus with narrower concept as typified by the type species, but a systematic review in both generic and species level is still needed. For biodiversity of chaetosphaeriaceous fungi, a total of 369 species in 76 genera, including 119 new species, 47 new combinations, and one new name, are documented. The identification keys are provided for most genera, especially the large genera such as Codinaea s. str., Codinaeella, Stilbochaeta, Cryptophiale, Thozetella, Dinemasporium and Pseudolachnella. In addition, ten known species were excluded from the family and reclassified. Systematic revision of several relatively large polyphyletic genera should be conducted in future studies, including Bahusutrabeeja, Ellisembia, Stanjehughesia, Cacumisporium, Chaetosphaeria, Chloridium, Craspedodidymum, Cryptophiale, Cryptophialoidea, Dictyochaetopsis, Minimidochium, and many published species of Codinaea and Dictyochaeta.
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Barberis L, Michalet S, Piola F, Binet P. Root fungal endophytes: identity, phylogeny and roles in plant tolerance to metal stress. Fungal Biol 2020; 125:326-345. [PMID: 33766311 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metal trace elements accumulate in soils mainly because of anthropic activities, leading living organisms to develop strategies to handle metal toxicity. Plants often associate with root endophytic fungi, including nonmycorrhizal fungi, and some of these organisms are associated with metal tolerance. The lack of synthetic analyses of plant-endophyte-metal tripartite systems and the scant consideration for taxonomy led to this review aiming (1) to inventory non-mycorrhizal root fungal endophytes described with respect to their taxonomic diversity and (2) to determine the mutualistic roles of these plant-fungus associations under metal stress. More than 1500 species in 100 orders (mainly Hypocreales and Pleosporales) were reported from a wide variety of environments and hosts. Most reported endophytes had a positive effect on their host under metal stress, but with various effects on metal uptake or translocation and no clear taxonomic consistency. Future research considering the functional patterns and dynamics of these associations is thus encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Barberis
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Serge Michalet
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557 Écologie microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florence Piola
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Binet
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, CNRS-UFC, UMR6249 Chrono-environnement, Montbéliard, France.
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Vohník M. Ericoid mycorrhizal symbiosis: theoretical background and methods for its comprehensive investigation. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:671-695. [PMID: 33043410 PMCID: PMC7548138 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of intensive research (especially from 1970s to 1990s), the ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) hair root is still largely terra incognita and this simplified guide is intended to revive and promote the study of its mycobiota. Basic theoretical knowledge on the ErM symbiosis is summarized, followed by practical advices on Ericaceae root sample collection and handling, microscopic observations and photo-documentation of root fungal colonization, mycobiont isolation, maintenance and identification and resynthesis experiments with ericoid plants. The necessity of a proper selection of the root material and its surface sterilization prior to mycobiont isolation is stressed, together with the need of including suitable control treatments in inoculation experiments. The culture-dependent approach employing plating of single short (~ 2 mm) hair root segments on nutrient media is substantiated as a useful tool for characterization of Ericaceae root-associated fungal communities; it targets living mycelium and provides metabolically active cultures that can be used in physiological experiments and taxonomic studies, thus providing essential reference material for culture-independent approaches. On the other hand, it is stressed that not every mycobiont isolated from an ericoid hair root necessarily represent an ErM fungus. Likewise, not every intracellular hyphal coil formed in the Ericaceae rhizodermis necessarily represents the ErM symbiosis. Taxonomy of the most important ericoid mycobionts is updated, mutualism in the ErM symbiosis is briefly discussed from the mycobiont perspective, and some interesting lines of possible future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vohník
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic.
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De Agostini A, Caltagirone C, Caredda A, Cicatelli A, Cogoni A, Farci D, Guarino F, Garau A, Labra M, Lussu M, Piano D, Sanna C, Tommasi N, Vacca A, Cortis P. Heavy metal tolerance of orchid populations growing on abandoned mine tailings: A case study in Sardinia Island (Italy). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:110018. [PMID: 31812823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how environmental pollutants influence plant occurrence, growth, and development is key for effective management plans and potential bioremediation. Rare plants, such as orchids, may occur in modified habitats and on soils containing heavy metals, yet their ecological and physiological responses to heavy metals is poorly understood. We investigated the influence of heavy metal pollution on orchid growth rates and interactions with soil fungal mutualists by comparing a large population of the orchid Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz subsp. tremolsii (Pau) E. Klein that grows on mine tailings in south-west Sardinia (Italy) with a population that grows on non-contaminated soils in central Sardinia. Soils of the contaminated site had high levels of heavy metals and low organic matter and nutritive elements content. We performed a morphological analysis on twenty individuals that have been subjected to measurement of bioaccumulation and translocation of heavy metals. Fungi associated with the roots of plants from the contaminated and uncontaminated site were grown and identified by DNA barcoding approach. Plants from the contaminated site were smaller than the ones growing in the uncontaminated site and were found to be able to tolerate heavy metals from the soil and to accumulate and translocate them into their organs. Fungi belonging to the genus Ilyonectria (Ascomycota) were found both in contaminated and uncontaminated sites, while an unidentified fungus was isolated from roots in the contaminated site only. These results are discussed in terms of orchids' tolerance to heavy metals and its physiological and ecological mechanisms. The role of contaminated habitats in harbouring orchids and peculiar taxa is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio De Agostini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Claudia Caltagirone
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria (Blocco D) - S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Alberto Caredda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Angela Cicatelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Annalena Cogoni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Domenica Farci
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Francesco Guarino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Garau
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria (Blocco D) - S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- Department of biotecnology and bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Michele Lussu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Dario Piano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Nicola Tommasi
- Department of biotecnology and bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Andrea Vacca
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria (Blocco D) - S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Cortis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, CA, Italy
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Pellitier PT, Zak DR, Salley SO. Environmental filtering structures fungal endophyte communities in tree bark. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:5188-5198. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Pellitier
- School for Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Donald R. Zak
- School for Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Sydney O. Salley
- School for Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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Detection of a root-associated group of Hyaloscyphaceae (Helotiales) species that commonly colonizes Fagaceae roots and description of three new species in genus Glutinomyces. MYCOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kohout P, Tedersoo L. Effect of soil moisture on root-associated fungal communities of Erica dominans in Drakensberg mountains in South Africa. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:397-406. [PMID: 28083703 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ericoid mycorrhiza represents a key adaptation of the Ericaceae plants to facilitate their establishment in harsh conditions. The Ericaceae are a large family of flowering plants, with global distribution. However, our current knowledge about the ericoid mycorrhizal fungal diversity and ecology largely relates to the Northern Hemisphere. Our study focused on the assembly of root-associated fungal (RAF) communities of Erica dominans in two types of microhabitats of contrasting moisture along an elevation gradient in Drakensberg mountains in South Africa. RAF communities were determined by 454-sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. The majority of RAF showed affinity to the orders Helotiales, Pezizales, and Pleosporales. Microhabitat type as well as elevation had significant but weak effect on RAF community composition. We identified two putative ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, the ecological niches of which were differentiated between the studied microhabitats. Our study also provides one of the first comprehensive data about RAF communities of Ericaceae on African continent and shows the occurrence of the most studied ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Pezoloma ericae (belonging to P. ericae aggregate) in roots of Ericaceae host plant in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kohout
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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Diversity of fungal assemblages in roots of Ericaceae in two Mediterranean contrasting ecosystems. C R Biol 2017; 340:226-237. [PMID: 28302364 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The plants belonging to the Ericaceae family are morphologically diverse and widely distributed groups of plants. They are typically found in soil with naturally poor nutrient status. The objective of the current study was to identify cultivable mycobionts from roots of nine species of Ericaceae (Calluna vulgaris, Erica arborea, Erica australis, Erica umbellate, Erica scoparia, Erica multiflora, Arbutus unedo, Vaccinium myrtillus, and Vaccinium corymbosum). The sequencing approach was used to amplify the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. Results from the phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences stored in the Genbank confirmed that most of strains (78) were ascomycetes, 16 of these were closely related to Phialocephala spp, 12 were closely related to Helotiales spp and 6 belonged to various unidentified ericoid mycorrhizal fungal endophytes. Although the isolation frequencies differ sharply according to regions and ericaceous species, Helotiales was the most frequently encountered order from the diverse assemblage of associated fungi (46.15%), especially associated with C. vulgaris (19.23%) and V. myrtillus (6.41%), mostly present in the Loge (L) and Mellousa region (M). Moreover, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) showed three distinct groups connecting fungal order to ericaceous species in different regions.
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Bruzone MC, Fehrer J, Fontenla SB, Vohník M. First record of Rhizoscyphus ericae in Southern Hemisphere's Ericaceae. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:147-163. [PMID: 27778093 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ericoid mycorrhiza is arguably the least investigated mycorrhizal type, particularly when related to the number of potential hosts and the ecosystems they inhabit. Little is known about the global distribution of ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) fungi, and this holds true even for the prominent ErM mycobiont Rhizoscyphus ericae. Earlier studies suggested R. ericae might be low in abundance or absent in the roots of Southern Hemisphere's Ericaceae, and our previous investigations in two Argentine Patagonian forests supported this view. Here, we revisited the formerly investigated area, albeit at a higher altitude, and screened fungi inhabiting hair roots of Gaultheria caespitosa and Gaultheria pumila at a treeless alpine site using the same methods as previously. We obtained 234 isolates, most of them belonging to Ascomycota. In contrast to previous findings, however, among 37 detected operational taxonomic units (OTUs), OTU 1 (=R. ericae s. str.) comprised the highest number of isolates (87, ∼37 %). Most of the OTUs and isolates belonged to the Helotiales, and 82.5 % of isolates belonged to OTUs shared between both Gaultheria species. At the alpine site, ericoid mycorrhizal fungi dominated, followed by dark septate endophytes and aquatic hyphomycetes probably acting as root endophytes. Our results suggest that the distribution of R. ericae is influenced, among others, by factors related to altitude such as soil type and presence/absence and type of the neighboring vegetation. Our study is the first report on R. ericae colonizing Ericaceae roots in the Southern Hemisphere and extends the known range of this prominent ErM species to NW Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clara Bruzone
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET), Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Judith Fehrer
- DNA Laboratory, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Sonia B Fontenla
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET), Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Martin Vohník
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany CAS, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic.
- Department of Plant Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, CZ-128 44, Czech Republic.
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Cladophialophora floridana and Cladophialophora tortuosa, new species isolated from sclerotia of Cenococcum geophilum in forest soils of Florida, USA. MYCOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Glynou K, Ali T, Buch AK, Haghi Kia S, Ploch S, Xia X, Çelik A, Thines M, Maciá-Vicente JG. The local environment determines the assembly of root endophytic fungi at a continental scale. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:2418-34. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Glynou
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 13 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF); Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Tahir Ali
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Buch
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF); Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sevda Haghi Kia
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 13 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF); Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sebastian Ploch
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Xiaojuan Xia
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ali Çelik
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science and Arts; Pamukkale University; 20070 Denizli Turkey
| | - Marco Thines
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 13 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF); Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jose G. Maciá-Vicente
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 13 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF); Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Lukešová T, Kohout P, Větrovský T, Vohník M. The potential of Dark Septate Endophytes to form root symbioses with ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal middle European forest plants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124752. [PMID: 25905493 PMCID: PMC4408093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The unresolved ecophysiological significance of Dark Septate Endophytes (DSE) may be in part due to existence of morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species in the most common Phialocephala fortinii s. l.--Acephala applanata species complex (PAC). We inoculated three middle European forest plants (European blueberry, Norway spruce and silver birch) with 16 strains of eight PAC cryptic species and other DSE and ectomycorrhizal/ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and focused on intraradical structures possibly representing interfaces for plant-fungus nutrient transfer and on host growth response. The PAC species Acephala applanata simultaneously formed structures resembling ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM) and DSE microsclerotia in blueberry. A. macrosclerotiorum, a close relative to PAC, formed ectomycorrhizae with spruce but not with birch, and structures resembling ErM in blueberry. Phialocephala glacialis, another close relative to PAC, formed structures resembling ErM in blueberry. In blueberry, six PAC strains significantly decreased dry shoot biomass compared to ErM control. In birch, one A. macrosclerotiorum strain increased root biomass and the other shoot biomass in comparison with non-inoculated control. The dual mycorrhizal ability of A. macrosclerotiorum suggested that it may form mycorrhizal links between Ericaceae and Pinaceae. However, we were unable to detect this species in Ericaceae roots growing in a forest with presence of A. macrosclerotiorum ectomycorrhizae. Nevertheless, the diversity of Ericaceae mycobionts was high (380 OTUs) with individual sites often dominated by hitherto unreported helotialean and chaetothyrialean/verrucarialean species; in contrast, typical ErM fungi were either absent or low in abundance. Some DSE apparently have a potential to form mycorrhizae with typical middle European forest plants. However, except A. applanata, the tested representatives of all hitherto described PAC cryptic species formed typical DSE colonization without specific structures necessary for mycorrhizal nutrient transport. A. macrosclerotiorum forms ectomycorrhiza with conifers but not with broadleaves and probably does not form common mycorrhizal networks between conifers with Ericaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Lukešová
- Department of Plant Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kohout
- Department of Plant Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tomáš Větrovský
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vohník
- Department of Plant Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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