Solid phase extraction of antidepressant drugs amitriptyline and nortriptyline from plasma samples using core-shell nanoparticles of the type Fe3O4@ZrO2@N- cetylpyridinium, and their subsequent determination by HPLC with UV detection

Growth of bimetallic Ni-Co MOFs on a skeleton of electrospun PAN nanofibers and coating on a thin film for SPME of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in urine and plasma samples

In this research, composited bimetallic organic framework-polyacrylonitrile (Ni-Co MOFs-PAN) was applied for thin-film solid phase microextraction (TF-SPME) of tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) drugs from biological samples. The separation and quantification of the analytes were accomplished by HPLC-UV. First, seeded nanofibers with organic ligands were electrospun on a sheet of foil. Then, with the uniform in-situ solvothermal growth of Ni-Co MOFs on the skeletal surface of nanofibers, the nanoparticles were successfully attached to the surfaces without effective bonds and produced a thin layer with a high flexibility, large active surface and abundant functional groups for adsorption. The characteristics of the produced nanocomposite were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The stirring rate, pH, ionic strength, adsorption and desorption time along with type and volume of desorption solvents as influential factors on extraction efficiencies of the analytes, were optimized by one variable at a time method. Under optimized conditions, wide linear range for analytes in water and plasma matrices were obtained from 0.2 to 1000.0 μg L-1 and 1.0-1000.0 μg L-1, respectively, with R2 ≥ 0.9925. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.06-0.3 μg L-1 in different media. Good repeatability and reproducibility were attained within intra-day, inter-day and film-to-film RSDs% (n = 3) below 3.3 %, 3.9 % and 4.7 %, respectively. Since desirable relative recoveries were calculated between 91.4 % and 100.4 %. The method can be used for the successful extraction and measurement of amitriptyline and nortriptyline as its metabolite in different sampling time from urine and plasma matrices.

Developments of Microextraction (Extraction) Procedures for Sample Preparation of Antidepressants in Biological and Water Samples, a Review

Antidepressants are an important class of drugs to treat various types of depression. The determination of antidepressants is crucial in biological samples to control adverse effects in humans and study pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Direct measurement of antidepressants in biological and water samples is a considerable challenge for analysts due to their low concentration, the high matrix effects of real samples, and the presence of metabolites of these drugs in biological samples. The challenge leads to using sample preparation processes as a critical step in determining antidepressants. Extraction and microextraction procedures have been widely utilized as sample preparation procedures for these drugs. The purposes of extraction or microextraction methods for antidepressant medications are to preconcentrate the analyte, reduce the matrix effects, increase the selectivity of the procedures, and convert the sample to a suitable format for introducing it into detection systems. In the review, the various extraction and microextraction methods of these drugs in biological, real water, and wastewater samples were investigated. The theory of each technique was briefly addressed to understand the features and factors affecting each method. The extraction and microextraction methods were classified based on their application for antidepressants, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique were reviewed. The new developments to overcome the limitations of each procedure were discussed. The investigation indicated the number of applications of liquid-phase microextraction for extracting antidepressants has been almost equal to that of solid-phase microextraction.

Synthesis and characterization of new surface modified magnetic nanoparticles and application for the extraction of letrozole from human plasma and analysis with HPLC-fluorescence

Acetic acid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles modified by (3-amino-propyl)-tri-ethoxy silane was synthesized and used as a new solid-phases adsorbent. Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Electrophoretic Light Scattering (ELS) were used to characterize the modified nanoparticles. The molecular interaction between letrozole and nanoparticles (NPs) was studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The developed nanoparticles were applied for dispersive solid-phase extraction of letrozole (an anticancer drug) from human plasma. Extracted letrozole was quantified using an isocratic HPLC/FL method. The extraction efficiency was optimized using one experiment at a time optimization method based on the adsorbent quantity, sample pH, adsorption time, desorption time, and elution solvent type/volume. The analysis method was fully validated according to the FDA guideline for bioanalytical method validation. The linear quantification range was 0.01-1 μg/mL and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.01 μg/mL. Plasma samples of 6 patients were analyzed and the measured letrozole concentrations range was 0.04-0.31 μg/mL. The newly synthesized magnetic nanoparticles were used successfully for the extraction of letrozole from spiked and clinical plasma samples. The developed method is a precise and simple method that is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies and clinical applications.

Recent Advances in the HPLC Analysis of Tricyclic Antidepressants in Bio-Samples

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Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) are a group of the main category of antidepressant drugs, which are commonly prescribed to treat major depressive disorder. Determination of TCA drugs is very important for clinical and forensic toxicology, especially for therapeutic drug monitoring in various biofluids. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a well-established technique for this purpose. A lot of progress has been made in this field since the past 10 years. Novel extraction techniques, and novel materials for sample preparation, novel columns and novel applications of analysis of various biofluids for the determination of TCAs in combination with other drugs are some typical examples. Moreover, advances have been performed in terms of Green Analytical Chemistry principles. Herein, we aim to discuss the developed HPLC methods that were reported in the literature for the time span of 2008-2018.

The simple design of a new recyclable magnetic carbon graphite adsorbent based on 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole for the fast extraction of two anti-depressant drugs

In this work, an efficient magnetic nanoadsorbent, cubic SnFe₂O₄/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) modified by 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (AMT), was synthesized.

A simple poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)-coated glass blood spot method for monitoring of seven antidepressants using capillary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

A simple, rapid, selective and sensitive monitoring method for the simultaneous determination of the widely-prescribed antidepressants agomelatine, bupropion, citalopram, fluoxetine, mirtazapine, paroxetine, trazodone in just a human blood drop is here developed and validated. This methodology is based on the use of lab manufactured poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)-coated glass (PS-DVB) blood spot for the extraction of the analytes and their subsequent separation and detection by capillary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (CLC-MS). Briefly, 10 mm-side squares were punched out from blood spots collected on glass substrate coated by 10 µg of the PS-DVB polymer and eluted with 1.0 mL of 2.0% acetic acid in methanol. The analytes were then separated and detected in less than 20 min by capillary CLC-MS using a Jupiter 4 µm Proteo 90 Å column and water: acetonitrile (20:80 v/v) and ammonium acetate (5 mM, pH 3.0) as mobile phase. Limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.018 to 0.038 µg mL^-1, and remarkable precision values for the responses and retention times lower than 5.89% and 1.92% were calculated, respectively. Moreover, accuracy values ranging between 85% and 104% were obtained.

Switchable polarity solvents for preconcentration and simultaneous determination of amino acids in human plasma samples

The application of a mixture of amidine and alcohol as a switchable polarity solvent for the microextraction of 19 amino acids in biological samples.

Magnetic nanoparticle modified chitosan for surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of surfactants

Chitosan (CTS) modified magnetic nanoparticles (CTS@Fe₃O₄MNPs) offer dual functions for the detection of surfactants using surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SELDI-MS).