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Gross V, Zankovic S, Rolauffs B, Velten D, Schmal H, Seidenstuecker M. On the suitability of additively manufactured gyroid structures and their potential use as intervertebral disk replacement - a feasibility study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1432587. [PMID: 39104631 PMCID: PMC11298359 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1432587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intervertebral disk degeneration is a growing problem in our society. The degeneration of the intervertebral disk leads to back pain and in some cases to a herniated disk. Advanced disk degeneration can be treated surgically with either a vertebral body fusion or a disk prosthesis. Vertebral body fusion is currently considered the gold standard of surgical therapy and is clearly superior to disk prosthesis based on the number of cases. The aim of this work was the 3D printing of Gyroid structures and the determination of their mechanical properties in a biomechanical feasibility study for possible use as an intervertebral disc prosthesis. Material and methods Creo Parametric 6.0.6.0 was used to create models with various Gyroid properties. These were printed with the Original Prusa i3 MK3s+. Different flexible filaments (TPU FlexHard and TPU FlexMed, extrudr, Lauterach, Austria) were used to investigate the effects of the filament on the printing results and mechanical properties of the models. Characterization was carried out by means of microscopy and tension/compression testing on the universal testing machine. Results The 3D prints with the FlexHard and FlexMid filament went without any problems. No printing errors were detected in the microscopy. The mechanical confined compression test resulted in force-deformation curves of the individual printed models. This showed that changing the Gyroid properties (increasing the wall thickness or density of the Gyroid) leads to changes in the force-deformation curves and thus to the mechanical properties. Conlcusion The flexible filaments used in this work showed good print quality after the printing parameters were adjusted. The mechanical properties of the discs were also promising. The parameters Gyroid volume, wall thickness of the Gyroid and the outer wall played a decisive role for both FlexMed and FlexHard. All in all, the Gyroid structured discs (Ø 50 mm) made of TPU represent a promising approach with regard to intervertebral disc replacement. We would like to continue to pursue this approach in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Gross
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration and Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Applied Biomechanics, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Sergej Zankovic
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration and Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration and Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Velten
- Institute for Applied Biomechanics, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Schmal
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidenstuecker
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration and Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Lee JJ, Jacome FP, Hiltzik DM, Pagadala MS, Hsu WK. Evolution of Titanium Interbody Cages and Current Uses of 3D Printed Titanium in Spine Fusion Surgery. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2024:10.1007/s12178-024-09912-z. [PMID: 39003679 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-024-09912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the history of titanium implants in spine fusion surgery and its evolution over time. RECENT FINDINGS Titanium interbody cages used in spine fusion surgery have evolved from solid metal blocks to porous structures with varying shapes and sizes in order to provide stability while minimizing adverse side effects. Advancements in technology, especially 3D printing, have allowed for the creation of highly customizable spinal implants to fit patient specific needs. Recent evidence suggests that customizing shape and density of the implants may improve patient outcomes compared to current industry standards. Future work is warranted to determine the practical feasibility and long-term clinical outcomes of patients using 3D printed spine fusion implants. Outcomes in spine fusion surgery have improved greatly due to technological advancements. 3D printed spinal implants, in particular, may improve outcomes in patients undergoing spine fusion surgery when compared to current industry standards. Long term follow up and direct comparison between implant characteristics is required for the adoption of 3D printed implants as the standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lee
- Northwestern University, Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), 808 N Cleveland Ave. 901, Chicago, IL, 60610, USA.
| | - Freddy P Jacome
- Northwestern University, Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), 808 N Cleveland Ave. 901, Chicago, IL, 60610, USA
| | - David M Hiltzik
- Northwestern University, Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), 808 N Cleveland Ave. 901, Chicago, IL, 60610, USA
| | - Manasa S Pagadala
- Northwestern University, Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), 808 N Cleveland Ave. 901, Chicago, IL, 60610, USA
| | - Wellington K Hsu
- Northwestern University, Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), 808 N Cleveland Ave. 901, Chicago, IL, 60610, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang A, Han Q, Jiao J, Chen H, Gong X, Luo W, Yue J, Zhao X, Wang J, Wu M. Biomechanical evaluation of a novel individualized zero-profile cage for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a finite element analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1229210. [PMID: 37744254 PMCID: PMC10512836 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1229210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a standard procedure for treating symptomatic cervical degenerative disease. The cage and plate constructs (CPCs) are widely employed in ACDF to maintain spinal stability and to provide immediate support. However, several instrument-related complications such as dysphagia, cage subsidence, and adjacent segment degeneration have been reported in the previous literature. This study aimed to design a novel individualized zero-profile (NIZP) cage and evaluate its potential to enhance the biomechanical performance between the instrument and the cervical spine. Methods: The intact finite element models of C3-C7 were constructed and validated. A NIZP cage was designed based on the anatomical parameters of the subject's C5/6. The ACDF procedure was simulated and the CPCs and NIZP cage were implanted separately. The range of motion (ROM), intradiscal pressure (IDP), and peak von Mises stresses of annulus fibrosus were compared between the two surgical models after ACDF under four motion conditions. Additionally, the biomechanical performance of the CPCs and NIZP cage were evaluated. Results: Compared with the intact model, the ROM of the surgical segment was significantly decreased for both surgical models under four motion conditions. Additionally, there was an increase in IDP and peak von Mises stress of annulus fibrosus in the adjacent segment. The NIZP cage had a more subtle impact on postoperative IDP and peak von Mises stress of annulus fibrosus in adjacent segments compared to CPCs. Meanwhile, the peak von Mises stresses of the NIZP cage were reduced by 90.0-120.0 MPa, and the average von Mises stresses were reduced by 12.61-17.56 MPa under different motion conditions. Regarding the fixation screws, the peak von Mises stresses in the screws of the NIZP cage increased by 10.0-40.0 MPa and the average von Mises stresses increased by 2.37-10.10 MPa. Conclusion: The NIZP cage could effectively reconstruct spinal stability in ACDF procedure by finite element study. Compared with the CPCs, the NIZP cage had better biomechanical performance, with a lower stress distribution on the cage and a more moderate effect on the adjacent segmental discs. Therefore, the NIZP cage could prevent postoperative dysphagia as well as decrease the risk of subsidence and adjacent disc degeneration following ACDF. In addition, this study could serve as a valuable reference for the development of personalized instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Aobo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Han
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhang Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuqiang Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wangwang Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Yue
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minfei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Meng M, Wang J, Huang H, Liu X, Zhang J, Li Z. 3D printing metal implants in orthopedic surgery: Methods, applications and future prospects. J Orthop Translat 2023; 42:94-112. [PMID: 37675040 PMCID: PMC10480061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, metal implants are widely used in orthopedic surgeries, including fracture fixation, spinal fusion, joint replacement, and bone tumor defect repair. However, conventional implants are difficult to be customized according to the recipient's skeletal anatomy and defect characteristics, leading to difficulties in meeting the individual needs of patients. Additive manufacturing (AM) or three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, an advanced digital fabrication technique capable of producing components with complex and precise structures, offers opportunities for personalization. Methods We systematically reviewed the literature on 3D printing orthopedic metal implants over the past 10 years. Relevant animal, cellular, and clinical studies were searched in PubMed and Web of Science. In this paper, we introduce the 3D printing method and the characteristics of biometals and summarize the properties of 3D printing metal implants and their clinical applications in orthopedic surgery. On this basis, we discuss potential possibilities for further generalization and improvement. Results 3D printing technology has facilitated the use of metal implants in different orthopedic procedures. By combining medical images from techniques such as CT and MRI, 3D printing technology allows the precise fabrication of complex metal implants based on the anatomy of the injured tissue. Such patient-specific implants not only reduce excessive mechanical strength and eliminate stress-shielding effects, but also improve biocompatibility and functionality, increase cell and nutrient permeability, and promote angiogenesis and bone growth. In addition, 3D printing technology has the advantages of low cost, fast manufacturing cycles, and high reproducibility, which can shorten patients' surgery and hospitalization time. Many clinical trials have been conducted using customized implants. However, the use of modeling software, the operation of printing equipment, the high demand for metal implant materials, and the lack of guidance from relevant laws and regulations have limited its further application. Conclusions There are advantages of 3D printing metal implants in orthopedic applications such as personalization, promotion of osseointegration, short production cycle, and high material utilization. With the continuous learning of modeling software by surgeons, the improvement of 3D printing technology, the development of metal materials that better meet clinical needs, and the improvement of laws and regulations, 3D printing metal implants can be applied to more orthopedic surgeries. The translational potential of this paper Precision, intelligence, and personalization are the future direction of orthopedics. It is reasonable to believe that 3D printing technology will be more deeply integrated with artificial intelligence, 4D printing, and big data to play a greater role in orthopedic metal implants and eventually become an important part of the digital economy. We aim to summarize the latest developments in 3D printing metal implants for engineers and surgeons to design implants that more closely mimic the morphology and function of native bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Jinzuo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Huagui Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, PR China
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Wu Y, Liu J, Kang L, Tian J, Zhang X, Hu J, Huang Y, Liu F, Wang H, Wu Z. An overview of 3D printed metal implants in orthopedic applications: Present and future perspectives. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17718. [PMID: 37456029 PMCID: PMC10344715 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the ability to produce components with complex and precise structures, additive manufacturing or 3D printing techniques are now widely applied in both industry and consumer markets. The emergence of tissue engineering has facilitated the application of 3D printing in the field of biomedical implants. 3D printed implants with proper structural design can not only eliminate the stress shielding effect but also improve in vivo biocompatibility and functionality. By combining medical images derived from technologies such as X-ray scanning, CT, MRI, or ultrasonic scanning, 3D printing can be used to create patient-specific implants with almost the same anatomical structures as the injured tissues. Numerous clinical trials have already been conducted with customized implants. However, the limited availability of raw materials for printing and a lack of guidance from related regulations or laws may impede the development of 3D printing in medical implants. This review provides information on the current state of 3D printing techniques in orthopedic implant applications. The current challenges and future perspectives are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Wu
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jieying Liu
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xueyi Zhang
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fuze Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Bone and Joint Disease, Beijing, China
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Mousavi A, Provaggi E, Kalaskar DM, Savoji H. 3D printing families: laser, powder, and nozzle-based techniques. 3D Print Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-89831-7.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Wang D, Wang H, Chen X, Liu Y, Lu D, Liu X, Han C. Densification, Tailored Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melted Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Via Annealing Heat Treatment. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020331. [PMID: 35208455 PMCID: PMC8875346 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the influence of process parameters on the densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties of a Ti–6Al–4V alloy printed by selective laser melting (SLM), followed by annealing heat treatment. In particular, the evolution mechanisms of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the printed alloy with respect to the annealing temperature near the β phase transition temperature were investigated. The process parameter optimization of SLM can lead to the densification of the printed Ti–6Al–4V alloy with a relative density of 99.51%, accompanied by an ultimate tensile strength of 1204 MPa and elongation of 7.8%. The results show that the microstructure can be tailored by altering the scanning speed and annealing temperature. The SLM-printed Ti–6Al–4V alloy contains epitaxial growth β columnar grains and internal acicular martensitic α′ grains, and the width of the β columnar grain decreases with an increase in the scanning speed. Comparatively, the printed alloy after annealing in the range of 750–1050 °C obtains the microstructure consisting of α + β dual phases. In particular, network and Widmanstätten structures are formed at the annealing temperatures of 850 °C and 1050 °C, respectively. The maximum elongation of 14% can be achieved at the annealing temperature of 950 °C, which was 79% higher than that of as-printed samples. Meanwhile, an ultimate tensile strength larger than 1000 MPa can be maintained, which still meets the application requirements of the forged Ti–6Al–4V alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; (D.W.); (H.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Han Wang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; (D.W.); (H.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; (D.W.); (H.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Dong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Pangang Group Research Institute Co., Ltd., Panzhihua 617000, China; (D.L.); (X.L.)
- Sichuan Advanced Metal Material Additive Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Chengdu Advanced Metal Materials Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610300, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Pangang Group Research Institute Co., Ltd., Panzhihua 617000, China; (D.L.); (X.L.)
- Sichuan Advanced Metal Material Additive Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Chengdu Advanced Metal Materials Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610300, China
| | - Changjun Han
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; (D.W.); (H.W.); (X.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (C.H.)
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Abstract
The technique of 3D printing offers a high potential for further optimization of spinal surgery. This new technology has been published for different areas in the field of spinal surgery, e.g. in preoperative planning, intraoperative use as well as to create patient-specific implants. For example, it has been demonstrated that preoperative 3‑dimensional visualization of spinal deformities is helpful in planning procedures. Moreover, insertion of pedicle screws seems to be more accurate when using individualized templates to guide the drill compared to freehand techniques. This review summarizes the current literature dealing with 3D printing in spinal surgery with special consideration of the current applications, the limitations and the future potential.
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Kermavnar T, Shannon A, O'Sullivan KJ, McCarthy C, Dunne CP, O'Sullivan LW. Three-Dimensional Printing of Medical Devices Used Directly to Treat Patients: A Systematic Review. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2021; 8:366-408. [PMID: 36655011 PMCID: PMC9828627 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2020.0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing/additive manufacturing has not been used extensively to create medical devices intended for actual clinical use, primarily on patient safety and regulatory grounds. However, in recent years there have been advances in materials, printers, and experience, leading to increased clinical use. The aim of this study was to perform a structured systematic review of 3D-printed medical devices used directly in patient treatment. A search of 13 databases was performed to identify studies of 3D-printed medical devices, detailing fabrication technology and materials employed, clinical application, and clinical outcome. One hundred and ten papers describing one hundred and forty medical devices were identified and analyzed. A considerable increase was identified in the use of 3D printing to produce medical devices directly for clinical use in the past 3 years. This is dominated by printing of patient-specific implants and surgical guides for use in orthopedics and orthopedic oncology, but there is a trend of increased use across other clinical specialties. The prevailing material/3D-printing technology used were titanium alloy/electron beam melting for implants, and polyamide/selective laser sintering or polylactic acid/fused deposition modeling for surgical guides and instruments. A detailed analysis across medical applications by technology and materials is provided, as well as a commentary regarding regulatory aspects. In general, there is growing familiarity with, and acceptance of, 3D printing in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Shannon
- School of Design, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Conor McCarthy
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Colum P. Dunne
- Confirm Smart Manufacturing Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Leonard W. O'Sullivan
- School of Design, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Address correspondence to: Leonard W. O'Sullivan, School of Design, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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Jin Y, Zhao B, Lu X, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Wang X, Zhou R, Qi D, Wang W. Mid- and Long-Term Follow-Up Efficacy Analysis of 3D-Printed Interbody Fusion Cages for Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion. Orthop Surg 2021; 13:1969-1978. [PMID: 34523808 PMCID: PMC8528997 DOI: 10.1111/os.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and stability of 3D-printed interbody fusion cages (3D-printed cages) in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) by investigating the mid- and long-term follow-up outcomes. METHODS In this prospective study, the clinical data of 30 patients with CSM admitted to the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from May 2012 to May 2014 were analyzed. The cohort comprised 18 males and 12 females with an average age of 60.22 ± 3.2 years. All patients were examined by X-ray, CT and MRI before the operation. A total of 30 cases of CSM were treated by ACDF with 3D printed cage implantation. Mid- and long-term follow-ups were performed after the surgery. Clinical efficacy was evaluated by comparing the JOA score, SF-36 score, change in neurological function, cervical curvature index (CCI), vertebral intervertebral height (VIH) and fusion rate before the operation, 6 months after the operation, and at the last follow-up. RESULTS Two of the 30 patients were lost to follow-up. The remaining patients were followed up for 48-76 (65.23 ± 3.54) months. The patients recovered satisfactorily with a significant clinical effect. The JOA score increased meanfully and the improvement rate was 89.4% at the final follow-up. The SF-36 score increased significantly from pre- to postoperatively. The height of the intervertebral space at the last follow-up was not statistically significantly different from that at 6 months after surgery (P > 0.05), showing that the height of the intervertebral space did not change much and the severity of cage subsidence (CS) decreased. The CCI improved from pre- to postoperatively. The CCI did not change much from the 6-month follow-up to the last follow-up. and the cage rate (CR) was 100% at the 6-month and last follow-ups. No severe complications, such as spinal cord injury, esophageal fistula, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, cervical hematoma or wound infection, occurred in any of the patients. CONCLUSION The clinical and radiological results show that the application of 3D-printed cages in ACDF can significantly relieve symptoms. Moreover, 3D-printed cages can restore the curvature of the cervical spine, effectively maintain the intervertebral height for a long time, and prevent complications related to postoperative subsidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan‐zhang Jin
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Xiang‐dong Lu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yi‐bo Zhao
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Xiao‐feng Zhao
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Xiao‐nan Wang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Run‐tian Zhou
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - De‐tai Qi
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Wen‐xuan Wang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
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Wang Z, Feng H, Ma X, Chen C, Deng C, Sun L. [Effectiveness of three-dimensional printing artificial vertebral body and interbody fusion Cage in anterior cervical surgery]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2021; 35:1147-1154. [PMID: 34523280 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202103003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of three-dimensional (3D) printing artificial vertebral body and interbody fusion Cage in anterior cervical disectomy and fusion (ACCF) combined with anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACDF). Methods The clinical data of 29 patients with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy who underwent ACCF combined with ACDF between May 2018 and December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 13 patients were treated with 3D printing artificial vertebral body and 3D printing Cage as 3D printing group and 16 patients with ordinary titanium mesh Cage (TMC) and Cage as TMC group. There was no significant difference in gender, age, surgical segment, Nurick grade, disease duration, and preoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and Cobb angle of fusion segment between the two groups ( P>0.05). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospitalization stay, complications, and implant fusion at last follow-up were recorded and compared between the two groups; JOA score was used to evaluate neurological function before operation, immediately after operation, at 6 months after operation, and at last follow-up; VAS score was used to evaluate upper limb and neck pain. Cobb angle of fusion segment was measured and the difference between the last follow-up and the immediate after operation was calculated. The height of the anterior border (HAB) and the height of the posterior border (HPB) were measured immediately after operation, at 6 months after operation, and at last follow-up, and the subsidence of implant was calculated. Results The operation time of 3D printing group was significantly less than that of TMC group ( t=3.336, P=0.002); there was no significant difference in hospitalization stay and intraoperative blood loss between the two groups ( P>0.05). All patients were followed up 12-19 months (mean, 16 months). There was no obvious complication in both groups. There were significant differences in JOA score, VAS score, and Cobb angle at each time point between the two groups ( P<0.05). There was an interaction between time and group in the JOA score ( F=3.705, P=0.025). With time, the increase in JOA score was different between the 3D printing group and the TMC group, and the increase in the 3D printing group was greater. There was no interaction between time and group in the VAS score ( F=3.038, P=0.065), and there was no significant difference in the score at each time point between the two groups ( F=0.173, P=0.681). The time of the Cobb angle interacted with the group ( F=15.581, P=0.000). With time, the Cobb angle of the 3D printing group and the TMC group changed differently. Among them, the 3D printing group increased more and the TMC group decreased more. At last follow-up, there was no significant difference in the improvement rate of JOA score between the two groups ( t=0.681, P=0.502), but the Cobb angle difference of the 3D printing group was significantly smaller than that of the TMC group ( t=5.754, P=0.000). At last follow-up, the implant fusion rate of the 3D printing group and TMC group were 92.3% (12/13) and 87.5% (14/16), respectively, and the difference was not significant ( P=1.000). The incidence of implant settlement in the 3D printing group and TMC group at 6 months after operation was 15.4% (2/13) and 18.8% (3/16), respectively, and at last follow-up were 30.8% (4/13) and 56.3% (9/16), respectively, the differences were not significant ( P=1.000; P=0.264). The difference of HAB and the difference of HPB in the 3D printing group at 6 months after operation and last follow-up were significantly lower than those in the TMC group ( P<0.05). Conclusion For patients with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy undergoing ACCF combined with ACDF, compared with TMC and Cage, 3D printing artificial vertebrae body and 3D printing Cage have the advantages of shorter operation time, better reduction of height loss of fusion vertebral body, and maintenance of cervical physiological curvature, the early effectiveness is better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital), Taiyuan Shanxi, 030032, P.R.China
| | - Haoyu Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital), Taiyuan Shanxi, 030032, P.R.China
| | - Xun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital), Taiyuan Shanxi, 030032, P.R.China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital), Taiyuan Shanxi, 030032, P.R.China
| | - Chen Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital), Taiyuan Shanxi, 030032, P.R.China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital), Taiyuan Shanxi, 030032, P.R.China
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Meena VK, Kumar P, Kalra P, Sinha RK. Additive manufacturing for metallic spinal implants: A systematic review. ANNALS OF 3D PRINTED MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stlm.2021.100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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A critical review on the biomechanical study of cervical interbody fusion cage. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2021.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Fiani B, Newhouse A, Cathel A, Sarhadi K, Soula M. Implications of 3-Dimensional Printed Spinal Implants on the Outcomes in Spine Surgery. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2021; 64:495-504. [PMID: 34139795 PMCID: PMC8273772 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2020.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) applications possess substantial versatility within surgical applications, such as complex reconstructive surgeries and for the use of surgical resection guides. The capability of constructing an implant from a series of radiographic images to provide personalized anatomical fit is what makes 3D printed implants most appealing to surgeons. Our objective is to describe the process of integration of 3DP implants into the operating room for spinal surgery, summarize the outcomes of using 3DP implants in spinal surgery, and discuss the limitations and safety concerns during pre-operative consideration. 3DP allows for customized, light weight, and geometrically complex functional implants in spinal surgery in cases of decompression, tumor, and fusion. However, there are limitations such as the cost of the technology which is prohibitive to many hospitals. The novelty of this approach implies that the quantity of longitudinal studies is limited and our understanding of how the human body responds long term to these implants is still unclear. Although it has given surgeons the ability to improve outcomes, surgical strategies, and patient recovery, there is a need for prospective studies to follow the safety and efficacy of the usage of 3D printed implants in spine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Fiani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Newhouse
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alessandra Cathel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, CA, USA
| | - Kasra Sarhadi
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marisol Soula
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Timercan A, Sheremetyev V, Brailovski V. Mechanical properties and fluid permeability of gyroid and diamond lattice structures for intervertebral devices: functional requirements and comparative analysis. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2021; 22:285-300. [PMID: 33967629 PMCID: PMC8079052 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1907222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current intervertebral fusion devices present multiple complication risks such as a lack of fixation, device migration and subsidence. An emerging solution to these problems is the use of additively manufactured lattice structures that are mechanically compliant and permeable to fluids, thus promoting osseointegration and reducing complication risks. Strut-based diamond and sheet-based gyroid lattice configurations having a pore diameter of 750 µm and levels of porosity of 60, 70 and 80% are designed and manufactured from Ti-6Al-4V alloy using laser powder bed fusion. The resulting structures are CT-scanned, compression tested and subjected to fluid permeability evaluation. The stiffness of both structures (1.9-4.8 GPa) is comparable to that of bone, while their mechanical resistance (52-160 MPa) is greater than that of vertebrae (3-6 MPa), thus decreasing the risks of wither bone or implant failure. The fluid permeability (5-57 × 10-9 m2) and surface-to-volume ratios (~3) of both lattice structures are close to those of vertebrae. This study shows that both types of lattice structures can be produced to suit the application specifications within certain limits imposed by physical and equipment-related constraints, providing potential solutions for reducing the complication rate of spinal devices by offering a better fixation through osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatolie Timercan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vadim Sheremetyev
- Metal Forming Department, National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Brailovski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Zhu D, Fu J, Wang L, Guo Z, Wang Z, Fan H. Reconstruction with customized, 3D-printed prosthesis after resection of periacetabular Ewing's sarcoma in children using "triradiate cartilage-based" surgical strategy:a technical note. J Orthop Translat 2021; 28:108-117. [PMID: 33868923 PMCID: PMC8022806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surgery for Ewing sarcoma involving acetabulum in children is challenging. Considering the intrinsic structure of immature pelvis, trans-acetabular osteotomy through triradiate cartilage might be applied. The study was to describe the surgical technique and function outcomes of trans-acetabular osteotomy through triradiate cartilage and reconstruction with customized, 3D-printed prosthesis. Methods Two children with periacetabular ES were admitted to our hospital. The pre-operative imaging showed the triradiate cartilage was not penetrated or wholly affected by tumor. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the tumor was excised by trans-acetabular osteotomy basing on “triradiate cartilage strategy” and the acetabulum was reconstructed with the customized, 3D-printed prosthesis. The prosthesis was designed in Mimics software basing on the images from CT, optimized by topology technique, and examined in FE model. After implantation, the oncological and functional outcomes were evaluated with radiography, CT, and MSTS score. Results The operation time and intra-operative blood loss in these two children were 3.5h, 2.5h and 300 ml, 600 ml, respectively. The postoperative specimen showed the tumor was en bloc removed with safe margin. In the latest follow-up (48 months and 24 months), both patients were free of disease and had satisfactory function according to MSTS score. The radiography indicated the prosthesis fit the defect well without loosening. Conclusion The customized, 3D-printed prosthesis could provide optimal reconstruction of pelvic ring and satisfactory hip function after trans-acetabular osteotomy in children. The translational potential of this article This study provides promising results of implantation of customized 3D printing prosthesis in children’s pelvic sarcoma, which may bring a new design method for orthopaedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongze Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hongbin Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Abstract
Rapid prototyping (RP), also known as three-dimensional printing (3DP), allows the rapid conversion of anatomical images into physical components by the use of special printers. This novel technology has also become a promising innovation for spine surgery. As a result of the developments in 3DP technology, production speeds have increased, and costs have decreased. This technological development can be used extensively in different parts of spine surgery such as preoperative planning, surgical simulations, patient-clinician communication, education, intraoperative guidance, and even implantable devices. However, similar to other emerging technologies, the usage of RP in spine surgery has various drawbacks that are needed to be addressed through further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpaslan Senkoylu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ismail Daldal
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lokman Hekim Akay Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cetinkaya
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Memorial Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Assessment of Mechanical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Ti-Nb-Zr Alloy for Medical Applications. MATERIALS 2020; 14:ma14010126. [PMID: 33396757 PMCID: PMC7796223 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to obtain comprehensive reference data of the Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy base material: its microstructure, mechanical, and physicochemical properties. In order to obtain extensive information on the tested materials, a number of examination methods were used, including SEM, XRD, and XPS to determine the phases occurring in the material, while mechanical properties were verified with static tensile, compression, and bending tests. Moreover, the alloy's corrosion resistance in Ringer's solution and the cytotoxicity were investigated using the MTT test. Studies have shown that this alloy has the structure α', α, and β phases, indicating that parts of the β phase transformed to α', which was confirmed by mechanical properties and the shape of fractures. Due to the good mechanical properties (E = 84.1 GPa), high corrosion resistance, as well as the lack of cytotoxicity on MC3T3 and NHDF cells, this alloy meets the requirements for medical implant materials. Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy can be successfully used in implants, including bone tissue engineering products and dental applications.
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Wallace N, Schaffer NE, Aleem IS, Patel R. 3D-printed Patient-specific Spine Implants: A Systematic Review. Clin Spine Surg 2020; 33:400-407. [PMID: 32554986 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. OBJECTIVE To review the current clinical use of 3-dimensional printed (3DP) patient-specific implants in the spine. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Additive manufacturing is a transformative manufacturing method now being applied to spinal implants. Recent innovations in technology have allowed the production of medical-grade implants with unprecedented structure and customization, and the complex anatomy of the spine is ideally suited for patient-specific devices. Improvement in implant design through the process of 3DP may lead to improved osseointegration, lower subsidence rates, and faster operative times. METHODS A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and other sources that resulted in 1842 unique articles. All manuscripts describing the use of 3DP spinal implants in humans were included. Two independent reviewers (N.W. and N.E.S.) assessed eligibility for inclusion. The following outcomes were collected: pain score, Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, subsidence, fusion, Cobb angle, vertebral height, and complications. No conflicts of interest existed. No funding was received for this work. RESULTS A total of 17 studies met inclusion criteria with a total of 35 patients. Only case series and case reports were identified. Follow-up times ranged from 3 to 36 months. Implant types included vertebral body replacement cages, interbody cages, sacral reconstruction prostheses, iliolumbar rods, and a posterior cervical plate. All studies reported improvement in both clinical and radiographic outcomes. 11 of 35 cases showed subsidence >3 mm, but only 1 case required a revision procedure. No migration, loosening, or pseudarthrosis occurred in any patient on the basis of computed tomography or flexion-extension radiographs. CONCLUSIONS Results of the systematic review indicate that 3DP technology is a viable means to fabricate patient-matched spinal implants. The effects on clinical and radiographic outcome measures are still in question, but these devices may produce favorable subsidence and pseudoarthrosis rates. Currently, the technology is ideally suited for complex tumor pathology and atypical bone defects. Future randomized controlled trials and cost analyses are still needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV-systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wallace
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Spine Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Fujibayashi S, Takemoto M, Nakamura T, Matsushita T, Kokubo T, Sasaki K, Mori S, Matsuda S. Stand-Alone Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Using an Additive Manufactured Individualized Bioactive Porous Titanium Implant without Bone Graft: Results of a Prospective Clinical Trial. Asian Spine J 2020; 15:373-380. [PMID: 32951402 PMCID: PMC8217843 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2020.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to introduce our patient-specific bioactive porous titanium implant manufactured using selective laser melting (SLM) and to establish the efficacy and safety of the implant for stand-alone anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) based on a prospective clinical trial. We designed a customized ACDF implant using patient-specific data and manufactured the implant using SLM. We produced a bioactive surface through a specific chemical and thermal treatment. Using this implant, we surgically treated four patients with cervical degenerative disc disease and evaluated the clinical and radiological results. We achieved successful bony union in all but one patient without autologous bone grafting within 1 year. We observed no implant subsidence during the follow-up period, and all clinical parameters improved significantly after surgery, with no reported implant-related adverse effects. Our customized bioactive porous titanium implant is a safe and promising implant for stand-alone ACDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Fujibayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Takemoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomiharu Matsushita
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kokubo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | | | | | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Sun S, Zhuang X, Liu Y. Radiological and Clinical Outcomes of a Disc-Limited Intervertebral Distraction Technique Applied in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion-A Proposed Method to Assist Cage Selection. World Neurosurg 2020; 142:e357-e363. [PMID: 32652283 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inappropriate intervertebral height restoration caused by nonoptimal choice of cage size is common in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiological and clinical outcomes of cervical intervertebral distraction performed in prediscectomy under the strain limitation of the intact disc in a procedure defined as disc-limited intervertebral distraction. METHODS A total of 61 patients were enrolled. Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, Neck Disability Index, and visual analog scale score for neck pain were evaluated. The parameters of the degenerative intervertebral space height, mean value of the adjacent intervertebral space heights, preoperative and postoperative day 3 segmental height, regional sagittal alignment and global sagittal alignment were measured on plain radiographs. The change in the degenerative intervertebral space height, postoperative day 3 degenerative intervertebral space height, and intervertebral distraction ratio were calculated according to the parameters measured on radiographs. RESULTS The change in the degenerative intervertebral space height and distraction ratio in the study group were both significantly lower than those in the control group (both P < 0.001). In the study group, there was no significant difference between postoperative day 3 degenerative intervertebral space height and mean value of the adjacent intervertebral space heights (P = 0.752). The Japanese Orthopaedic Association score improved significantly in both groups, with similar recovery rates. There were significant differences in neck pain score and Neck Disability Index between the groups at the 3 days and 1 month follow-ups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Disc-limited intervertebral distraction is beneficial in avoiding overestimation of the cage size when performing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion and physiologically restoring intervertebral space height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, PR China
| | - Xinming Zhuang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, PR China.
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Chin SY, Dikshit V, Meera Priyadarshini B, Zhang Y. Powder-Based 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Device with Micro and Mesoscale Features. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E658. [PMID: 32630141 PMCID: PMC7408550 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Customized manufacturing of a miniaturized device with micro and mesoscale features is a key requirement of mechanical, electrical, electronic and medical devices. Powder-based 3D-printing processes offer a strong candidate for micromanufacturing due to the wide range of materials, fast production and high accuracy. This study presents a comprehensive review of the powder-based three-dimensional (3D)-printing processes and how these processes impact the creation of devices with micro and mesoscale features. This review also focuses on applications of devices with micro and mesoscale size features that are created by powder-based 3D-printing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seow Yong Chin
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.Y.C.); (V.D.); (B.M.P.)
| | - Vishwesh Dikshit
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.Y.C.); (V.D.); (B.M.P.)
| | - Balasankar Meera Priyadarshini
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.Y.C.); (V.D.); (B.M.P.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.Y.C.); (V.D.); (B.M.P.)
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Tong Y, Kaplan DJ, Spivak JM, Bendo JA. Three-dimensional printing in spine surgery: a review of current applications. Spine J 2020; 20:833-846. [PMID: 31731009 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology has gained traction in orthopedic spine surgery. Although research on this topic is still primarily limited to case reports and small cohort studies, it is evident that there are many avenues for 3DP innovation in the field. This review article aims to discuss the current and emerging 3DP applications in spine surgery, as well as the challenges of 3DP production and limitations in its use. 3DP models have been presented as helpful tools for patient education, medical training, and presurgical planning. Intraoperatively, 3DP devices may serve as patient-specific surgical guides and implants that improve surgical outcomes. However, the time, cost, and learning curve associated with constructing a 3DP model are major barriers to widespread use in spine surgery. Considering the costs and benefits of 3DP along with the varying risks associated with different spine procedures, 3DP technology is likely most valuable for complex or atypical spine disorder cases. Further research is warranted to gain a better understanding of how 3DP can and will impact spine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Tong
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel James Kaplan
- Spine Division, New York University Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E 17th St, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Spivak
- Spine Division, New York University Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E 17th St, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - John A Bendo
- Spine Division, New York University Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E 17th St, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Sejor E, Debs T, Petrucciani N, Brige P, Chopinet S, Seux M, Piche M, Myx-Staccini A, Ben Amor I, Frey S, Prate F, Zenerino A, Gugenheim J. Feasibility and Efficiency of Sutureless End Enterostomy by Means of a 3D-Printed Device in a Porcine Model. Surg Innov 2020; 27:203-210. [PMID: 31941417 DOI: 10.1177/1553350619895631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The aim of this study is to present a 3-dimensional (3D)-printed device to simply perform abdominal enterostomy and colostomy. Summary Background Data. Enterostomy and colostomy are frequently performed during abdominal surgery. 3D-printed devices may permit the creation of enterostomy easily. Methods. The device was designed by means of a CAD (computer-aided design) software, Rhinoceros 6 by MC Neel, and manufactured using 3D printers, Factory 2.0 by Omni 3D and Raise 3D N2 Dual Plus by Raise 3D. Colostomy was scheduled on a human cadaver and on 6 Pietrain pigs to test the device and the surgical technique. Results. The test on the cadaver showed that the application of the device was easy. Test on porcine models confirmed that the application of the device was also easy on the living model. The average duration of the surgical procedure was 32 minutes (25-40 minutes). For the female pigs, return to full oral diet and recovery of a normal bowel function was observed at postoperative day 2. The device fell by itself on average on the third day. Until day 10, when euthanasia was practiced, the stoma mucosa had a good coloration indicating a perfect viability of tissues. No complications were observed. Conclusions. This is the first study that describes the use of a 3D-printed device in abdominal surgery. End-type colostomy using a 3D-printed device can be safely and easily performed in an experimental porcine model, without postoperative complications. Further studies are needed to evaluate its utility in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niccolo Petrucciani
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France
| | | | - Sophie Chopinet
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
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Bydon M, Goyal A, Yolcu YU. Novel Intervertebral Technologies. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2020; 31:49-56. [PMID: 31739929 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Surgical procedures, such as spinal fusion and disk replacement, are commonly used for treatment following failure of conservative treatment in degenerative spine disease. However, there is growing consensus that currently available surgical technologies may have long-term inefficacy for successful management. Intervertebral disk degeneration is the most common manifestation of degenerative spine disease, hence, replacement/repair of this tissue is an important component of surgical treatment. Restoration of spinal alignment and preservation of natural kinematics is also essential to a good outcome. This article reviews novel intervertebral implant technologies that have the potential to significantly impact elective spine surgery for degenerative spine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Bydon
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Charlton building, Room 6-124, 201 West Center Street, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Anshit Goyal
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Charlton building, Room 6-124, 201 West Center Street, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Yagiz U Yolcu
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Charlton building, Room 6-124, 201 West Center Street, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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Yang HS, Park JY. 3D Printer Application for Endoscope-Assisted Spine Surgery Instrument Development: From Prototype Instruments to Patient-Specific 3D Models. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:94-99. [PMID: 31887805 PMCID: PMC6938781 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.1.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing new surgical instruments is challenging. While making surgical instruments could be a good field of application for 3D printers, attempts to do so have proven limited. We designed a new endoscope-assisted spine surgery system, and using a 3D printer, attempted to create a complex surgical instrument and to evaluate the feasibility thereof. Developing the new surgical instruments using a 3D printer consisted of two parts: one part was the creation of a prototype instrument, and the other was the production of a patient model. We designed a new endoscope-assisted spine surgery system with a cannula for the endoscope and working instruments and extra cannula that could be easily added. Using custom-made patient-specific 3D models, we conducted discectomies for paramedian and foraminal discs with both the newly designed spine surgery system and conventional tubular surgery. The new spine surgery system had an extra portal that can be well bonded in by a magnetic connector and greatly expanded the range of access for instruments without unnecessary bone destruction. In foraminal discectomy, the newly designed spine surgery system showed less facet resection, compared to conventional surgery. We were able to develop and demonstrate the usefulness of a new endoscope-assisted spine surgery system relying on 3D printing technology. Using the extra portal, the usability of endoscope-assisted surgery could be greatly increased. We suggest that 3D printing technology can be very useful for the realization and evaluation of complex surgical instrument systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seok Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul Barunsesang Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Yoon Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Parr WCH, Burnard JL, Singh T, McEvoy A, Walsh WR, Mobbs RJ. C3-C5 Chordoma Resection and Reconstruction with a Three-Dimensional Printed Titanium Patient-Specific Implant. World Neurosurg 2019; 136:226-233. [PMID: 31811966 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.11.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With this case report, we aim to add to the clinical literature on the use of three-dimensional printed patient-specific implants in spinal surgery, show the current state of the art in patient-specific implant device design, present thorough clinical and radiographic outcomes, and discuss the suitability of titanium alloy as an implant material for patients with cancer. CASE DESCRIPTION A 45-year-old man presented with neck and left arm pain combined with shoulder weakness. Imaging revealed significant destruction of the C3-C5 vertebrae, and chordoma diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy. Gross total tumor resection including multilevel corpectomy was performed in combination with reconstruction using a three-dimensional printed titanium custom implant. Custom-designed features aimed to reduce reconstruction time and result in good clinical and radiographic outcomes. Clinical scores improved postoperatively and remained improved at 17-month postoperative follow-up: visual analog scale score 10/10 preoperatively improved to 2-6/10 at 17 months; Neck Disability Index 46% preoperatively improved to 32% at 17 months. Neither dysphagia nor dysphonia remained after surgical soft tissue swelling subsided. The patient was successfully treated with proton beam therapy after surgery, with no tumor recurrence at 17-month follow-up. Radiographic assessment showed incomplete fusion at 3 months, with clinically insignificant implant subsidence (2.7 mm) and no implant migration or failure at 14 months. CONCLUSIONS Computer-aided preoperative planning with three-dimensional printed biomodels and custom implant resulted in relatively quick and simple reconstruction after tumor resection, with good clinical and radiographic outcomes at 17 and 14 months, respectively. For patients with primary tumors who may require follow-up radiotherapy or postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, metals used in the devices cause significant imaging artifact.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C H Parr
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Sydney, Australia; 3DMorphic Pty Ltd., Sydney, Australia.
| | - Joshua L Burnard
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Sydney, Australia
| | - Telvinderjit Singh
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aidan McEvoy
- Matrix Medical Innovations Pty Ltd., Sydney, Australia
| | - William R Walsh
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ralph J Mobbs
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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3D-printed spine surgery implants: a systematic review of the efficacy and clinical safety profile of patient-specific and off-the-shelf devices. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2019; 29:1248-1260. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-019-06236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Parr WCH, Burnard JL, Wilson PJ, Mobbs RJ. 3D printed anatomical (bio)models in spine surgery: clinical benefits and value to health care providers. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY 2019; 5:549-560. [PMID: 32043006 DOI: 10.21037/jss.2019.12.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The applications of three-dimensional printing (3DP) for clinical purposes have grown rapidly over the past decade. Recent advances include the fabrication of patient specific instrumentation, such as drill and cutting guides, patient specific/custom long term implants and 3DP of cellular scaffolds. Spine surgery in particular has seen enthusiastic early adoption of these applications. 3DP as a manufacturing method can be used to mass produce objects of the same design, but can also be used as a cost-effective method for manufacturing unique one-off objects, such as patient specific models and devices. Perhaps the first, and currently most widespread, application of 3DP for producing patient specific devices is the production of patient specific anatomical models, often termed biomodels. The present manuscript focuses on the current state of the art in anatomical (bio)models as used in spinal clinical practice. The biomodels shown and discussed include: translucent and coloured models to aid in identification of extent and margins of pathologies such as bone tumours; dynamic models for implant trial implantation and pre-operative sizing; models that can be disassembled to simulate surgical resection of diseased tissue and subsequent reconstruction. Biomodels can reduce risk to the patient by decreasing surgery time, reducing the probability of the surgical team encountering unexpected anatomy or relative positioning of structures and/or devices, and better pre-operative planning of the surgical workflow including ordered preparation of the necessary instrumentation for multi-step and revision procedures. Conversely, risks can be increased if biomodels are not accurate representations of the anatomy, which can occur if MRI/CT scan data is simply converted into 3DP format without interpretation of what the scan represents in terms of patient anatomy. A review and analysis of the cost-benefits of biomodels shows that biomodels can potentially reduce cost to health care providers if operating room time is reduced by 14 minutes or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C H Parr
- Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories (SORL), Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.,3DMorphic Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia.,NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
| | - Joshua L Burnard
- Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories (SORL), Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.,NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter John Wilson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ralph J Mobbs
- Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories (SORL), Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.,NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private, Sydney, Australia
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Additive Manufacturing of Customized Metallic Orthopedic Implants: Materials, Structures, and Surface Modifications. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met9091004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metals have been used for orthopedic implants for a long time due to their excellent mechanical properties. With the rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, studying customized implants with complex microstructures for patients has become a trend of various bone defect repair. A superior customized implant should have good biocompatibility and mechanical properties matching the defect bone. To meet the performance requirements of implants, this paper introduces the biomedical metallic materials currently applied to orthopedic implants from the design to manufacture, elaborates the structure design and surface modification of the orthopedic implant. By selecting the appropriate implant material and processing method, optimizing the implant structure and modifying the surface can ensure the performance requirements of the implant. Finally, this paper discusses the future development trend of the orthopedic implant.
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Wei R, Guo W, Yang R, Tang X, Yang Y, Ji T, Liang H. Reconstruction of the pelvic ring after total en bloc sacrectomy using a 3D-printed sacral endoprosthesis with re-establishment of spinopelvic stability: a retrospective comparative study. Bone Joint J 2019; 101-B:880-888. [PMID: 31256665 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.101b7.bjj-2018-1010.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to describe the use of 3D-printed sacral endoprostheses to reconstruct the pelvic ring and re-establish spinopelvic stability after total en bloc sacrectomy (TES) and to review its outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 32 patients who underwent TES in our hospital between January 2015 and December 2017. We divided the patients into three groups on the basis of the method of reconstruction: an endoprosthesis group (n = 10); a combined reconstruction group (n = 14), who underwent non-endoprosthetic combined reconstruction, including anterior spinal column fixation; and a spinopelvic fixation (SPF) group (n = 8), who underwent only SPF. Spinopelvic stability, implant survival (IS), intraoperative haemorrhage rate, and perioperative complication rate in the endoprosthesis group were documented and compared with those of other two groups. RESULTS The mean overall follow-up was 22.1 months (9 to 44). In the endoprosthesis group, the mean intraoperative hemorrhage was 3530 ml (1600 to 8100). Perioperative complications occurred in two patients; both had problems with wound healing. After a mean follow-up of 17.7 months (12 to 38), 9/10 patients could walk without aids and 8/10 patients were not using analgesics. Imaging evidence of implant failure was found in three patients, all of whom had breakage of screws and/or rods. Only one of these, who had a local recurrence, underwent re-operation, at which solid bone-endoprosthetic osseointegration was found. The mean IS using re-operation as the endpoint was 32.5 months (95% confidence interval 23.2 to 41.8). Compared with the other two groups, the endoprosthesis group had significantly better spinopelvic stability and IS with no greater intraoperative haemorrhage or perioperative complications. CONCLUSION The use of 3D-printed endoprostheses for reconstruction after TES provides reliable spinopelvic stability and IS by facilitating osseointegration at the bone-implant interfaces, with acceptable levels of haemorrhage and complications. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:880-888.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wei
- Musculoskeletal Tumour Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Tumours, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - W Guo
- Musculoskeletal Tumour Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Tumours, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - R Yang
- Musculoskeletal Tumour Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Tumours, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - X Tang
- Musculoskeletal Tumour Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Tumours, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Y Yang
- Musculoskeletal Tumour Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Tumours, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - T Ji
- Musculoskeletal Tumour Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Tumours, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - H Liang
- Musculoskeletal Tumour Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Tumours, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Choy WJ, Parr WCH, Phan K, Walsh WR, Mobbs RJ. 3-dimensional printing for anterior cervical surgery: a review. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY (HONG KONG) 2018; 4:757-769. [PMID: 30714008 PMCID: PMC6330582 DOI: 10.21037/jss.2018.12.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Age-related degenerative changes and non-spondylotic pathologies of the cervical spine such as trauma and tumor can lead to compression of neurological structures and result in substantial alteration of the structural anatomy. The end-goal of surgical intervention is to decompress the neural structures which can be achieved via an anterior or a posterior approach, and stabilization of segments to restore stability and alignment. Three-dimensional printing (3DP or Additive Manufacturing) has been applied to the field of medicine, in particular orthopedics and neurosurgery. Coupled with advances of medical imaging such as computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), accurate 3D models of patient anatomy can be produced, and patient-specific implants (PSIs) for complex anatomical reconstruction have all been applied with positive outcomes. 3D printed implants have been applied in particular to the cervical spine predominantly due to the complex and relatively small osteological anatomy and the proximity of important neurovascular structures to the surgical sites. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current application of 3DP for cervical spinal implants. This includes a review on the available literature on 3D printed PSIs and current available 3D printed "off-the-shelf" (OTS) implants (3D-OTS). Suitable materials for 3DP of spinal implants and the future prospect of cervical implants will be discussed. The review will be concluded with a suggested guide for carrying future studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 3DP for cervical spinal implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jie Choy
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Sydney, Australia
- Surgical Orthopedics Research Lab, Prince of Wales Randwick, Sydney, Australia
| | - William C. H. Parr
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Sydney, Australia
- Surgical Orthopedics Research Lab, Prince of Wales Randwick, Sydney, Australia
- 3D Morphic Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kevin Phan
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Sydney, Australia
- Surgical Orthopedics Research Lab, Prince of Wales Randwick, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private, Sydney, Australia
| | - William R. Walsh
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Sydney, Australia
- Surgical Orthopedics Research Lab, Prince of Wales Randwick, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ralph J. Mobbs
- University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Sydney, Australia
- Surgical Orthopedics Research Lab, Prince of Wales Randwick, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private, Sydney, Australia
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Wang H, Su K, Su L, Liang P, Ji P, Wang C. The effect of 3D-printed Ti6Al4V scaffolds with various macropore structures on osteointegration and osteogenesis: A biomechanical evaluation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 88:488-496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Pakzaban P. A 3-Dimensional-Printed Spine Localizer: Introducing the Concept of Online Dissemination of Novel Surgical Instruments. Neurospine 2018; 15:242-248. [PMID: 30126266 PMCID: PMC6226123 DOI: 10.14245/ns.1836068.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims To date, applications of 3-dimensional (3D) printing in neurosurgery have been limited to the creation of anatomical models for training and simulation, fabrication of customized implants, and production of patient-specific surgical tool guides. We aim to demonstrate a new application of this technology for the online dissemination of novel surgical instrument designs across the world.
Methods A link to a 3D printing file and instructions for assembly of a spine localizer are included in this article. This device was used to determine the optimal location of skin incision in lumbar microsurgery in 43 consecutive patients. Data regarding the accuracy of the surgeon's initial estimate of the target site based on palpation of anatomical landmarks and the accuracy of the localizer device in locating the target spine segment were prospectively collected.
Results In 35 cases (81%), the surgeon’s initial estimate of the target site was correct. In the remaining 8 cases (19%), the initial estimate was off by 1 motion segment. Inaccuracy of the surgeon’s estimate was found to be associated with a higher body mass index and the presence of transitional lumbosacral anatomy, but not with age, sex, or location of the target segment. In all patients, the location of the incision guided by the localizer was found to overlie the target segment, yielding a device accuracy of 100%. There was no need to extend the incision or modify the surgical trajectory.
Conclusion This 3D-printable localizer serves as an example of a device that can be disseminated online and printed at the point of use, thus promoting online tool-sharing by neurosurgeons.
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Sun R, Jia Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Oyang H, Feng L. A new 3D printed titanium metal trabecular bone reconstruction system for early osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11088. [PMID: 29952948 PMCID: PMC6039592 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, biomechanical support therapy for the femoral head has become an important approach in the treatment of early osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Previous studies have reported that the titanium metal trabecular bone reconstruction systems (TMTBRS) achieved satisfactory clinical results for the treatment of early femoral head necrosis. Electron beam melting technology (EBMT) is an important branch of 3D printing technology, which enables the construction of an interface that is required for support of bone in-growth. However, the effect of TMTBRS created using EBMT for clinical applications for early ONFH is still unknown. At present, there are no reports on this topic worldwide. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of a new 3D printed TMTBRS implant and to evaluate its clinical efficacy in early ONFH.Thirty patients who underwent surgery for ONFH were selected. The stages of ONFH were classified according to the Association Research Circulation Osseus (ARCO) classification. They were followed-up and radiological examination was performed at 6, 12, and 24 months post-surgery to assess TMTBRS stability and bone growth in the bone trabecular holder portion surface. To evaluate hip function, postoperative Harris and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores were used.The postoperative Harris score increased significantly and VAS score decreased significantly at the 12-month follow-up compared to the 24-month follow-up, wherein the Harris score declined slightly and the VAS score was slightly elevated with the aggravation of ONFH. With the passage of time, postoperative improvement rates were 100% for IIA, 70% for IIB, and 0% for IIC. Hip-preserving rates were 100% for IIA, 100% for IIB, and 50% for IIC.The effect of TMTBRS treatment for early ONFH in ARCO IIA and ARCO IIB is satisfactory. However, it is not recommended for a relatively large area of necrosis such as in ARCO IIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang
| | - Ruibo Sun
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang
| | - Yudong Jia
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang
| | - Xiantao Chen
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang
| | - Youwen Liu
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang
| | - Hong Oyang
- Beijing TianXinFu Medical Appliance Co, Beijing
| | - Lizhi Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Creation of 3-Dimensional Life Size: Patient-Specific C1 Fracture Models for Screw Fixation. World Neurosurg 2018; 114:e173-e181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.02.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Vertebral body replacement using patient-specific three-dimensional-printed polymer implants in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: an encouraging preliminary report. Spine J 2018; 18:892-899. [PMID: 29408349 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Resulting from recent studies that suggest a benefit of implant design on the achievement of fusion and stability in cervical spinal disease management, manufacturing development has increased over the past years. This article attempts to describe how the development of patient-specific implants, which are used during the procedures of anterior cervical corpectomy and vertebral body replacement (VBR), impacts the outcomes of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) management. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective clinical study included six patients who were implanted with patient-specific VBR for single-level or multilevel CSM. The following clinical scores were collected: visual analog scale (VAS), modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA), Neck Dysfunction Index (NDI), and European myelopathy score (EMS), along with radiological measurements. RESULTS Six patients reached a mean follow-up date of 21months (12-24). Angle measurements remained constant during follow-up, including the C2-C7 Cobb angle and the corpectomy Cobb angle. Furthermore, no deformations, such as hyperlordosis or kyphosis, were detected. The anterior height (Ha) and the posterior height (Hp) of the corpectomy segment remained constant (ratio close to 1) with no severe subsidence (>3 mm) at the last follow-up. No height differences were detected between the preoperative and the last follow-up dates, neither for the upper Hp and Ha (0.97±0.09 and 1.00±0.06, respectively) nor for the lower adjacent vertebrate Hp and Ha (0.96±0.04 and 1.02±0.12). The mean mJOA and EMS recovery rates were 60.4% (standard deviation [SD] 20.4) and 77.0% (SD 29.7), respectively, at last the follow-up. An EMS of at least 16 of 18 was observed in 83% (5 of 6) of the patients. We recorded a preoperative NDI score at 47.1% (SD 18.6) that improved to 11.2% (SD 4.1) at the last follow-up (p<.01). The preoperative VAS neck (6.3, range 4-7) and the VAS arm (6.1, range 3- 9) scores improved to 1.3 (range 0-3) and 2.8 (range 0-5), respectively, at the last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary report suggests a possible benefit of the use of patient-specific implants in CSM treatment. The favorable clinical and radiological outcomes were associated with a correct achievement rate; these are promising elements toward the development of the concept of personalized therapy. Nonetheless, these encouraging results have to be confirmed now with a longer follow-up and a larger cohort.
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3D Printing Applications in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery. Minim Invasive Surg 2018; 2018:4760769. [PMID: 29805806 PMCID: PMC5899854 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4760769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing (3DP) technology continues to gain popularity among medical specialties as a useful tool to improve patient care. The field of spine surgery is one discipline that has utilized this; however, information regarding the use of 3DP in minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) is limited. 3D printing is currently being utilized in spine surgery to create biomodels, hardware templates and guides, and implants. Minimally invasive spine surgeons have begun to adopt 3DP technology, specifically with the use of biomodeling to optimize preoperative planning. Factors limiting widespread adoption of 3DP include increased time, cost, and the limited range of diagnoses in which 3DP has thus far been utilized. 3DP technology has become a valuable tool utilized by spine surgeons, and there are limitless directions in which this technology can be applied to minimally invasive spine surgery.
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A Review of Current Clinical Applications of Three-Dimensional Printing in Spine Surgery. Asian Spine J 2018; 12:171-177. [PMID: 29503698 PMCID: PMC5821924 DOI: 10.4184/asj.2018.12.1.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a transformative technology with a potentially wide range of applications in the field of orthopaedic spine surgery. This article aims to review the current applications, limitations, and future developments of 3D printing technology in orthopaedic spine surgery. Current preoperative applications of 3D printing include construction of complex 3D anatomic models for improved visual understanding, preoperative surgical planning, and surgical simulations for resident education. Intraoperatively, 3D printers have been successfully used in surgical guidance systems and in the creation of patient specific implantable devices. Furthermore, 3D printing is revolutionizing the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, allowing construction of biocompatible scaffolds suitable for cell growth and vasculature. Advances in printing technology and evidence of positive clinical outcomes are needed before there is an expansion of 3D printing applied to the clinical setting.
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Wilcox B, Mobbs RJ, Wu AM, Phan K. Systematic review of 3D printing in spinal surgery: the current state of play. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY 2017; 3:433-443. [PMID: 29057355 DOI: 10.21037/jss.2017.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP), also known as "Additive Manufacturing", is a rapidly growing industry, particularly in the area of spinal surgery. Given the complex anatomy of the spine and delicate nature of surrounding structures, 3DP has the potential to aid surgical planning and procedural accuracy. We perform a systematic review of current literature on the applications of 3DP in spinal surgery. Six electronic databases were searched for original published studies reporting cases or outcomes for 3DP surgical models, guides or implants for spinal surgery. The findings of these studies were synthesized and summarized. These searches returned a combined 2,411 articles. Of these, 54 were included in this review. 3DP is currently used for surgical planning, intra-operative surgical guides, customised prostheses as well as "Off-the-Shelf" implants. The technology has the potential for enhanced implant properties, as well as decreased surgical time and better patient outcomes. The majority of the data thus far is from low-quality studies with inherent biases linked with the excitement of a new field. As the body of literature continues to expand, larger scale studies to evaluate advantages and disadvantages, and longer-term follow up will enhance our knowledge of the effect 3DP has in spinal surgery. In addition, issues such as financial impact, time to design and print, materials selection and bio-printing will evolve as this rapidly expanding field matures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wilcox
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Randwick, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ralph J Mobbs
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Randwick, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of the Wenzhou Medical University, The Second Medical School of the Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Spine Center, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Kevin Phan
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Randwick, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Spinal instrumentation often involves placing implants without direct visualization of their trajectory or proximity to adjacent neurovascular structures. Two-dimensional fluoroscopy is commonly used to navigate implant placement, but with the advent of computed tomography, followed by the invention of a mobile scanner with an open gantry, three-dimensional (3D) navigation is now widely used. This article critically appraises the available literature to assess the influence of 3D navigation on radiation exposure, accuracy of instrumentation, operative time, and patient outcomes. Also explored is the latest technological advance in 3D neuronavigation: the manufacturing of, via 3D printers, patient-specific templates that direct implant placement.
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Ling Q, He E, Ouyang H, Guo J, Yin Z, Huang W. Design of mulitlevel OLF approach ("V"-shaped decompressive laminoplasty) based on 3D printing technology. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2017; 27:323-329. [PMID: 28752243 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-017-5234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To introduce a new surgical approach to the multilevel ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) aided by three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. METHODS A multilevel OLF patient (male, 66 years) was scanned using computed tomography (CT). His saved DICOM format data were inputted to the Mimics14.0 3D reconstruction software (Materialise, Belgium). The resulting 3D model was used to observe the anatomical features of the multilevel OLF area and to design the surgical approach. At the base of the spinous process, two channels were created using an osteotomy bilaterally to create a "V" shape to remove the bone ligamentous complex (BLC). The decompressive laminoplasty using mini-plate fixation was simulated with the computer. The physical model was manufactured using 3D printing technology. The patient was subsequently treated using the designed surgery. RESULT The operation was completed successfully without any complications. The operative time was 90 min, and blood loss was 200 ml. One month after the operation, neurologic function was recovered well, and the JOA score was improved from 6 preoperatively to 10. Postoperative CT scanning showed that the OLF was totally removed, and the replanted BLC had not subsided. CONCLUSION 3D printing technology is an effective, reliable, and minimally invasive method to design operations. The technique can be an option for multilevel OLF surgical treatment. This can provide sufficient decompression with minimum damage to the spine and other intact anatomical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjie Ling
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Erxing He
- Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hanbin Ouyang
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhixun Yin
- Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Zhang F, Xu HC, Yin B, Xia XL, Ma XS, Wang HL, Yin J, Shao MH, Lyu FZ, Jiang JY. Can an Endplate-conformed Cervical Cage Provide a Better Biomechanical Environment than a Typical Non-conformed Cage?: A Finite Element Model and Cadaver Study. Orthop Surg 2017; 8:367-76. [PMID: 27627721 DOI: 10.1111/os.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the biomechanical characteristics of endplate-conformed cervical cages by finite element method (FEM) analysis and cadaver study. METHODS Twelve specimens (C2 -C7 ) and a finite element model (C3 -C7 ) were subjected to biomechanical evaluations. In the cadaver study, specimens were randomly assigned to intact (I), endplate-conformed (C) and non-conformed (N) groups with C4-5 discs as the treated segments. The morphologies of the endplate-conformed cages were individualized according to CT images of group C and the cages fabricated with a 3-D printer. The non-conformed cages were wedge-shaped and similar to commercially available grafts. Axial pre-compression loads of 73.6 N and moment of 1.8 Nm were used to simulate flexion (FLE), extension (EXT), lateral bending (LB) and axial rotation (AR). Range of motion (ROM) at C4-5 of each specimen was recorded and film sensors fixed between the cages and C5 superior endplates were used to detect interface stress. A finite element model was built based on the CT data of a healthy male volunteer. The morphologies of the endplate-conformed and wedge-shaped, non-conformed cervical cages were both simulated by a reverse engineering technique and implanted at the segment of C4-5 in the finite element model for biomechanical evaluation. Force loading and grouping were similar to those applied in the cadaver study. ROM of C4-5 in group I were recorded to validate the finite element model. Additionally, maximum cage-endplate interface stresses, stress distribution contours on adjoining endplates, intra-disc stresses and facet loadings at adjacent segments were measured and compared between groups. RESULTS In the cadaver study, Group C showed a much lower interface stress in all directions of motion (all P < 0.05) and the ROM of C4-5 was smaller in FLE-EXT (P = 0.001) but larger in AR (P = 0.017). FEM analysis produced similar results: the model implanted with an endplate-conformed cage presented a lower interface stress with a more uniform stress distribution than that implanted with a non-conformed cage. Additionally, intra-disc stress and facet loading at the adjacent segments were obviously increased in both groups C and N, especially those at the supra-jacent segments. However, stress increase was milder in group C than in group N for all directions of motion. CONCLUSIONS Endplate-conformed cages can decrease cage-endplate interface stress in all directions of motion and increase cervical stability in FLE-EXT. Additionally, adjacent segments are possibly protected because intra-disc stress and facet loading are smaller after endplate-conformed cage implantation. However, axial stability was reduced in group C, indicating that endplate-conformed cage should not be used alone and an anterior plate system is still important in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Cheng Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Lei Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Li Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Hao Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Zhou Lyu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Orthopaedics, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian-Yuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Phan K, Sgro A, Maharaj MM, D'Urso P, Mobbs RJ. Application of a 3D custom printed patient specific spinal implant for C1/2 arthrodesis. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY 2016; 2:314-318. [PMID: 28097249 DOI: 10.21037/jss.2016.12.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to describe a three-dimensional printed (3DP) posterior fixation implant used for C1/C2 fusion in a 65-year-old female. Spinal fusion remains a common intervention for a range of spinal pathologies including degenerative disc and facet disease when conservative methods are unsuccessful. However, fusion devices are not always entirely efficacious in providing the desired fixation, and surgeons rely on 'off the shelf' implants which may not provide an anatomical fit to address the particular pathology. 3DP refers to a process where three-dimensional objects are created through successive layering of material, so called 'additive manufacturing'. Although this technology enables accurate fabrication of patient-specific orthopaedic and spinal implants, literature on its utilization in this regard is rare. A 65-year-old female, with severe facet arthropathy at the C1/C2 level, osteophyte formation and impingement of the exiting C2 nerve root underwent a C1/C2 posterior fusion and rhizolysis of the C2 nerve roots. A custom posterior fixation implant was designed and on-laid over the C2 spinous process and lamina, with screw holes made to a depth and angulation that was pre-calculated based on the preoperative CT based 3D modelling. The patient had an uneventful recovery and reported a significant reduction in occipital neuralgia and sub-occipital pain and 2-month follow-up. We report the first case of a customized 3DP spinal prosthesis for posterior C1/C2 fusion. The implant added significant value reducing the overall time of the procedure, and safety with a reduced risk of neurovascular compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Phan
- Neuro Spine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia;; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alessandro Sgro
- Neuro Spine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
| | - Monish M Maharaj
- Neuro Spine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia;; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Ralph J Mobbs
- Neuro Spine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia;; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia;; Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Provaggi E, Leong JJH, Kalaskar DM. Applications of 3D printing in the management of severe spinal conditions. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2016; 231:471-486. [PMID: 27658427 DOI: 10.1177/0954411916667761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The latest and fastest-growing innovation in the medical field has been the advent of three-dimensional printing technologies, which have recently seen applications in the production of low-cost, patient-specific medical implants. While a wide range of three-dimensional printing systems has been explored in manufacturing anatomical models and devices for the medical setting, their applications are cutting-edge in the field of spinal surgery. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview and classification of the current applications of three-dimensional printing technologies in spine care. Although three-dimensional printing technology has been widely used for the construction of patient-specific anatomical models of the spine and intraoperative guide templates to provide personalized surgical planning and increase pedicle screw placement accuracy, only few studies have been focused on the manufacturing of spinal implants. Therefore, three-dimensional printed custom-designed intervertebral fusion devices, artificial vertebral bodies and disc substitutes for total disc replacement, along with tissue engineering strategies focused on scaffold constructs for bone and cartilage regeneration, represent a set of promising applications towards the trend of individualized patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Provaggi
- 1 Centre for Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julian J H Leong
- 1 Centre for Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL Medical School, University College London, London, UK.,2 Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Deepak M Kalaskar
- 1 Centre for Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL Medical School, University College London, London, UK
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Resection of giant invasive sacral schwannoma using image-based customized osteotomy tools. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2016; 25:4103-4107. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-016-4782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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