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Krieger V, Amador-Campos JA. Clinical presentations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents: comparison of neurocognitive performance. Child Neuropsychol 2021; 27:1024-1053. [PMID: 33928840 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1917530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare performance in working memory (WM), processing speed (PRS), and attention measures in children and adolescents with typical development (TD) and with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (inattentive [ADHD-I] or combined [ADHD-C]) presentations, and to determine the predictive ability of the measures mentioned to discriminate between ADHD presentations and TD. 260 children and adolescents, 138 with ADHD (70 ADHD-I and 68 ADHD-C) and 122 TD in two age cohorts (8-12 years; 13-16 years), were assessed with WM and PRS indexes of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) and the d2 attention test. Significant differences between ADHD and TD groups in the WISC-IV GAI scores were found in children but not in adolescents. Children and adolescents with both ADHD presentations performed poorly on the PRS index, while on the WM index only children exhibited difficulties. In the attention test, children with ADHD-C showed more impulsivity and more difficulties for processing speed, concentration and accuracy than ADHD-I and TD. In addition, both ADHD presentations had higher inattention scores than TD. ADHD adolescents performed worse than TD in processing speed, concentration and accuracy. ADHD groups showed more impulsivity and inattention than TD. Digit Span and Symbol Search (WISC-IV) and processing speed and accuracy (d2) successfully classified ADHD and TD in children, but in adolescents, only coding (WISC-IV) and accuracy (d2) successfully classified ADHD presentations and TD. The WISC-IV and d2 yield neuropsychological profiles which reflect age-related cognitive changes and may allow the adaptation of more tailored early interventions for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Krieger
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Amador-Campos
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (UBneuro), Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a complex disorder characterized by repetitive, sudden, and involuntary movements or vocalizations, called tics. Tics usually appear in childhood, and their severity varies over time. In addition to frequent tics, people with TS are at risk for associated problems including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, depression, and problems with sleep. TS occurs in most populations and ethnic groups worldwide, and it is more common in males than in females. Previous family and twin studies have shown that the majority of cases of TS are inherited. TS was previously thought to have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. However, several decades of research have shown that this is unlikely the case. Instead, TS most likely results from a variety of genetic and environmental factors, not changes in a single gene. In the past decade, there has been a rapid development of innovative genetic technologies and methodologies, as well as significant progress in genetic studies of psychiatric disorders. In this review, we will briefly summarize previous genetic epidemiological studies of TS and related disorders. We will also review previous genetic studies based on genome-wide linkage analyses and candidate gene association studies to comment on problems of previous methodological and strategic issues. Our main purpose for this review will be to summarize the new genetic discoveries of TS based on novel genetic methods and strategies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWASs), whole exome sequencing (WES), and whole genome sequencing (WGS). We will also compare the new genetic discoveries of TS with other major psychiatric disorders in order to understand the current status of TS genetics and its relationship with other psychiatric disorders.
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Zepf FD, Bubenzer-Busch S, Runions KC, Rao P, Wong JWY, Mahfouda S, Morandini HAE, Stewart RM, Moore JK, Biskup CS, Eickhoff SB, Fink GR, Langner R. Functional connectivity of the vigilant-attention network in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Brain Cogn 2017; 131:56-65. [PMID: 29150311 PMCID: PMC6432906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ADHD affects functional connectivity in a brain network for vigilant attention (VA). First evidence showing the VA network is intrinsically coupled in older children. ADHD patients showed less consistent network connectivity, forming 2 subnetworks. Lower network integrity in ADHD is due to both weaker and stronger connections. Aberrant connectivity between several regions is linked to ADHD symptomatology.
The ability to maintain attention to simple tasks (i.e., vigilant attention, VA) is often impaired in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms at the brain network level are not clear yet. We therefore investigated ADHD-related differences in resting-state functional connectivity within a meta-analytically defined brain network of 14 distinct regions subserving VA (comprising 91 connections in total), as well as the association of connectivity with markers of behavioural dysfunction in 17 children (age range: 9–14 years) with a diagnosis of ADHD and 21 age-matched neurotypical controls. Our analyses revealed selective, rather than global, differences in the intrinsic coupling between nodes of the VA-related brain network in children with ADHD, relative to controls. In particular, ADHD patients showed substantially diminished intrinsic coupling for 7 connections and increased coupling for 4 connections, with many differences involving connectivity with the anterior insula. Moreover, connectivity strength of several aberrant connections was found to be associated with core aspects of ADHD symptomatology, such as poor attention, difficulties with social functioning, and impaired cognitive control, attesting to the behavioural relevance of specific connectivity differences observed in the resting state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian D Zepf
- Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & Division of Pediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Specialised Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), Department of Health in Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sarah Bubenzer-Busch
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kevin C Runions
- Community Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), Department of Health in Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Pradeep Rao
- Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & Division of Pediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Community Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), Department of Health in Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Janice W Y Wong
- Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & Division of Pediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Specialised Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), Department of Health in Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Simone Mahfouda
- Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & Division of Pediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Hugo A E Morandini
- Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & Division of Pediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Richard M Stewart
- Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & Division of Pediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Julia K Moore
- Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & Division of Pediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Paediatric Consultation-Liaison Program, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Department of Health in Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Caroline S Biskup
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience & Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience & Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Morand-Beaulieu S, Leclerc JB, Valois P, Lavoie ME, O'Connor KP, Gauthier B. A Review of the Neuropsychological Dimensions of Tourette Syndrome. Brain Sci 2017; 7:E106. [PMID: 28820427 PMCID: PMC5575626 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7080106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive functioning in Tourette syndrome (TS) has been the subject of intensive research in the past 30 years. A variety of impairments, presumably related to frontal and frontostriatal dysfunctions, have been observed. These impairments were found in various domains, such as attention, memory, executive functions, language, motor and visuomotor functions, among others. In line with contemporary research, other neurocognitive domains have recently been explored in TS, bringing evidence of altered social reasoning, for instance. Therefore, the aims of this review are to give an overview of the neuropsychological dimensions of TS, to report how neuropsychological functions evolve from childhood to adulthood, and to explain how various confounding factors can affect TS patients' performance in neuropsychological tasks. Finally, an important contribution of this review is to show how recent research has confirmed or changed our beliefs about neuropsychological functioning in TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Morand-Beaulieu
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, 2960 Chemin de la Tour, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Julie B Leclerc
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, 100, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada.
| | - Philippe Valois
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, 100, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada.
| | - Marc E Lavoie
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, 2960 Chemin de la Tour, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, 2900, boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Kieron P O'Connor
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, 100, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada.
- Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, 2900, boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Bruno Gauthier
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Campus Laval, 1700 rue Jacques-Tétreault, Laval, QC H7N 0B6, Canada.
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Morand-Beaulieu S, Grot S, Lavoie J, Leclerc JB, Luck D, Lavoie ME. The puzzling question of inhibitory control in Tourette syndrome: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:240-262. [PMID: 28502600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder involving motor and phonic tics. Inhibitory control is a key issue in TS, and many disruptive or impulsive behaviors might arise from inhibitory deficits. However, conflicting findings regarding TS patients' inhibitory performance in neuropsychological tasks have been reported throughout the literature. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate inhibitory control through neuropsychological tasks, and to analyze the factors modulating inhibitory deficits. To this end, a literature search was performed through MEDLINE and PsycINFO, to retrieve studies including neuropsychological tasks that assessed inhibitory control in TS patients. Of the 4020 studies identified, 61 were included in the meta-analysis, for a total of 1717 TS patients. Our analyses revealed a small to medium effect in favor of inhibitory deficits in TS patients. This effect was larger in TS+ADHD patients, but pure TS patients also showed some inhibitory deficits. Therefore, deficits in inhibitory control seem to be an inherent component of TS, and are exacerbated when ADHD is concomitant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Morand-Beaulieu
- Cognitive and Social Psychophysiology Lab, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Stéphanie Grot
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Jacob Lavoie
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Julie B Leclerc
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - David Luck
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Marc E Lavoie
- Cognitive and Social Psychophysiology Lab, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
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Eichele H, Eichele T, Bjelland I, Høvik MF, Sørensen L, van Wageningen H, Worren MK, Hugdahl K, Plessen KJ. Performance Monitoring in Medication-Naïve Children with Tourette Syndrome. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:50. [PMID: 26973443 PMCID: PMC4771943 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder and its impact on cognitive development needs further study. Evidence from neuropsychological, neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies suggests that the decline in tic severity and the ability to suppress tics relate to the development of self-regulatory functions in late childhood and adolescence. Hence, tasks measuring performance monitoring might provide insight into the regulation of tics in children with TS. Method: Twenty-five children with TS, including 14 with comorbid Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 39 children with ADHD and 35 typically developing children aged 8–12 years were tested with a modified Eriksen-Flanker task during a 34-channel electroencephalography (EEG) recording. Task performance, as well as stimulus-locked and response-locked event-related potentials (ERP) were analyzed and compared across groups. Results: Participants did not differ in their behavioral performance. Children with TS showed higher amplitudes of an early P3 component of the stimulus-locked ERPs in ensemble averages and in separate trial outcomes, suggesting heightened orienting and/or attention during stimulus evaluation. In response-locked averages, children with TS had a slightly higher positive complex before the motor response, likely also reflecting a late P3. Groups did not differ in post-response components, particularly in the error-related negativity (ERN) and error-related positivity (Pe). Conclusions: These findings suggest that children with TS may employ additional attentional resources as a compensatory mechanism to maintain equal behavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Eichele
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom Eichele
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of BergenBergen, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway; Section for Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University HospitalBergen, Norway
| | - Ingvar Bjelland
- Department of Psychiatry, Haukeland University HospitalBergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Marie F Høvik
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Lin Sørensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidi van Wageningen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Marius Kalsås Worren
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Kenneth Hugdahl
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of BergenBergen, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, Haukeland University HospitalBergen, Norway
| | - Kerstin J Plessen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services Capital RegionCopenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
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Hovik KT, Plessen KJ, Cavanna AE, Skogli EW, Andersen PN, Øie M. Cognition, Emotion and Behavior in Children with Tourette's Syndrome and Children with ADHD-Combined Subtype-A Two-Year Follow-Up Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144874. [PMID: 26673612 PMCID: PMC4686049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This two-year follow-up study investigates the course of and association among measures of cognitive control, focused attention, decision-making and symptom severity (anxiety, depression and behavior) in children and adolescents with Tourette's Syndrome (TS) or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Combined subtype (ADHD-C). METHOD 19 children with TS, 33 with ADHD-C, and 50 typically developing children (TDC) were examined with a battery of psychometric measures and rating forms at baseline and two-years later. RESULTS All three groups improved likewise in measures of cognitive control over time, whereas only the TDC improved in focused attention. The group of children with TS with comorbidities performed more similar to the children with ADHD-C in cognitive control at T1 and T2, whereas the children with TS without comorbidities performed more similar to the TDC in cognitive control at T1 and T2. In the decision-making task, the children with TS (with or without comorbidities) preferred a safer strategy in selecting advantageous choices than the children with ADHD-C and the TDC at T2. Children with TS and children with ADHD-C showed higher symptoms of anxiety and depression and more problems with emotional control compared with TDC at both time points. Finally, children with ADHD-C self-reported more depression symptoms than those with TS at both assessments. For the TS group, safer decision-making was related to better emotional control, and this relationship was stronger for the TS subgroup without comorbidities. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the importance of addressing symptoms of anxiety and depression in children with TS or ADHD-C, identifying the effect of comorbidities in children with TS, and that children with TS or ADHD-C likely differ in their sensitivity to reinforcement contingencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Tore Hovik
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Mental Health Care, Lillehammer, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Psychology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kerstin J. Plessen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Capital Region Psychiatry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea E. Cavanna
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Birmingham and BSMHFT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Sobell Department of Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Per Normann Andersen
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Mental Health Care, Lillehammer, Norway
- Lillehammer University College, Department of Education and Social Work, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Merete Øie
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Mental Health Care, Lillehammer, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Psychology, Oslo, Norway
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Attention and response control in ADHD. Evaluation through integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 18:E1. [PMID: 25734571 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2015.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses attention and response control through visual and auditory stimuli in a primary care pediatric sample. The sample consisted of 191 participants aged between 7 and 13 years old. It was divided into 2 groups: (a) 90 children with ADHD, according to diagnostic (DSM-IV-TR) (APA, 2002) and clinical (ADHD Rating Scale-IV) (DuPaul, Power, Anastopoulos, & Reid, 1998) criteria, and (b) 101 children without a history of ADHD. The aims were: (a) to determine and compare the performance of both groups in attention and response control, (b) to identify attention and response control deficits in the ADHD group. Assessments were carried out using the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA/CPT, Sandford & Turner, 2002). Results showed that the ADHD group had visual and auditory attention deficits, F(3, 170) = 14.38; p < .01, deficits in fine motor regulation (Welch´s t-test = 44.768; p < .001) and sensory/motor activity (Welch'st-test = 95.683, p < .001; Welch's t-test = 79.537, p < .001). Both groups exhibited a similar performance in response control, F(3, 170) = .93, p = .43.Children with ADHD showed inattention, mental processing speed deficits, and loss of concentration with visual stimuli. Both groups yielded a better performance in attention with auditory stimuli.
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Tajik-Parvinchi DJ, Sandor P. Enhanced antisaccade abilities in children with Tourette syndrome: the Gap-effect Reversal. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:768. [PMID: 24312038 PMCID: PMC3826111 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a childhood onset disorder of motor and vocal tics. The neural networks underlying TS overlap with those of saccade eye movements. Thus, deviations on saccadic tasks can provide important information about psychopathology of TS. Tourette syndrome often coexists with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Hence, we manipulated various components of a saccade task to measure its effects on saccades of children with TS-only, TS+ADHD, TS+ADHD+OCD and healthy controls. Children looked toward (prosaccade) or in the opposite direction (antisaccade) of a peripheral target as soon as it appeared. The prosaccade and antisaccade tasks were presented in three conditions. In the Gap200 condition, the fixation dot disappeared 200 ms prior to the appearance of the peripheral target, In the Gap800 condition, the fixation dot disappeared 800 ms prior to the appearance of the peripheral target and in Overlap200 the fixation dot disappeared 200 ms after the appearance of the peripheral target. Fixation-offset manipulations had different effects on each group's antisaccades. The TS+ADHD+OCD group's antisaccade latencies and error rates remained relatively unchanged in the three conditions and displayed a pattern of eye movements that can be interpreted as enhanced. Alternatively, the TS+ADHD group displayed an overall pattern of longer saccadic latencies. Findings corroborate the hypothesis that the combination of tic disorder and ADHD results in unique behavioral profiles. It is plausible that a subgroup of children with TS develop an adaptive ability to control their tics which generalizes to enhanced volitional control of saccadic behavior as well. Supporting evidence and other findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J Tajik-Parvinchi
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Vision Research, York University Toronto, ON, Canada ; Tourette Syndrome Neurodevelopmental Clinic and Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network Toronto, ON, Canada
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Childhood Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Violent Criminality: A Sibling Control Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2013; 44:2707-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lin YJ, Lai MC, Gau SSF. Youths with ADHD with and without tic disorders: comorbid psychopathology, executive function and social adjustment. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2012; 33:951-963. [PMID: 22285732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tic disorders (TD) commonly co-occur. Clarifying the psychiatric comorbidities, executive functions and social adjustment difficulties in children and adolescents of ADHD with and without TD is informative to understand the developmental psychopathology and to identify their specific clinical needs. This matched case-control study compared three groups (n=40 each) of youths aged between 8 and 16 years: ADHD with co-occurring TD (ADHD+TD), ADHD without TD (ADHD-TD) and typically developing community controls. Both ADHD groups had more co-occurring oppositional defiant disorder than the control group, and the presence of TD was associated with more anxiety disorders. TD did not impose additional executive function impairments or social adjustment difficulties on ADHD. Interestingly, for youths with ADHD, the presence of TD was associated with less interpersonal difficulties at school, compared to those without TD. The potential various directions of effects from co-occurring TD should be carefully evaluated and investigated for youths with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Huang-Pollock CL, Karalunas SL, Tam H, Moore AN. Evaluating vigilance deficits in ADHD: a meta-analysis of CPT performance. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 121:360-71. [PMID: 22428793 DOI: 10.1037/a0027205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We meta-analytically review 47 between-groups studies of continuous performance test (CPT) performance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using a random effects model and correcting for both sampling error and measurement unreliability, we found large effect sizes (δ) for overall performance, but only small to moderate δ for performance over time in the handful of studies that reported that data. Smaller δs for performance over time are likely attributable, in part, to the extensive use of stimuli for which targets and distractors are quite easily differentiated. Artifacts accounted for a considerable proportion of variance among observed δs. Effect sizes reported in previous reviews were significantly attenuated because of the presence of uncorrected artifacts and highlight the necessity of accounting for artifactual variance in future work to determine the amount of true neurocognitive heterogeneity within ADHD. Signal detection theory and diffusion modeling analyses indicated that the ADHD-related deficits were because of decreased perceptual sensitivity (d') and slower drift rates (v). Results are interpreted the context of several recent models of ADHD.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The smooth pursuit eye movements and fixation ability of children aged 8 to 16 years with Tourette syndrome (TS) were examined. BACKGROUND Although several studies have examined the saccadic ability of patients with TS, there have been only a few studies examining pursuit ability in TS. METHOD Pursuit gain (eye velocity/target velocity) and intrusive saccades during fixation were measured in children with TS-only, TS+attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and TS+ADHD+obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and in controls (8 to 16 y). Two pursuit tasks and 1 fixation task were used. In random pursuit 1 (RP1), each step and ramp cycle began from fixation; in random pursuit 2 (RP2), each cycle followed the next. In the fixation task, children were required to maintain fixation on a center dot and ignore distractor stimuli. RESULTS All children had significantly higher pursuit gains in RP2 than in RP1 when pursuing a 30 degrees/s moving target. In addition, in RP2, the TS+ADHD+OCD group displayed significantly higher pursuit gains relative to the TS-only, TS+ADHD, and control groups. In the fixation task, the TS+ADHD group exhibited significantly more intrusive saccades than the TS+ADHD+OCD and control groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support an enhanced oculomotor ability in the TS+ADHD+OCD group and the presence of an online gain control mechanism during ongoing pursuit. These findings are discussed in more detail.
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Greimel E, Wanderer S, Rothenberger A, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K, Roessner V. Attentional performance in children and adolescents with tic disorder and co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: new insights from a 2 × 2 factorial design study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:819-28. [PMID: 21331638 PMCID: PMC3111554 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of both tic disorder (TD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on attentional functions. N=96 children and adolescents participated in the study, including n=21 subjects with TD, n=23 subjects with ADHD, n=25 subjects with TD+ADHD, and n=27 controls. Attentional performance was tested based on four computerized attention tasks (sustained attention, divided attention, go/nogo and set shifting). The effect of TD as well as ADHD on attentional performance was tested using a 2 × 2 factorial approach. A diagnosis of TD had no negative impact on attentional functions but was associated with improved performance in the set shifting task. By contrast, regardless of a diagnosis of TD, subjects with ADHD were found to perform worse in the sustained attention, divided attention and go/nogo task. No interaction effect between the factors TD and ADHD was revealed for any of the attention measures. Our results add to findings from other areas of research, showing that in subjects with TD and ADHD, ADHD psychopathology is often the main source of impairment, whereas a diagnosis of TD has little or no impact on neuropsychological performance in most cases and even seems to be associated with adaptive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Greimel
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Günther T, Konrad K, De Brito SA, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Vloet TD. Attentional functions in children and adolescents with ADHD, depressive disorders, and the comorbid condition. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52:324-31. [PMID: 20868375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depressive disorders (DDs) often co-occur in children and adolescents, but evidence on the respective influence of these disorders on attention parameters is inconsistent. This study examines the influence of DDs on ADHD in a model-oriented approach that includes selectivity and intensity attention parameters. METHODS Ten- to fifteen-year-olds with ADHD (n=63), DDs (n=61), ADHD+DDs (n=64), and healthy controls (n=64) completed a battery of tests including five neuropsychological tasks (i.e., alertness, sustained attention, divided attention, go/no-go, and attentional set-shifting). RESULTS All clinical groups showed attentional problems, especially in more complex attentional tasks and in the intensity aspects of attention. We observed the most severe attentional impairments in children with ADHD that was independent from a comorbid DD. CONCLUSION The clinical groups were significantly different from the healthy control group, especially in more complex attentional tasks and in the intensity aspects of attention. Some differences between ADHD, DDs and ADHD+DDs groups were detected on neuropsychological attentional performance, but the effects were not strong enough to differentiate the clinical groups from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Günther
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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Sukhodolsky DG, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Scahill L, Leckman JF, Schultz RT. Neuropsychological functioning in children with Tourette syndrome with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 49:1155-64. [PMID: 20970703 PMCID: PMC2965169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropsychological functioning in children with Tourette syndrome (TS) has been characterized by subtle deficits in response inhibition, visual-motor integration, and fine-motor coordination. The association of these deficits with the tics of the TS versus co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not been well understood because of small sample sizes and lack of adequate control conditions. We examined neuropsychological functioning in relatively large and well-characterized samples of children categorized as TS, TS-plus-ADHD, ADHD, and unaffected controls. METHOD A total of 56 children with TS-only, 45 with TS-plus-ADHD, 64 with ADHD, and 71 healthy community control subjects were assessed on a battery of neuropsychological measures including the Connors' Continuous Performance Test (CPT), the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (Stroop), the Beery Visual-Motor Integration Test (VMI), and the Purdue Pegboard Test. RESULTS There were no differences between children with TS-only and unaffected controls on the measures of response inhibition and visual-motor integration. Boys with TS-only but not girls with TS-only were impaired in the dominant hand Purdue performance. Children with ADHD were impaired on all study measures. Children with TS-plus-ADHD revealed no deficits on the Stroop, VMI, and Purdue tests but were impaired on the sustained attention portion of the CPT. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that co-occurring ADHD may be responsible for the neuropsychological deficits, or at least those assessed in the present study, in children with TS. Explanations in terms of neurobiological mechanisms of co-occurring TS and ADHD, as well as possible compensatory mechanisms in children with TS, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis G Sukhodolsky
- Yale Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Road, PO Box 207900, New Haven, CT 06520-7900, USA.
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