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Han W, Wei P, Xie L, Zhu L, He B, Cao X. Functional black phosphorus-based sensors for food safety applications: A review. Food Res Int 2024; 192:114775. [PMID: 39147465 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Food safety has garnered global attention, necessitating advanced methods for the quick and accurate detection of contaminants. Sensors, notable for their ease of use, high sensitivity, and fast analysis, are prominent. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have been employed to improve sensor performance. Particularly, black phosphorus (BP) stands out with its multifunctional capabilities, attributed to unique layered structure, ultra-high charge mobility, easy surface functionalization, enhanced optical absorption, and tunable direct bandgap. These characteristics suggest that BP could significantly enhance sensor selectivity, sensitivity, and response speed for contaminant detection. Despite numerous studies on BP-based sensors in food safety, few reviews have been comprehensively summarized. Moreover, challenges in BP's preparation and stability restrict its wider use. This paper reviews recent research on BP's role in food safety, covering preparation, passivation, and applications. Through analysis of challenges and prospects, this review aims to provide insightful guidance for upcoming research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Peiyuan Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Lingling Xie
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Limin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Baoshan He
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
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2
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Li W, Liu X, He P, Hu W, Tang K, Wen Y, Zeng Q, Tang H, Lei Y, Liu X. AuNPs-BP-MWCNTs-COOH-based electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat flour. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:5231-5238. [PMID: 39007341 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00683f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) has drawn considerable attention for its obvious pathogenicity and wide use in agro-products, which cause a potential threat to human health. In this work, an electrochemical immunosensor is developed for the highly sensitive and selective detection of DON in wheat flour using AuNPs-BP-MWCNTs-COOH and antibodies. The AuNPs-BP-MWCNTs-COOH nanocomposite was prepared via an in situ reduction reaction and ultrasonic-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation. The nanocomposite exhibits a larger surface area, decent stability, excellent electron transfer capability, good protein binding capability and prominent specificity. The plentiful carboxyl group on the nanocomposite can bind to the amino group of the antibody, and AuNPs have an affinity for the sulfhydryl group of the antibody, which makes it feasible for the nanocomposite to load the antibody. The peak currents are plotted against the logarithm of DON concentration from 0.002 to 80 ng mL-1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 pg mL-1. This approach establishes an effective label-free immunosensor platform for the detection of DON with high sensitivity and selectivity in various food and agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Pianpian He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Wentao Hu
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Kaijie Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Yangping Wen
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Qian Zeng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Huiyi Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Yaxuan Lei
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Chen T, Ge Y, Lu X, Hu J, Karimi-Maleh H, Wen Y, Wang X, Huang Z, Li M. Ultrasound-electrochemistry assisted liquid-phase co-exfoliation of phosphorene decorated by Au-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles as nanozyme for smartphone-based portable sensing of 4-nitrophenol. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:446. [PMID: 38963446 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The stability of black phosphorene (BP) and its preparation and modification for developing and applying devices have become a hot topic in the interdisciplinary field. We propose ultrasound-electrochemistry co-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation as an eco-friendly one-step method to prepare gold-silver bimetallic nanoparticles (Au-AgNPs)-decorated BP nanozyme for smartphone-based portable sensing of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in different water sources. The structure, morphology, composition, and properties of Au-AgNPs-BP nanozyme are characterized by multiple instrumental analyses. Bimetallic salts are induced to efficiently occupy oxidative sites of BP to form highly stable Au-AgNPs-BP nanozyme and guarantee the integrity of the lamellar BP. The electrochemistry shortens the exfoliation time of the BP nanosheet and contributes to the loading efficiency of bimetallic nanoparticles on the BP nanosheet. Au-AgNPs-BP-modified screen-printed carbon electrode coupled with palm-sized smartphone-controlled wireless electrochemical analyzer as a portable wireless intelligent sensing platform was applied to the determination of 4-NP in a linear range of 0.6-10 μM with a limit of detection of 63 nM. It enables on-site determination of 4-NP content in lake water, river water, and irrigation ditch water. This work will provide a reference for an eco-friendly one-step preparation of bimetallic nanoparticle-decorated graphene-like materials as nanozymes and their smartphone-based portable sensing application outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yu Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yangping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Mingfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
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Yang F, Ai Y, Li X, Wang L, Zhang Z, Ding W, Sun W. Preparation of electrochemical horseradish peroxidase biosensor with black phosphorene-zinc oxide nanocomposite and their applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32028-32038. [PMID: 37920196 PMCID: PMC10618940 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a novel and sensitive electrochemical biosensor was constructed based on a black phosphorene (BP) and nanosized zinc oxide (ZnO@BP) nanocomposite as a modifier, which was used for the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on a carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE). The ZnO@BP nanocomposite was synthesized by a simple in situ hydrothermal method with stripped black phosphorus nanoplates and ZnO. The ZnO@BP and HRP-modified electrode was developed by a casting method. ZnO@BP with highly conductivity, large surface area and good biocompatibility could maintain the bioactivity of HRP and accelerate the electron transfer rate. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the direct electrochemistry of HRP on the Nafion/HRP/ZnO@BP/CILE with the appearance of a pair of distinct redox peaks. The constructed electrochemical HRP biosensor exhibited excellent electrocatalytic effects on the reduction of trichloroacetic acid and sodium nitrite. Real samples were detected with satisfactory results, which demonstrated the potential applications of this electrochemical HRP biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 China
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey Haikou 571127 China
| | - Yijing Ai
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- College of Health Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Lisi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 China
| | - Weipin Ding
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey Haikou 571127 China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 China
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5
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Halloysite nanotube/black phosphorene nanohybrid modified screen-printed carbon electrode as an ultra-portable electrochemical sensing platform for smartphone-capable detection of maleic hydrazide with machine learning assistance. Food Chem 2023; 406:134967. [PMID: 36462357 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
With the assistance of machine learning (ML), black phosphorene (BP) stabilized by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is used to modify halloysite nanotube (HNT) to obtain highly conductive nanomaterials, HNT/BP-AgNPs, which are morphologically characterized and elementally analyzed. Artificial neural network (ANN) and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) are adopted for the intelligent and rapid analysis of maleic hydrazide (MH). An ultra-portable electrochemical sensor bases on HNT/BP-AgNPs modifying screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), smartphone and mini-palm potentiostat for detection of MH in the linear range 0.7-55 μM with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 μM. For comparison, a traditional electrochemical sensor is fabricated by glass carbon electrode (GCE), desktop computer and large electrochemical potentiostat, and the linear range is 0.3-600 μM with low LOD of 0.1 μM. The ultra-portable electrochemical sensor combined with ML for the detection of MH in sweat potato and carrot gain satisfactory recoveries.
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Zhang T, Cao Y, Chen M, Xie L. Recent advances in CNTs-based sensors for detecting the quality and safety of food and agro-product. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-023-01850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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7
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Ma F, Li X, Li Y, Feng Y, Ye BC. High current flux electrochemical sensor based on nickel-iron bimetal pyrolytic carbon material of paper waste pulp for clenbuterol detection. Talanta 2022; 250:123756. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Cortés-Arriagada D, Barria N, Ortega DE, Araya-Durán I, Belén Camarada M. A first-principles study on the adsorption properties of phosphorene oxide for pollutant removal from water. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Li Z, Shen F, Mishra RK, Wang Z, Zhao X, Zhu Z. Advances of Drugs Electroanalysis Based on Direct Electrochemical Redox on Electrodes: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:269-314. [PMID: 35575782 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2072679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The strong development of mankind is inseparable from the proper use of drugs, and the electroanalytical research of drugs occupies an important position in the field of analytical chemistry. This review mainly elaborates the research progress of drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox on various electrodes for the recent decade from 2011 to 2021. At first, we summarize some frequently used electrochemical data processing and electrochemical mechanism research derivation methods in the literature. Then, according to the drug therapeutic and application/usage purposes, the research progress of drugs electrochemical analysis is classified and discussed, where we focus on drugs electrochemical reaction mechanism. At the same time, the comparisons of electrochemical sensing performance of the drugs on various electrodes from recent studies are listed, so that readers can more intuitively compare and understand the electroanalytical sensing performance of each modified electrode for each of the drug. Finally, this review discusses the shortcomings and prospects of the drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhong Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Feichen Shen
- School of Energy and Materials, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rupesh K Mishra
- Identify Sensors Biologics at Bindley Bioscience Center, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Zifeng Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueling Zhao
- School of Energy and Materials, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- School of Energy and Materials, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Kaya SI, Yıldırım S, Cetinkaya A, Erkmen C, Uslu B, Ozkan SA. Nanomaterial-based electroanalytical sensors for the selected prohibited anabolic agents, hormones and metabolic modulators and their sensitive assays. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Peng F, Li B, Sun S, Mi F, Wang Y, Hu C, Geng P, Pang L, Li J, Guan M. A novel fluorescence internal filtration immunoassay for the detection of clenbuterol. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Li Y, Huang L, Weng X, Liu Z, You C. Black Phosphorene Modified Electrochemical Sensor for Fast Determination of 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐2‐furfural in Milk. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology Postdoctoral Workstation of Bright Dairy – Shanghai Jiao Tong University Dairy Research Institute Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200436 China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Lu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology Postdoctoral Workstation of Bright Dairy – Shanghai Jiao Tong University Dairy Research Institute Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200436 China
- School of life Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Xuexiang Weng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology Postdoctoral Workstation of Bright Dairy – Shanghai Jiao Tong University Dairy Research Institute Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200436 China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Chunping You
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology Postdoctoral Workstation of Bright Dairy – Shanghai Jiao Tong University Dairy Research Institute Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200436 China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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13
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Recent applications of black phosphorus and its related composites in electrochemistry and bioelectrochemistry: A mini review. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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14
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Sheng Y, Zhu Y, Cerón ML, Yi Y, Liu P, Wang P, Xue T, Camarada MB, Wen Y. A stable nanosilver decorated phosphorene nanozyme with phosphorus-doped porous carbon microsphere for intelligent sensing of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Tapia MA, Gusmão R, Serrano N, Sofer Z, Ariño C, Díaz-Cruz JM, Esteban M. Phosphorene and other layered pnictogens as a new source of 2D materials for electrochemical sensors. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Li Q, Wu JT, Liu Y, Qi XM, Jin HG, Yang C, Liu J, Li GL, He QG. Recent advances in black phosphorus-based electrochemical sensors: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1170:338480. [PMID: 34090586 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of liquid-phase-exfoliated black phosphorus (BP) as a field-effect transistor in 2014, BP, with its 2D layered structure, has attracted significant attention, owing to its anisotropic electroconductivity, tunable direct bandgap, extraordinary surface activity, moderate switching ratio, high hole mobility, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Several pioneering research efforts have explored the application of BP in different types of electrochemical sensors. This review summarizes the latest synthesis methods, protection strategies, and electrochemical sensing applications of BP and its derivatives. The typical synthesis methods for BP-based crystals, nanosheets, and quantum dots are discussed in detail; the degradation of BP under ambient conditions is introduced; and state-of-the-art protection methodologies for enhancing BP stability are explored. Various electrochemical sensing applications, including chemically modified electrodes, electrochemiluminescence sensors, enzyme electrodes, electrochemical aptasensors, electrochemical immunosensors, and ion-selective electrodes are discussed in detail, along with the mechanisms of BP functionalization, sensing strategies, and sensing properties. Finally, the major challenges in this field are outlined and future research avenues for BP-based electrochemical sensors are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Xiao-Man Qi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Hong-Guang Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Guang-Li Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China.
| | - Quan-Guo He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
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17
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Zhu X, Lin L, Wu R, Zhu Y, Sheng Y, Nie P, Liu P, Xu L, Wen Y. Portable wireless intelligent sensing of ultra-trace phytoregulator α-naphthalene acetic acid using self-assembled phosphorene/Ti 3C 2-MXene nanohybrid with high ambient stability on laser induced porous graphene as nanozyme flexible electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 179:113062. [PMID: 33571937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The harm of pesticide residues to human health via environmental pollution in agriculture has recently become a significant livelihood issue. Herein, a new strategy for smart ultra-trace analysis of phytoregulator α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) residues in farmland environments and agro-products via machine learning (ML) using a nanozyme flexible electrode fabricated by two-dimensional phosphorene (BP) nanohybrid with graphene-like titanium carbide MXene (Ti3C2-MXene) on the flexible substrate surface of laser-induced porous graphene (LIPG) is proposed. Highly ambient-stable BP nanohybrid with Ti3C2-MXene is prepared by ultrasonic-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation in organic solvent containing grinding black phosphorus, cuprous chloride and, Ti3C2-MXene that is obtained by selectively etching Al layers of Ti3AlC2. Nanozyme flexible electrode is fabricated by drop-coating Ti3C2-MXene/BP that is formed through electrostatic self-assembly between positively charged BP and negatively charged Ti3C2-MXene onto LIPG that is obtained by direct laser writing on commercial polyimide and patterned via a computer-aided design system as a flexible substrate. The ML model via artificial neural network algorithm for smart output of NAA is discussed. NAA is electrochemically detected in a wide linear range of 0.02-40 μM with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.6 nM using a portable mini-workstation. Large and rough surfaces, excellent electrochemical response, and satisfactory practicability demonstrated the feasibility and detectability of the proposed method. This will provide a portable wireless intelligent nanozyme flexible sensing platform for cost-effective, simple, fast and, ultra-trace detection of hazardous substances in the safety of environments, products, and food in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ruimei Wu
- College of Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yifu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Nie
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China; College of Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Xu
- College of Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China.
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Li G, Zhang X, Zheng F, Liu J, Wu D. Emerging nanosensing technologies for the detection of β-agonists. Food Chem 2020; 332:127431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Metal-Organic Framework MIL-53(Fe): Synthesis, Electrochemical Characterization, and Application in Development of a Novel and Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Cadmium Ions in Aqueous Solutions. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/6279278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A metal-organic framework MIL-53(Fe) was successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. A synthesized MIL-53(Fe) sample was characterized, and results indicated that the formed MIL-53(Fe) was a single phase with small particle size of 0.8 μm and homogeneous particle size distribution was obtained. The synthesized MIL-53(Fe) has been used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by a drop-casting technique. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements of the MIL-53(Fe)-modified GCE showed that the MIL-53(Fe) was successfully immobilized onto the GCE electrode surface and the electrochemical behavior of the GCE/MIL-53(Fe) electrode was stable. In addition, several electrochemical parameters of MIL-53(Fe)-modified GCE (GCE/MIL-53(Fe)) including the heterogeneous standard rate constant (
) and the electrochemically effective surface area (
) were calculated. Obtained results demonstrated that the synthesized MIL-53(Fe) with the small particle size, highly homogeneous particle size, and high electrochemically effective surface area was able to significantly enhance the electrochemical response signal of the working electrode. Therefore, the GCE/MIL-53(Fe) electrode has been used as a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for cadmium ion (Cd(II)) monitoring in aqueous solution using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. The response signal of the electrochemical sensor increased linearly in the Cd(II) ion concentration range from 150 nM to 450 nM with the limit of detection (LOD) of 16 nM.
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Chen B, Liu J, Li S, Ren Y, Yuan Y, Zhu H, Li H. A High‐sensitivity and Enzyme‐free Clenbuterol Sensor using SWCNT Arrays Prepared with a One‐pot Method Comprising Gold Nanoparticles and Cl
−. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baitao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China / Department of Applied Chemistry College of Bioscience and Resource Environment Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing 102206 PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Life Sciences Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 100029 PR China
| | - Shasha Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China / Department of Applied Chemistry College of Bioscience and Resource Environment Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing 102206 PR China
| | - Yuanhui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China / Department of Applied Chemistry College of Bioscience and Resource Environment Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing 102206 PR China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China / Department of Applied Chemistry College of Bioscience and Resource Environment Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing 102206 PR China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China / Department of Applied Chemistry College of Bioscience and Resource Environment Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing 102206 PR China
| | - Hongna Li
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 PR China
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Nafion-stabilized black phosphorus nanosheets-maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin as a chiral sensor for tryptophan enantiomers. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110910. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Tian L, Wu K, Hu Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Chen R, Lu J. A molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence nanoprobe based on complexes consisting of CdTe and multiwall carbon nanotube for sensitive determination of clenbuterol. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:358. [PMID: 32468215 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) nanoprobe was fabricated for the determination of clenbuterol (CLB). A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film was coated on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode modified with CdTe-doped multiwall carbon nanotubes. The MIP film with CLB as the template molecule improves the selectivity of the nanoprobe, CdTe is used as ECL signal amplifier, and MWCNT works as the carrier. The ECL intensity is altered by elution and reabsorption of CLB. The possible reaction mechanism and experimental parameters of the nanoprobe are discussed. Under optimized conditions, the quenched ECL intensity and the CLB concentration have a linear relationship in the range 2.3 × 10-9 to 1.5 × 10-5 mol·L-1, and the detection limit is 1.0 × 10-9 mol·L-1 (S/N = 3). The nanoprobe was successfully applied to the determination of CLB in pork samples. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence nanoprobe based on complexes consisting of CdTe and multiwall carbon nanotube used to determinate clenbuterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kexin Wu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Hu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Lu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Phakatkar AH, Firlar E, Alzate L, Song B, Narayanan S, Rojaee R, Foroozan T, Deivanayagam R, Banner DJ, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Shokuhfar T. TEM Studies on Antibacterial Mechanisms of Black Phosphorous Nanosheets. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:3071-3085. [PMID: 32431502 PMCID: PMC7200252 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s237816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are gaining tremendous attention as novel antibacterial platforms to combat against continuously evolving antimicrobial resistance levels. Among the family of 2D nanomaterials, black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets have demonstrated promising potential for biomedical applications. However, there is a need to gain nanoscale insights of the antibacterial activity of BP nanosheets which lies at the center of technical challenges. METHODS Ultra-large BP nanosheets were synthesized by liquid-exfoliation method in the eco-friendly deoxygenated water. Synthesized BP nanosheets were characterized by TEM, AFM, and Raman spectroscopy techniques and their chemical stability was evaluated by EDS and EELS elemental analysis. The antibacterial activity of BP nanosheets was evaluated at nanoscale by the ultramicrotome TEM technique. Further, HAADF-STEM image and EDS elemental line map of the damaged bacterium were utilized to analyze the presence of diagnostic ions. Supportive SEM and ATR-FTIR studies were carried out to confirm the bacterial cell wall damage. In vitro colony counting method was utilized to evaluate the antibacterial performance of ultra-large BP nanosheets. RESULTS Elemental EELS and EDS analysis of BP nanosheets stored in deoxygenated water confirmed the absence of oxygen peak. TEM studies indicate the various events of bacterial cell damage with the lost cellular metabolism and structural integrity. Colony counting test results show that as-synthesized BP nanosheets (100 μg/mL) can kill ~95% bacteria within 12 hours. CONCLUSION TEM studies demonstrate the various events of E. coli membrane damage and the loss of structural integrity. These events include the BP nanosheets interaction with the bacterial cell wall, cytoplasmic leakage, detachment of cytoplasm from the cell membrane, reduced density of lipid bilayer and agglomerated DNA structure. The EDS elemental line mapping of the damaged bacterium confirms the disrupted cell membrane permeability and the lost cellular metabolism. SEM micrographs and ATR-FTIR supportive results confirm the bacterial cell wall damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit H Phakatkar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Emre Firlar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ08854, USA
| | - Laura Alzate
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Boao Song
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Surya Narayanan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Ramin Rojaee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Tara Foroozan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | | | - David James Banner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Tolou Shokuhfar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
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Voltammetric food analytical sensor for determining vanillin based on amplified NiFe2O4 nanoparticle/ionic liquid sensor. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Xue T, Sheng Y, Xu J, Li Y, Lu X, Zhu Y, Duan X, Wen Y. In-situ reduction of Ag+ on black phosphorene and its NH2-MWCNT nanohybrid with high stability and dispersibility as nanozyme sensor for three ATP metabolites. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 145:111716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Ge Y, Qu M, Xu L, Wang X, Xin J, Liao X, Li M, Li M, Wen Y. Phosphorene nanocomposite with high environmental stability and antifouling capability for simultaneous sensing of clenbuterol and ractopamine. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:836. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Determination and removal of clenbuterol with a stable fluorescent zirconium(IV)-based metal organic framework. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:454. [PMID: 31201535 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A metal organic framework (MOF) based adsorbent of type UiO-66 was hydrothermally prepared and applied to simultaneous sensing and removal of the asthma drug clenbuterol. The MOF possesses a large specific surface area (1460 cm2·g-1) and a stable structure, and has a large adsorption capacity for clenbuterol (160 mg·g-1). If clenbuterol binds to the MOF, the fluorescence of the sorbent (best measured at excitation/emission wavelengths of 290/396 nm) is quenched by up to 88%. Based on these findings, a fluorometric assay has been developed for the rapid determination of clenbuterol. The adsorption equilibrium of UiO-66 for CLB can be achieved at 60 min and the adsorption efficiency is above 80%. The method has a linear response in the 4.0 to 40 ng·mL-1 concentration range, and the lower limit of detection is 0.17 μM. All of this indicates that UiO-66 is promising for simultaneous detection and the removal of CLB in water. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of the detection and removal of clenbuterol in water medium by a stable fluorescent Zr(IV)-based metal organic framework. This method exhibited a large adsorption capacity for clenbuterol (160 mg/g) and low limit of detection (0.17 μM).
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A fluorometric clenbuterol immunoassay using sulfur and nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:323. [PMID: 31049706 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A fluorometric clenbuterol immunoassay is described that uses S- and N-co-doped carbon quantum dots as the fluorescent probe. Strongly fluorescent S/N-doped carbon quantum dots (S/N-CDs) were synthesized by hydrothermal method using fructose as the carbon precursor and L-cysteine as S/N sources. The S/N-CDs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Under 350 nm photoexcitation, they display strong purple fluorescence with an emission peak at 405 nm. In pH 4.0 solution, the amino groups (confirmed by FTIR) on the carbon quantum dots were coupled to clenbuterol antibody (Ab) by amine-amine coupling reaction to quench the fluorescence. If clenbuterol (Clen) is added, it binds to the Ab to generate a stable Ab-Clen immunocomplex and free S/N-CD. This causes the fluorescence of nanoprobe to be restored. The fluorescence of the system increases linearly in the 0.07-1.7 ng·mL-1 Clen concentration range. The probe of type S/N4-CD displays the best sensitivity. The detection limit is 23 pg·mL-1. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of clenbuterol fluorometric immunoassay using sulfur and nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots.
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