Associations of dairy intake with risk of incident metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Cheese consumption and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review and updated meta-analysis of prospective studies

This umbrella review aims to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of current evidence from prospective studies on the diverse health effects of cheese consumption. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library to identify meta-analyses/pooled analyses of prospective studies examining the association between cheese consumption and major health outcomes from inception to August 31, 2022. We reanalyzed and updated previous meta-analyses and performed de novo meta-analyses with recently published prospective studies, where appropriate. We calculated the summary effect size, 95% prediction confidence intervals, between-study heterogeneity, small-study effects, and excess significance bias for each health outcome. We identified 54 eligible articles of meta-analyses/pooled analyses. After adding newly published original articles, we performed 35 updated meta-analyses and 4 de novo meta-analyses. Together with 8 previous meta-analyses, we finally included 47 unique health outcomes. Cheese consumption was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (highest compared with lowest category: RR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92, 0.99), cardiovascular mortality (RR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.99), incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) (RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.96), coronary heart disease (CHD) (RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.98), stroke (RR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.98), estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast cancer (RR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.97), type 2 diabetes (RR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.98), total fracture (RR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.95), and dementia (RR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.99). Null associations were found for other outcomes. According to the NutriGrade scoring system, moderate quality of evidence was observed for inverse associations of cheese consumption with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, incident CVD, CHD, and stroke, and for null associations with cancer mortality, incident hypertension, and prostate cancer. Our findings suggest that cheese consumption has neutral to moderate benefits for human health.

The association of long-term calcium and dairy products intake in adolescence with carotid intima media thickness and metabolic syndrome in early adulthood: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

BACKGROUND

Calcium could impact on vascular functions and structures and cause atherosclerosis. Thus, we aimed to examine the association of long-term calcium and dairy products intake in adolescence with cIMT and MetS in early adulthood.

METHODS

We considered 217 adolescents aged 12-18 years in the frame work of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006-2009) and follow-up them to early adulthood (2015-2017). The valid food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Ultrasound examination was used to measure common carotid artery. The joint interim statement and cook et al. criteria were used for adults and adolescents to consider MetS, respectively.

RESULTS

Adolescents' average calcium intake from dairy and non-dairy sources were 395 mg/d and 1088 mg/d, respectively while adults had 212 mg/d and 1191 mg/d. In addition, the mean of cIMT in adults was 0.54 mm. There was no relationship of non-dairy (β: - 0.03; P = 0.804), and total calcium (β: - 0.001; P = 0.591) intake with cIMT and TG. None of the dairy products had link with cIMT, MetS and its components, except cream with cIMT after full adjustment of potential confounders (β: 0.245; P = 0.009). Also, we found that the intake of non-dairy products could increase DBP after controlling for potential confounders (β: 0.365; P = 0.012). Adolescence with higher quartiles of total calcium intake had no odds ratio of MetS in early adulthood (β: 2.05, P = 0.371).

CONCLUSIONS

Adolescence calcium and dairy products intake, with the exception of cream did not increase early adulthood cIMT and MetS and its components.

Graduate Student Literature Review: A scoping review on the impact of consumption of dairy products on phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine in circulation and the liver in human studies and animal models

Dairy consumption is inversely related to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in epidemiological research. One proposed hypothesis is that phospholipid (PL) species associated with dairy consumption mediate this relationship. This scoping review aimed to identify the existing literature in animal and human trials investigating the impact of dairy products, including milk, yogurt, and cheese as well as dairy-derived PL supplementation on PL and its species in the circulation, summarizing the characteristics of these studies and identifying research gaps. A systematic search was conducted across 3 databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) in March 2021. Of 2,427 identified references, 15 studies (7 humans and 8 animal studies) met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final narrative synthesis. The evidence base was heterogeneous, involving a variety of clinical and preclinical studies, metabolically healthy or obese/diabetic participants or animal models, and displayed mixed findings. Circulating postprandial concentrations of total PL were elevated acutely but unchanged after longer intervention with dairy products. The PL concentration remained stable even after a high dosage of milk supplemented with dairy-derived PL, which may be related to increased fecal excretion; however, certain phosphatidylcholine (PC) or lysophosphatidylcholine species were increased in circulation by interventions. These include several PC species with 32 to 38 total carbons in addition to the dairy biomarkers C15:0 and C17:0. The results of this scoping review demonstrate a small body of literature indicating that dairy products can influence blood concentrations of PC and lysophosphatidylcholine species in both rodents and humans without alteration of total PL and PC. There is a lack of well-designed trials in humans and animals that explore the potential differences between individual dairy foods on PL species. In addition, trials to understand the bioactive properties of PC and lysophosphatidylcholine species on cardiometabolic risk are needed.

Dairy intake in relation to metabolic health status in overweight and obese adolescents

There was a lack of evidence on the association between dairy intake and metabolic health status in overweight/obese adolescents. This study evaluated the association between dairy intake and metabolic health status in overweight/obese Iranian adolescents. Overweight/obese adolescents (n = 203; 101 boys and 102 girls) selected by a multistage cluster random sampling method have participated in this cross-sectional study. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were measured. Participants were categorized to metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria and a combination of IDF with Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) criteria. The frequency of MUO based on IDF, and IDF/HOMA-IR definitions was 38.9% and 33.0%, respectively. In fully-adjusted model, participants in the highest tertile of dairy intake had 61% lower odds of MUO based on IDF criteria (OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.15-0.99). Higher dairy intake was associated with a non-significant lower risk of MUO according to IDF/HOMA-IR definition in the maximally-adjusted model (OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.17-1.16). Stratifies analysis by sex and body mass index revealed that the association was stronger in girls and overweight subjects. Furthermore, higher intake of low-fat dairy was related to a reduced likelihood of MUO, while higher intake of high-fat dairy was related to increased odds of MUO. This community-based cross-sectional study revealed that higher intake of dairy was associated with a significant lower odd of MUO among Iranian adolescents, especially in girls and overweight subjects.

The Relationship between Fluid Milk, Water, and 100% Juice and Health Outcomes among Children and Adolescents

Beverages can provide improved nutrient intake and hydration, but also pose concerns related to overnutrition or contamination for children and adolescents who are in a time of critical growth. This narrative review aims to understand the impact of milk, 100% juice, and water consumption on health-related outcomes in youth. The literature review conducted used PubMed, Web of Science, and CABI global. Forty-five research articles met the quality criteria and were included. Health organization and governmental resources were also reviewed to identify current intake and consumption recommendations. All beverages in this review were associated with a variety of desirable and undesirable findings that spanned over 40 different health outcomes. Most studies that assessed milk lacked clear distinction between milk type (flavored vs. unflavored) or fat percentage, making it difficult to understand the impact of milk consumption. The relationship between milk intake and anthropometric-related outcomes were mixed within and across studies. Water was consistently associated with better hydration, while 100% juice and flavored milk intake was associated with more desirable dietary patterns or nutrients that children are currently not consuming adequate amounts of. The implications of these findings were discussed in the context of the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), while considering the impact of issues such as contaminated water and lactose intolerance. This review suggests that water may be an optimal default beverage option in the NSLP to promote hydration and accommodate beverage preferences for those with lactose intolerance.

Adherence to the Chinese Dietary Guidelines and Metabolic Syndrome among Children aged 6-14 years

The role of diet in the development of childhood metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been clearly elucidated. This study aims to investigate the association between the adherence to the Chinese...

Metabolically healthy obesity and unhealthy normal weight rural adults in Xinjiang: prevalence and the associated factors

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to describe the prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) rural adults in Xinjiang and to explore their influencing factors.

METHODS

We selected 13,525 Uyghur, Kazakh and Han participants in Kashi, Yili and Shihezi areas in Xinjiang from 2009 to 2010. Weight status was classified according to body mass index. Metabolic phenotype was further defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria.

RESULTS

The prevalence of normal weight, overweight, and obesity were 51.6, 30.2, and 14.4%, respectively. The mean age of the population was 45.04 years. The prevalence of MHO was 5.5% overall and was 38.5% among obese participants. The prevalence of MUNW was 15.5% overall and was 30.1% among normal weight participants. A metabolically healthy phenotype among obese individuals was positively associated with females and vegetable consumption ≥4 plates per week. However, this was inversely associated with higher age, red meat consumption ≥2 kg per week, and larger waist circumference (WC). Conversely, a metabolically unhealthy phenotype among normal-weight individuals was positively associated with higher age, red meat consumption ≥2 kg per week, and larger WC; this was however inversely associated with vegetable consumption ≥4 plates per week.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of MHO among obese adults in Xinjiang is higher than that of Han adults, while the prevalence of MUNW among normal weight adults is lower than that among Han adults. In obese and normal weight participants, higher age, more red meat consumption, and larger WC increase the risk of metabolic abnormality, and more vegetable consumption reduces the risk of metabolic abnormality.

Association of Red Meat and Poultry Consumption With the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

Objective: This study aims to investigate the association of red meat (processed and unprocessed) and poultry consumption with the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS).

Methods: Prospective cohort studies on the association of red meat (processed and unprocessed) and poultry consumption with the risk of MetS were identified by comprehensive literature search in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to March 2021. The pooled relative risk (RR) of MetS with 95% CIs for the highest vs. lowest category of red meat or poultry consumption was extracted for meta-analysis.

Results: A total of nine prospective cohort studies were included in this study. Among them, eight studies were identified for red meat consumption. The overall multi-variable adjusted RR demonstrated that red meat consumption was associated with a higher risk of MetS (RR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.13–1.62; P = 0.001). Moreover, four and three studies were specifically related to processed and unprocessed red meat consumption, respectively. Both processed (RR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11–1.97; P = 0.007) and unprocessed red meat (RR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.14–1.54; P = 0.0003) consumption was associated with a higher risk of MetS. With regard to poultry consumption, three studies were included. The overall multi-variable adjusted RR suggested that poultry consumption was associated with lower risk of MetS (RR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.75–0.97; P = 0.02).

Conclusions: The current evidence indicates that red meat (processed and unprocessed) consumption is associated with a higher risk of MetS, whereas, poultry consumption is associated with a lower risk of MetS. More well-designed randomized controlled trials are still needed to address the issues further.