1
|
Sonmez A, Sabbour H, Echtay A, Rahmah AM, Alhozali AM, al Sabaan FS, Haddad FH, Iraqi H, Elebrashy I, Assaad SN, Bayat Z, Osar Siva Z, Hassanein M. Current gaps in management and timely referral of cardiorenal complications among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Middle East and African countries: Expert recommendations. J Diabetes 2022; 14:315-333. [PMID: 35434900 PMCID: PMC9366572 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The upsurge of type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major public health concern in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Africa (AFR) region, with cardiorenal complications (CRCs) being the predominant cause of premature morbidity and mortality. High prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors, lack of awareness among patients and physicians, deficient infrastructure, and economic constraints lead to a cascade of CRCs at a significantly earlier age in MENA and AFR. In this review, we present consensus recommendations by experts in MENA and AFR, highlighting region-specific challenges and potential solutions for management of CRCs. Health professionals who understand sociocultural barriers can significantly increase patient awareness and encourage health-seeking behavior through simple educational tools. Increasing physician knowledge on early identification of CRCs and personalized treatment based on risk stratification, alongside optimum glycemic control, can mitigate therapeutic inertia. Early diagnosis of high-risk people with regular and systematic monitoring of cardiorenal parameters, development of region-specific care pathways for timely referral to specialists, followed by guideline-recommended care with novel antidiabetics are imperative. Adherence to guideline-recommended care can catalyze utilization of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists with demonstrated cardiorenal benefits-thus paving the way for overcoming care gaps in a cost-effective manner. Leveraging digital technology like electronic medical records can help generate real-world data and provide insights on voids in adoption of newer antidiabetic medications. A patient-centric approach, collaborative care among physicians from different specialties, alongside involvement of policy makers are key for improving patient outcomes and quality of care in MENA and AFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alper Sonmez
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGulhane School of Medicine, University of Health SciencesAnkaraTurkey
| | - Hani Sabbour
- Heart & Vascular Institute Cleveland ClinicAbu DhabiUAE
- Brown University Warren Alpert School of MedicineProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Akram Echtay
- School of MedicineLebanese UniversityHadathLebanon
| | - Abbas Mahdi Rahmah
- National Centre for DiabetesCollege of Medicine, Al‐Mustansriya UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | | | | | - Fares H. Haddad
- Endocrine & Diabetes, Abdali Hospital/Endocrine & Diabetes ClinicAmmanJordan
| | - Hinde Iraqi
- Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyMohammed V UniversityRabatMorocco
| | | | | | - Zaheer Bayat
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineHelen Joseph HospitalRossmore, JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | | | - Mohamed Hassanein
- Dubai Hospital, DHADubaiUAE
- Gulf Medical UniversityAjmanUAE
- Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ho CC, Yang YS, Huang CN, Lo SC, Wang YH, Kornelius E. The efficacy of pioglitazone for renal protection in diabetic kidney disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264129. [PMID: 35176115 PMCID: PMC8853567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited information on the efficacy of pioglitazone in diabetic kidney diseases (DKD). We evaluated whether pioglitazone exerts renal-protective effects in DKD patients. We designed a retrospective cohort study, which included 742 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with DKD in Taiwan, with eGFR between 30 and 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 and UACR level 300–5000 mg/g. Patients not meeting the target range for HbA1c (above 7%) were given additional medication with pioglitazone (n = 111) or received standard care (non-pioglitazone group, n = 631). The primary endpoint was the occurrence of composite renal endpoints, which was defined as sustained eGFR<15 ml/min/1.73 m2 (confirmed by two measurements within 90 days); doubling of serum creatinine (compared to baseline); and the presence of hemodialysis or renal transplantation. The median follow-up duration was two years. At baseline, the mean HbA1C levels in the pioglitazone and non-pioglitazone groups were 8.8% and 8.1%, respectively; mean ages were 64.4 and 66.2 years old, respectively; diabetes durations were 14.3 and 12.3 years, respectively. Baseline eGFR showed no significant difference between the pioglitazone and non-pioglitazone groups (55.8 and 58.8 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively). In terms of gender, 63% of patients were male in the pioglitazone group compared with 57% in the non-pioglitazone group. Pioglitazone use did not reduce the risk of composite renal endpoints in DKD patients (HR: 0.97, 95% CI = 0.53–1.77), including persistent eGFR<15 ml/min/1.73 m2 (HR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.46–2.52), doubling of serum creatinine (HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.53–1.77), or ESRD (HR = 2.58, 95% CI = 0.29–23.04). The results were not changed after various adjustments. A non-significant albuminuria reduction was also noted after pioglitazone prescription in DKD patients. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to establish the effects of pioglitazone definitively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chung Ho
- School of Medicine of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sun Yang
- School of Medicine of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ning Huang
- School of Medicine of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chang Lo
- School of Medicine of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Edy Kornelius
- School of Medicine of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee YH, Kim SH, Kang JM, Heo JH, Kim DJ, Park SH, Sung M, Kim J, Oh J, Yang DH, Lee SH, Lee SY. Empagliflozin attenuates diabetic tubulopathy by improving mitochondrial fragmentation and autophagy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F767-F780. [PMID: 31390268 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00565.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of empagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of Na+-glucose cotransporter 2, on mitochondrial quality control and autophagy in renal tubular cells in a diabetic environment in vivo and in vitro. Human renal proximal tubular cells (hRPTCs) were incubated under high-glucose conditions. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in male C57BL/6J mice. Improvements in mitochondrial biogenesis and balanced fusion-fission protein expression were noted in hRPTCs after treatment with empagliflozin in high-glucose media. Empagliflozin also increased autophagic activities in renal tubular cells in the high-glucose environment, which was accompanied with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition. Moreover, reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and decreased apoptotic and fibrotic protein expression were observed in hRPTCs after treatment with empagliflozin, even in the hyperglycemic circumstance. Importantly, empagliflozin restored AMP-activated protein kinase-α phosphorylation and normalized levels of AMP-to-ATP ratios in hRPTCs subjected to a high-glucose environment, which suggests the way that empagliflozin is involved in mitochondrial quality control. Empagliflozin effectively suppressed Na+-glucose cotransporter 2 expression and ameliorated renal morphological changes in the kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Electron microscopy analysis showed that mitochondrial fragmentation was decreased and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine content was low in renal tubular cells of empagliflozin treatment groups compared with those of the diabetic control group. We suggest one mechanism related to the renoprotective actions of empagliflozin, which reverse mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Mo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyung Heo
- Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Hwa Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - MinJi Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Niezen S, Diaz del Castillo H, Mendez Castaner LA, Fornoni A. Safety and efficacy of antihyperglycaemic agents in diabetic kidney disease. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2019; 2:e00072. [PMID: 31294086 PMCID: PMC6613230 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the major contributor to the mortality and the financial burden of diabetes, accounting for approximately 50% of the cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the developed world. Several studies have already demonstrated that achieving blood pressure targets in DKD with agents blocking the renin-angiotensin system confer superior renoprotection when compared to other agents. However, the effects on renal outcomes of antihyperglycaemic agents in these patients have not been reported or studied broadly until recent years. The intent of this article is to review the available data on safety, efficacy, impact on renal outcomes and pathophysiology implications of the most utilized antihyperglycaemic agents in DKD/ESRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity of MiamiMiamiFlorida
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery CenterUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFlorida
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ibarra-González I, Cruz-Bautista I, Bello-Chavolla OY, Vela-Amieva M, Pallares-Méndez R, Ruiz de Santiago Y Nevarez D, Salas-Tapia MF, Rosas-Flota X, González-Acevedo M, Palacios-Peñaloza A, Morales-Esponda M, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Del Bosque-Plata L. Optimization of kidney dysfunction prediction in diabetic kidney disease using targeted metabolomics. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:1151-1161. [PMID: 30173364 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Metabolomics have been used to evaluate the role of small molecules in human disease. However, the cost and complexity of the methodology and interpretation of findings have limited the transference of knowledge to clinical practice. Here, we apply a targeted metabolomics approach using samples blotted in filter paper to develop clinical-metabolomics models to detect kidney dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). METHODS We included healthy controls and subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with and without DKD and investigated the association between metabolite concentrations in blood and urine with eGFR and albuminuria. We also evaluated performance of clinical, biochemical and metabolomic models to improve kidney dysfunction prediction in DKD. RESULTS Using clinical-metabolomics models, we identified associations of decreased eGFR with body mass index (BMI), uric acid and C10:2 levels; albuminuria was associated to years of T2D duration, A1C, uric acid, creatinine, protein intake and serum C0, C10:2 and urinary C12:1 levels. DKD was associated with age, A1C, uric acid, BMI, serum C0, C10:2, C8:1 and urinary C12:1. Inclusion of metabolomics increased the predictive and informative capacity of models composed of clinical variables by decreasing Akaike's information criterion, and was replicated both in training and validation datasets. CONCLUSIONS Targeted metabolomics using blotted samples in filter paper is a simple, low-cost approach to identify outcomes associated with DKD; the inclusion of metabolomics improves predictive capacity of clinical models to identify kidney dysfunction and DKD-related outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ibarra-González
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivette Cruz-Bautista
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Omar Yaxmehen Bello-Chavolla
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- MD/PhD (PECEM) Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Vela-Amieva
- Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Pallares-Méndez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Ruiz de Santiago Y Nevarez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Fernanda Salas-Tapia
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ximena Rosas-Flota
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mayela González-Acevedo
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Palacios-Peñaloza
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Morales-Esponda
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Aguilar-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Laura Del Bosque-Plata
- Laboratorio de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur No. 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, 14610, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scheen AJ. Effects of glucose-lowering agents on surrogate endpoints and hard clinical renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2018; 45:110-121. [PMID: 30477733 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) represents an enormous burden in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Preclinical studies using most glucose-lowering agents have suggested renal-protective effects, but the proposed mechanisms of renoprotection have yet to be defined, and the promising results from experimental studies remain to be translated into human clinical findings to improve the prognosis of patients at risk of DKD. Also, it is important to distinguish effects on surrogate endpoints, such as decreases in albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and hard clinical endpoints, such as progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and death from renal causes. Data regarding insulin therapy are surprisingly scarce, and it is nearly impossible to separate the effects of better glucose control from those of insulin per se, whereas favourable preclinical data with metformin, thiazolidinediones and dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors are plentiful, and positive effects have been observed in clinical studies, at least for surrogate endpoints. The most favourable renal results have been reported with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter type-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is). Significant reductions in both albuminuria and eGFR decline have been reported with these classes of glucose-lowering medications compared with placebo and other glucose-lowering agents. Moreover, in large prospective cardiovascular outcome trials using composite renal outcomes as secondary endpoints, both GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is added to standard care reduced renal outcomes combining persistent macro-albuminuria, doubling of serum creatinine, progression to ESRD and kidney-related death; however, to date, only SGLT2is have been clearly shown to reduce such hard clinical outcomes. Yet, as the renoprotective effects of SGLT2is and GLP-1RAs appear to be independent of glucose-lowering activity, the underlying mechanisms are still a matter of debate. For this reason, further studies with renal outcomes as primary endpoints are now awaited in T2DM patients at high risk of DKD, including trials evaluating the potential add-on benefits of combined GLP-1RA-SGLT2i therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Scheen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prischl FC, Wanner C. Renal Outcomes of Antidiabetic Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes-A Proposed MARE Definition. Kidney Int Rep 2018; 3:1030-1038. [PMID: 30197969 PMCID: PMC6127417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most critical long-term complications of type 2 diabetes is nephropathy, currently termed diabetic kidney disease. Although the prevalence is increasing, renal outcomes are heterogeneously defined. Intensive glucose control is effective for the prevention of microvascular complications, including kidney disease. However, the impact of specific drugs on renal outcome measures such as the incidence of kidney disease, albuminuria, progression to end-stage kidney disease, or death of renal cause remains unclear. Comparison of agents or drug classes is impossible, as renal outcomes are inconsistently defined in trials. Recent publications include more stringent criteria, but use only composite endpoints, which can reveal significant results driven by a single surrogate marker but not clinical events of true relevance to patients. This review discusses renal outcomes related to antidiabetic agents for type 2 diabetes, in an attempt to determine the influence of specific drugs on the incidence of diabetic kidney disease and various renal outcomes. There are marked differences among the various agents, but direct comparisons are difficult due to heterogeneous measures. Statements from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) or European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) highlight that “standardized outcome reporting is key to achieving evidence-based guidance and improving clinical care for patients.” Renal outcome studies including a well-defined, standardized core set of patient-relevant outcomes are needed. Here, we propose to define and establish major adverse renal events (MARE) as the outcome measure for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich C Prischl
- Department of Nephrology, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu R, Ma Y, Hu X, Liao Y, Hu X, He B, Sun W. Pioglitazone/metformin adduct regulates insulin secretion and inhibits high glucose‐induced apoptosis via p21‐p53‐MDM2 signaling in INS‐1 cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5449-5459. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong‐Xing Liu
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of ChongqingChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of ChongqingChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xue‐Lian Hu
- Department of PharmacochemistrySchool of PharmacyChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
- Department of PharmacologyXinqiao HospitalChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yun‐Peng Liao
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of ChongqingChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiang‐Nan Hu
- Department of PharmacochemistrySchool of PharmacyChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Bai‐Cheng He
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of ChongqingChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wen‐Juan Sun
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of ChongqingChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|