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Tremblay C, Aslam S, Walker JE, Lorenzini I, Intorcia AJ, Arce RA, Choudhury P, Adler CH, Shill HA, Driver-Dunckley E, Mehta S, Piras IS, Belden CM, Atri A, Beach TG, Serrano GE. RNA sequencing of olfactory bulb in Parkinson's disease reveals gene alterations associated with olfactory dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 196:106514. [PMID: 38663633 PMCID: PMC11132317 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The olfactory bulb is involved early in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is consistent with the early onset of olfactory dysfunction. Identifying the molecular mechanisms through which PD affects the olfactory bulb could lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology and etiology of olfactory dysfunction in PD. We specifically aimed to assess gene expression changes, affected pathways and co-expression network by whole transcriptomic profiling of the olfactory bulb in subjects with clinicopathologically defined PD. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on frozen human olfactory bulbs of 20 PD and 20 controls without dementia or any other neurodegenerative disorder, from the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative disorders and the Brain and Body Donation Program. Differential expression analysis (19 PD vs 19 controls) revealed 2164 significantly differentially expressed genes (1090 upregulated and 1074 downregulated) in PD. Pathways enriched in downregulated genes included oxidative phosphorylation, olfactory transduction, metabolic pathways, and neurotransmitters synapses while immune and inflammatory responses as well as cellular death related pathways were enriched within upregulated genes. An overrepresentation of microglial and astrocyte-related genes was observed amongst upregulated genes, and excitatory neuron-related genes were overrepresented amongst downregulated genes. Co-expression network analysis revealed significant modules highly correlated with PD and olfactory dysfunction that were found to be involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cholinergic synapse, and metabolic pathways. LAIR1 (leukocyte associated immunoglobulin like receptor 1) and PPARA (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha) were identified as hub genes with a high discriminative power between PD and controls reinforcing an important role of neuroinflammation in the olfactory bulb of PD subjects. Olfactory identification test score positively correlated with expression of genes coding for G-coupled protein, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic receptor proteins and negatively correlated with genes for proteins expressed in glial olfactory ensheathing cells. In conclusion, this study reveals gene alterations associated with neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter dysfunction, and disruptions of factors involved in the initiation of olfactory transduction signaling that may be involved in PD-related olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sidra Aslam
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles H Adler
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Holly A Shill
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Erika Driver-Dunckley
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Shyamal Mehta
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Ignazio S Piras
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Alireza Atri
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kovalová M, Gottfriedová N, Mrázková E, Janout V, Janoutová J. Cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative disorders, and olfactory impairment: A literature review. OTOLARYNGOLOGIA POLSKA 2024; 78:1-17. [PMID: 38623856 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.6158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
<br><b>Introduction:</b> The early detection and diagnosis of dementia are of key importance in treatment, slowing disease progression, or suppressing symptoms. The possible role of changes in the sense of smell is considered with regard to potential markers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD).</br> <br><b>Materials and methods:</b> A literature search was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science between May 30, 2022 and August 2, 2022. The term "dementia" was searched with keyword combinations related to olfaction.</br> <br><b>Results:</b> A total of 1,288 records were identified through the database search. Of these articles, 49 were ultimately included in the analysis. The results showed the potential role of changes in the sense of smell as potential biomarkers for early detection of AD. Multiple studies have shown that olfactory impairment may be observed in patients with AD, PD, MCI, or other types of dementia. Even though smell tests are able to detect olfactory loss caused by neurodegenerative diseases, they cannot reliably distinguish between certain diseases.</br> <br><b>Conclusions:</b> In individuals with cognitive impairment or neurodegenerative diseases, olfactory assessment has repeatedly been reported to be used for early diagnosis, but not for differential diagnosis.</br>.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kovalová
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nikol Gottfriedová
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mrázková
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Janout
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janoutová
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Ryu DW, Yoo SW, Choi KE, Oh YS, Kim JS. Correlation of olfactory function factors with cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2024; 271:1397-1407. [PMID: 37940708 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyposmia is a common nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) and reportedly associated with dysautonomia in PD. The smell identification test for measuring olfactory function consists of multiple items to discriminate specific scents. In the present study, factor analysis of the smell identification test was performed, and the correlation of extracted factors with cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) in patients with PD was investigated. METHODS The present study included 183 early PD patients who underwent the Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT) and 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) myocardial scintigraphy. Factor analysis of 12 items on the CC-SIT was performed using the computed correlation matrix for the binary items, and five smell factors were extracted. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine the correlation of olfactory function with late heart-to-mediastinum (H/M) ratio of 123I-MIBG uptake. RESULTS The mean CC-SIT score was 6.1 ± 2.6, and 133 patients (72.7%) had CSD. The CC-SIT score and five smell factors were not associated with dopamine transporter uptake or cognitive functions. However, the CC-SIT score significantly correlated with age (P < 0.001) and late H/M ratio (P < 0.001). Factors 1 and 5 showed an increasing trend with larger H/M ratio, although it was not statistically significant (β = 0.203, P = 0.085 and β = 0.230, P = 0.085, respectively). Factor 5 significantly correlated with the H/M ratio in PD patients with CSD (β = 0.676, P = 0.036). DISCUSSION The results showed olfactory dysfunction to be selectively associated with cardiac sympathetic burden in PD. The correlation of certain factors with CSD indicates the possibility of selective hyposmia in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Woo Ryu
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Yoo
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Ko-Eun Choi
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sang Oh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Seok Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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Brand G, Bontempi C, Jacquot L. Impact of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on olfaction in Parkinson's disease: Clinical features and functional hypotheses. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:947-954. [PMID: 37301657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical therapy typically applied in Parkinson's disease (PD). The efficacity of DBS on the control of motor symptoms in PD is well grounded while the efficacity on non-motor symptoms is more controversial, especially on olfactory disorders (ODs). The present review shows that DBS does not improve hyposmia but can affect positively identification/discrimination scores in PD. The functional hypotheses suggest complex mechanisms in terms of cerebral connectivity and neurogenesis process which could act indirectly on the olfactory bulb and olfactory pathways related to specific cognitive olfactory tasks. The functional hypotheses also suggest complex mechanisms of cholinergic neurotransmitter interactions involved in these pathways. Finally, the impact of DBS on general cognitive functions in PD could also be beneficial to identification/discrimination tasks in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brand
- Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France.
| | - C Bontempi
- Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
| | - L Jacquot
- Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
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Neurons, Nose, and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Olfactory Function and Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032117. [PMID: 36768440 PMCID: PMC9916823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory capacity declines with aging, but increasing evidence shows that smell dysfunction is one of the early signs of prodromal neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The study of olfactory ability and its role in neurodegenerative diseases arouses much interest in the scientific community. In neurology, olfactory impairment is a potential early marker for the onset of neurodegenerative diseases, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. The loss of smell is considered a clinical sign of early-stage disease and a marker of the disease's progression and cognitive impairment. Highlighting the importance of biological bases of smell and molecular pathways could be fundamental to improve neuroprotective and therapeutic strategies. We focused on the review articles and meta-analyses on olfactory and cognitive impairment. We depicted the neurobiology of olfaction and the most common olfactory tests in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we underlined the close relationship between the olfactory and cognitive deficit due to nasal neuroepithelium, which is a direct extension of the CNS in communication with the external environment. Neurons, Nose, and Neurodegenerative diseases highlights the role of olfactory dysfunction as a clinical marker for early stages of neurodegenerative diseases when it is associated with molecular, clinical, and neuropathological correlations.
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Tao M, Dou K, Xie Y, Hou B, Xie A. The associations of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers with cognition, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in early Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1049118. [PMID: 36507360 PMCID: PMC9728099 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1049118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Parkinson's disease (PD), levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and progression of non-motor symptoms are associated, but the specifics are not yet clear. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of non-motor symptoms with CSF biomarkers in PD. Materials and methods We assessed 487 individuals from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), consisting of 155 healthy controls (HCs) and 332 individuals with PD. Patients with PD were grouped according to non-motor symptoms and compared CSF α-synuclein (α-syn), amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aβ1-42), and total tau (t-tau) levels. Multiple linear regressions were used in baseline analysis and linear mixed-effects models in longitudinal analysis. Analyses of mediating effects between cognition and CSF biomarkers were also performed. Results At baseline, PD patients with cognitive impairment (PDCI) exhibited significantly lower CSF α-syn (β = -0.1244; P = 0.0469), Aβ (β = -0.1302; P = 0.0447), and t-tau (β = -0.1260; P = 0.0131) levels than PD patients without cognitive impairment (PDCU). Moreover, a faster decline of α-syn (β = -0.2152; P = 0.0374) and Aβ (β = -0.3114; P = 0.0023) and a faster rise of t-tau (β = -0.1534; P = 0.0274) have been found in longitudinal analysis. The Aβ positive group showed an earlier decline in cognitive performance (β = -0.5341; P = 0.0180) compared with the negative Aβ group in both analyses. In addition, we found that PD patients with probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (pRBD) showed decreased CSF α-syn (β = -0.1343; P = 0.0033) levels. Finally, mediation analysis demonstrated that olfactory function partially mediated the relationship between cognition and CSF biomarkers levels. Conclusion Our study shows that CSF biomarkers are associated with cognition at baseline and longitudinally. Cognitive impairment is more severe in patients with a heavier Aβ burden. CSF α-syn decreased in PD patients with pRBD. This study suggests that early recognition of the increased risk of non-motor symptoms is important for disease surveillance and may be associated with the pathological progression of CSF markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Tao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaixin Dou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yijie Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Binghui Hou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,Binghui Hou,
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,*Correspondence: Anmu Xie,
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7
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White Matter Microstructural Alterations in Newly Diagnosed Parkinson’s Disease: A Whole-Brain Analysis Using dMRI. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020227. [PMID: 35203990 PMCID: PMC8870150 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cardinal motor symptoms and other non-motor symptoms. Studies have investigated various brain areas in PD by detecting white matter alterations using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging processing techniques, which can produce diffusion metrics such as fractional anisotropy and quantitative anisotropy. In this study, we compared the quantitative anisotropy of whole brain regions throughout the subcortical and cortical areas between newly diagnosed PD patients and healthy controls. Additionally, we evaluated the correlations between the quantitative anisotropy of each region and respective neuropsychological test scores to identify the areas most affected by each neuropsychological dysfunction in PD. We found significant quantitative anisotropy differences in several subcortical structures such as the basal ganglia, limbic system, and brain stem as well as in cortical structures such as the temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and insular lobe. Additionally, we found that quantitative anisotropy of some subcortical structures such as the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brain stem showed the highest correlations with motor dysfunction, whereas cortical structures such as the temporal lobe and occipital lobe showed the highest correlations with olfactory dysfunction in PD. Our study also showed evidence regarding potential neural compensation by revealing higher diffusion metric values in early-stage PD than in healthy controls. We anticipate that our results will improve our understanding of PD’s pathophysiology.
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8
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Almeida WRPL, Gomes ADOC, Belo LR, Leal LB, Coriolano MDGWDS. Olfative and taste perception in Parkinson's disease. Codas 2021; 33:e20200038. [PMID: 34586294 DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/20202020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the olfactory and gustatory perception and discrimination and self-perception of smell and taste in people with Parkinson's disease, comparing them with healthy nodes. METHODS Observational, analytical, cross-sectional, and quantitative study. Olfactory and gustatory perception and discrimination were verified following Parkinson's disease, compared to a control group, matched by sex and age, using the Olfactory Perception and Taste Strips Tests, respectively, after nasal cleaning and oral brushing. Self-perception was assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale before and after specific tests of perception and discrimination. RESULTS We included individuals of both sexes, 35 with Parkinson's Disease and 20 assigned to the control group, matched for mean age. The olfactory self-perception of the group with Parkinson's disease improved after the olfactory test. There was no difference in taste self-perception in the Parkinson's disease group before and after the taste test. In the olfactory perception assessment test, the Parkinson's disease group discriminated fewer essences than the control group. Both groups have similar generation and taste discrimination. CONCLUSION The olfactory perception of people with Parkinson's disease was lower, compared to the group of healthy desires, and the self-perception of olfactory efficacy improved after the test, in both groups. As for taste, there was no difference in perception and discrimination between groups, the sour taste was the most identified and there was an improvement in self-perception of taste efficiency in the group without Parkinson's disease after the test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana de Oliveira C Gomes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde da Comunicação Humana, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE - Recife (PE), Brasil
| | - Luciana Rodrigues Belo
- Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE - Recife (PE), Brasil
| | - Leila Bastos Leal
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE - Recife (PE), Brasil
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Walker IM, Fullard ME, Morley JF, Duda JE. Olfaction as an early marker of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 182:317-329. [PMID: 34266602 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819973-2.00030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory impairment is a common and early sign of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), the two most prevalent neurodegenerative conditions in the elderly. This phenomenon corresponds to pathologic processes emerging in the olfactory system prior to the onset of typical clinical manifestations. Clinically available tests can establish hyposmia through odor identification assessment, discrimination, and odor detection threshold. There are significant efforts to develop preventative or disease-modifying therapies that slow down or halt the progression of PD and AD. Due to the convenience and low cost of its assessment, olfactory impairment could be used in these studies as a screening instrument. In the clinical setting, loss of smell may also help to differentiate PD and AD from alternative causes of Parkinsonism and cognitive impairment, respectively. Here, we discuss the pathophysiology of olfactory dysfunction in PD and AD and how it can be assessed in the clinical setting to aid in the early and differential diagnosis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Walker
- Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center, Michael J. Crescenz, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michelle E Fullard
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James F Morley
- Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center, Michael J. Crescenz, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John E Duda
- Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center, Michael J. Crescenz, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Tremblay C, Frasnelli J. Olfactory-Trigeminal Interactions in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6218692. [PMID: 33835144 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a highly frequent early non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). An important step to potentially use OD for the development of early diagnostic tools of PD is to differentiate PD-related OD from other forms of non-parkinsonian OD (NPOD: postviral, sinunasal, post-traumatic, and idiopathic OD). Measuring non-olfactory chemosensory modalities, especially the trigeminal system, may allow to characterize a PD-specific olfactory profile. We here review the literature on PD-specific chemosensory alteration patterns compared with NPOD. Specifically, we focused on the impact of PD on the trigeminal system and particularly on the interaction between olfactory and trigeminal systems. As this interaction is seemingly affected in a disease-specific manner, we propose a model of interaction between both chemosensory systems that is distinct for PD-related OD and NPOD. These patterns of chemosensory impairment still need to be confirmed in prodromal PD; nevertheless, appropriate chemosensory tests may eventually help to develop diagnostic tools to identify individuals at risks for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Tremblay
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.,Research Center, Sacré-Coeur Hospital of Montreal, 5400 Boulevard Gouin Ouest, Montréal, QC, H4J 1C5, Canada
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Chase BA, Markopoulou K. Olfactory Dysfunction in Familial and Sporadic Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:447. [PMID: 32547477 PMCID: PMC7273509 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This minireview discusses our current understanding of the olfactory dysfunction that is frequently observed in sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonian syndromes. We review the salient characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in these conditions, discussing its prevalence and characteristics, how neuronal processes and circuits are altered in Parkinson's disease, and what is assessed by clinically used measures of olfactory function. We highlight how studies of monogenic Parkinson's disease and investigations in ethnically diverse populations have contributed to understanding the mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss how imaging and system-level approaches have been used to understand the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction. We discuss the challenging, remaining gaps in understanding the basis of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegeneration. We propose that insights could be obtained by following longitudinal cohorts with familial forms of Parkinson's disease using a combination of approaches: a multifaceted longitudinal assessment of olfactory function during disease progression is essential to identify not only how dysfunction arises, but also to address its relationship to motor and non-motor Parkinson's disease symptoms. An assessment of cohorts having monogenic forms of Parkinson's disease, available within the Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease (GEoPD), as well as other international consortia, will have heuristic value in addressing the complexity of olfactory dysfunction in the context of the neurodegenerative process. This will inform our understanding of Parkinson's disease as a multisystem disorder and facilitate the more effective use of olfactory dysfunction assessment in identifying prodromal Parkinson's disease and understanding disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Chase
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Katerina Markopoulou
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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12
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Cecchini MP, Federico A, Zanini A, Mantovani E, Masala C, Tinazzi M, Tamburin S. Olfaction and taste in Parkinson's disease: the association with mild cognitive impairment and the single cognitive domain dysfunction. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:585-595. [PMID: 30911822 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-01996-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and chemosensory dysfunction are non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), but their association is unclear. We explored if MCI and the involvement of single cognitive domains influence olfaction and taste in PD. The role of demographic, clinical and neuropsychiatric variables was tested. We recruited 50 PD patients without dementia, no other reasons for cognitive impairment, no condition that could influence evaluation of cognition, olfaction and taste. They underwent a full neuropsychological and chemosensory (i.e., olfaction and taste) test with the Sniffin' Sticks Extended test (SSET), Whole Mouth test (WMT) and Taste Strips test (TST). Fifty age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Olfactory function and sweet identification were worse in PD than controls. MCI negatively influenced odor identification. Factors associated with poor olfactory function were age, overall cognition, apathy, and visuospatial dysfunction. Sour identification was affected by MCI and executive dysfunction, and salty identification by executive dysfunction. MCI, age and executive dysfunction worsened TST score. Awareness of olfactory dysfunction was impaired in PD with MCI. Education positively influenced SSET and TST scores. Our data confirmed that olfaction is abnormal in PD, while taste was only slightly impaired. Olfaction was worse in PD patients with visuospatial dysfunction, while sour and salty identification was worse in those with MCI and executive dysfunction, suggesting different underlying anatomical abnormalities. Future studies should incorporate neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid data to confirm this hypothesis. SSET odor identification and TST sour identification could be explored as quick screening tests for PD-MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Cecchini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Angela Federico
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Zanini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Mantovani
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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Prediger RD, Schamne MG, Sampaio TB, Moreira ELG, Rial D. Animal models of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:431-452. [PMID: 31604561 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction seems to occur earlier than classic motor and cognitive symptoms in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, the use of the olfactory system as a clinical marker for neurodegenerative diseases is helpful in the characterization of prodromal stages of these diseases, early diagnostic strategies, differential diagnosis, and, potentially, prediction of treatment success. The use of genetic and neurotoxin animal models has contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. In this chapter, we provide an overview of behavioral and neurochemical alterations observed in animal models of different neurodegenerative diseases (such as genetic and Aβ infusion models for AD and neurotoxins and genetic models of PD), in which olfactory dysfunction has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui D Prediger
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Marissa G Schamne
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tuane B Sampaio
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L G Moreira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences¸ Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rial
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Molecular Imaging of the Cholinergic System in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 141:211-250. [PMID: 30314597 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
One of the first identified neurotransmitters in the brain, acetylcholine, is an important modulator that drives changes in neuronal and glial activity. For more than two decades, the main focus of molecular imaging of the cholinergic system in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been on cognitive changes. Imaging studies have confirmed that degeneration of the cholinergic system is a major determinant of dementia in PD. Within the last decade, the focus is expanding to studying cholinergic correlates of mobility impairments, dyskinesias, olfaction, sleep, visual hallucinations and risk taking behavior in this disorder. These studies increasingly recognize that the regional topography of cholinergic brain areas associates with specific functions. In parallel with this trend, more recent molecular cholinergic imaging approaches are investigating cholinergic modulatory functions and contributions to large-scale brain network functions. A novel area of research is imaging cholinergic innervation functions of peripheral autonomic organs that may have the potential of future prodromal diagnosis of PD. Finally, emerging evidence of hypercholinergic activity in prodromal and symptomatic leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 PD may reflect neuronal cholinergic compensation versus a response to neuro-inflammation. Molecular imaging of the cholinergic system has led to many new insights in the etiology of dopamine non-responsive symptoms of PD (more "malignant" hypocholinergic disease phenotype) and is poised to guide and evaluate future cholinergic drug development in this disorder.
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15
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Mao CJ, Wang F, Chen JP, Yang YP, Chen J, Huang JY, Liu CF. Odor selectivity of hyposmia and cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1637-1644. [PMID: 29070942 PMCID: PMC5640420 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s147588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hyposmia is one of the earliest non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and can precede the onset of motor symptoms by years. Most of the current olfactory detection tests are targeted at Western populations. The exact relationship between hyposmia and cognitive impairment is unknown. The purpose of the study was to find bromines that can effectively identify olfactory dysfunction and investigate the relationship between hyposmia and cognitive function in early, non-demented, drug-naïve patients with PD in the People’s Republic of China. Methods Sixty-three early, non-demented, drug-naïve patients with PD and 55 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The T&T olfactometer and a Chinese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were applied to assess subjects’ olfactory and cognitive functions. Patients with PD also completed the Modified Unified Parkinson’s disease-rating scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) scale. Results Patients with PD had lower scores of visuospatial and executive function (p=0.000), attention (p=0.03), and delayed recall (p=0.001) than controls. β-phenylethyl alcohol (floral smell, smell of rose petals) and isovaleric acid (smell of sweat, stuffy socks) were more sensitive for identifying hyposmia in patients with PD than three other odors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that impaired visuospatial and executive function was associated with hyposmia (p=0.013), but was independent of other PD-associated variables. Conclusion Hyposmia was common in early, non-demented, drug-naïve PD patients. β-Phenylethyl alcohol and isovaleric acid were more superior for identifying hyposmia in early non-demented Chinese patients with PD. Hyposmia was associated with impaired visuospatial and executive function in patients with PD. Further prospective studies that apply a series of neuropsychological tests and functional magnetic resonance imaging methods in large samples in multicenter studies are needed to confirm our findings and to investigate the relationship between hyposmia and cognitive function with disease progression in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Fen Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Ju-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Changshu Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changshu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Yang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Juan-Ying Huang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou
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16
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Schapira AHV, Chaudhuri KR, Jenner P. Non-motor features of Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:435-450. [PMID: 28592904 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1019] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many of the motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD) can be preceded, sometimes for several years, by non-motor symptoms that include hyposmia, sleep disorders, depression and constipation. These non-motor features appear across the spectrum of patients with PD, including individuals with genetic causes of PD. The neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological bases of non-motor abnormalities in PD remain largely undefined. Here, we discuss recent advances that have helped to establish the presence, severity and effect on the quality of life of non-motor symptoms in PD, and the neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological mechanisms involved. We also discuss the potential for the non-motor features to define a prodrome that may enable the early diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, King's College London, Camberwell Road, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Yousaf T, Wilson H, Politis M. Imaging the Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:179-257. [PMID: 28802921 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is acknowledged to be a multisystem syndrome, manifesting as a result of multineuropeptide dysfunction, including dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic deficits. This multisystem disorder ultimately leads to the presentation of a range of nonmotor symptoms, now appreciated to be an integral part of the disease-specific spectrum of symptoms, often preceding the diagnosis of motor Parkinson's disease. In this chapter, we review the dopaminergic and nondopaminergic basis of these symptoms by exploring the neuroimaging evidence based on several techniques including positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography molecular imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging. We discuss the role of these neuroimaging techniques in elucidating the underlying pathophysiology of NMS in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyabah Yousaf
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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18
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Martin B, Wang R, Cong WN, Daimon CM, Wu WW, Ni B, Becker KG, Lehrmann E, Wood WH, Zhang Y, Etienne H, van Gastel J, Azmi A, Janssens J, Maudsley S. Altered learning, memory, and social behavior in type 1 taste receptor subunit 3 knock-out mice are associated with neuronal dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11508-11530. [PMID: 28522608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 1 taste receptor member 3 (T1R3) is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in sweet-taste perception. Besides the tongue, the T1R3 receptor is highly expressed in brain areas implicated in cognition, including the hippocampus and cortex. As cognitive decline is often preceded by significant metabolic or endocrinological dysfunctions regulated by the sweet-taste perception system, we hypothesized that a disruption of the sweet-taste perception in the brain could have a key role in the development of cognitive dysfunction. To assess the importance of the sweet-taste receptors in the brain, we conducted transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of cortical and hippocampal tissues isolated from T1R3 knock-out (T1R3KO) mice. The effect of an impaired sweet-taste perception system on cognition functions were examined by analyzing synaptic integrity and performing animal behavior on T1R3KO mice. Although T1R3KO mice did not present a metabolically disrupted phenotype, bioinformatic interpretation of the high-dimensionality data indicated a strong neurodegenerative signature associated with significant alterations in pathways involved in neuritogenesis, dendritic growth, and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, a significantly reduced dendritic spine density was observed in T1R3KO mice together with alterations in learning and memory functions as well as sociability deficits. Taken together our data suggest that the sweet-taste receptor system plays an important neurotrophic role in the extralingual central nervous tissue that underpins synaptic function, memory acquisition, and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Martin
- From the Metabolism Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Rui Wang
- From the Metabolism Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Wei-Na Cong
- From the Metabolism Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Caitlin M Daimon
- From the Metabolism Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Wells W Wu
- From the Metabolism Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Bin Ni
- the Receptor Pharmacology Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Kevin G Becker
- the Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Elin Lehrmann
- the Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - William H Wood
- the Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- the Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Harmonie Etienne
- the Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium, and.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- the Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium, and.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abdelkrim Azmi
- the Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium, and.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Janssens
- the Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium, and.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- the Receptor Pharmacology Unit, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, .,the Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium, and.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, AN-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Oh E, Park J, Youn J, Kim JS, Park S, Jang W. Olfactory dysfunction in early Parkinson's disease is associated with short latency afferent inhibition reflecting central cholinergic dysfunction. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1061-1068. [PMID: 28400098 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to determine whether the short latency afferent inhibition (SAI) response could be associated with the severity of olfactory dysfunction in PD patients. METHODS A total of 71 PD patients and 20 controls were enrolled. All PD patients were classified into 3 groups by the severity of the olfactory deficit. Single-pulse transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters and SAI were assessed. RESULTS The integrated SAI in the PD with anosmia and PD with hyposomia groups was significantly less inhibited than that in the PD with normosmia and control groups [64.79 {Interquartile range (IQR): 59.96, 71.33}, 84.79 {IQR: 75.03, 90.63} versus 36.72 {IQR: 32.28, 48.33}, 42.15 {IQR: 34.60, 44.96}, respectively]. In PD subjects, the severity of olfactory dysfunction also showed a significant negative correlation with the SAI response (r=-0.829, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Considering that the SAI response partly reflects central cholinergic dysfunction and that our study shows a relationship between the SAI response and the severity of olfactory dysfunction in PD, our findings indicate that cholinergic dysfunction could possibly contribute to the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction in early PD. SIGNIFICANCE SAI could be a useful marker to detect severe olfactory dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eungseok Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinse Park
- Department of Neurology, Inje University, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Youn
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Park
- Department of Biostatistics, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Jang
- Department of Neurology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea.
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Pagano G, Niccolini F, Fusar-Poli P, Politis M. Serotonin transporter in Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis of positron emission tomography studies. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:171-180. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Pagano
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN); King's College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Niccolini
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN); King's College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN); King's College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN); King's College London; London United Kingdom
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Domellöf ME, Lundin KF, Edström M, Forsgren L. Olfactory dysfunction and dementia in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 38:41-47. [PMID: 28242255 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies report that up to 90% of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) have olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia). Hyposmia has also been connected to cognitive impairment and dementia in PD, but no studies of newly diagnosed patients followed longer than three years exists. The present study investigates the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction at PD diagnosis, how it evolves over time and whether hyposmia increases the risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease. METHODS Olfactory function was assessed with Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT) in 125 newly diagnosed patients with PD. They were followed for a maximum of 10 years (median six years) with extensive investigations at baseline, 12, 36, 60 and 96 months. Patients with B-SIT<9 were considered hyposmic. RESULTS Hyposmia was found in 73% of the patients at diagnosis. During the follow up period of ten years 42 (46%) patients with hyposmia at baseline developed dementia compared to seven (21%) of the normosmic patients. Cox proportional hazards model showed that hyposmia at baseline (controlled for age, gender, UPDRS III and Mild Cognitive Impairment) increased the risk of developing dementia (hazard ratio (95%CI): 3.29 (1.44-7.52), p = 0.005). Only one of 22 patients with normal cognition and normal olfaction at baseline developed dementia. CONCLUSIONS Olfactory dysfunction was common at the time of PD diagnosis and increased the risk of dementia up to ten years after PD diagnosis regardless of baseline cognitive function. Normal olfaction together with normal cognition at baseline predicted a benign cognitive course up to ten years after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl-Fredrik Lundin
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Mona Edström
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Lars Forsgren
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Sweden
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22
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The underlying mechanism of prodromal PD: insights from the parasympathetic nervous system and the olfactory system. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:4. [PMID: 28239455 PMCID: PMC5319081 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration of Parkinson's disease (PD) starts in an insidious manner, 30-50% of dopaminergic neurons have been lost in the substantia nigra before clinical diagnosis. Prodromal stage of the disease, during which the disease pathology has started but is insufficient to result in clinical manifestations, offers a valuable window for disease-modifying therapies. The most focused underlying mechanisms linking the pathological pattern and clinical characteristics of prodromal PD are the prion hypothesis of alpha-synuclein and the selective vulnerability of neurons. In this review, we consider the two potential portals, the vagus nerve and the olfactory bulb, through which abnormal alpha-synuclein can access the brain. We review the clinical, pathological and neuroimaging evidence of the parasympathetic nervous system and the olfactory system in the neurodegenerative process and using the two systems as models to discuss the internal homogeneity and heterogeneity of the prodromal stage of PD, including both the clustering and subtyping of symptoms and signs. Finally, we offer some suggestions on future directions for imaging studies in prodromal Parkinson's disease.
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Baba T, Hosokai Y, Nishio Y, Kikuchi A, Hirayama K, Suzuki K, Hasegawa T, Aoki M, Takeda A, Mori E. Longitudinal study of cognitive and cerebral metabolic changes in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2017; 372:288-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Markopoulou K, Chase BA, Robowski P, Strongosky A, Narożańska E, Sitek EJ, Berdynski M, Barcikowska M, Baker MC, Rademakers R, Sławek J, Klein C, Hückelheim K, Kasten M, Wszolek ZK. Assessment of Olfactory Function in MAPT-Associated Neurodegenerative Disease Reveals Odor-Identification Irreproducibility as a Non-Disease-Specific, General Characteristic of Olfactory Dysfunction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165112. [PMID: 27855167 PMCID: PMC5113898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is associated with normal aging, multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease and Alzheimer's disease, and other diseases such as diabetes, sleep apnea and the autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis. The wide spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders associated with olfactory dysfunction suggests different, potentially overlapping, underlying pathophysiologies. Studying olfactory dysfunction in presymptomatic carriers of mutations known to cause familial parkinsonism provides unique opportunities to understand the role of genetic factors, delineate the salient characteristics of the onset of olfactory dysfunction, and understand when it starts relative to motor and cognitive symptoms. We evaluated olfactory dysfunction in 28 carriers of two MAPT mutations (p.N279K, p.P301L), which cause frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism, using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Olfactory dysfunction in carriers does not appear to be allele specific, but is strongly age-dependent and precedes symptomatic onset. Severe olfactory dysfunction, however, is not a fully penetrant trait at the time of symptom onset. Principal component analysis revealed that olfactory dysfunction is not odor-class specific, even though individual odor responses cluster kindred members according to genetic and disease status. Strikingly, carriers with incipient olfactory dysfunction show poor inter-test consistency among the sets of odors identified incorrectly in successive replicate tests, even before severe olfactory dysfunction appears. Furthermore, when 78 individuals without neurodegenerative disease and 14 individuals with sporadic Parkinson's disease were evaluated twice at a one-year interval using the Brief Smell Identification Test, the majority also showed inconsistency in the sets of odors they identified incorrectly, independent of age and cognitive status. While these findings may reflect the limitations of these tests used and the sample sizes, olfactory dysfunction appears to be associated with the inability to identify odors reliably and consistently, not with the loss of an ability to identify specific odors. Irreproducibility in odor identification appears to be a non-disease-specific, general feature of olfactory dysfunction that is accelerated or accentuated in neurodegenerative disease. It may reflect a fundamental organizational principle of the olfactory system, which is more "error-prone" than other sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Markopoulou
- NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruce A. Chase
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Piotr Robowski
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Sp. z o.o, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Audrey Strongosky
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ewa Narożańska
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Sp. z o.o, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Emilia J. Sitek
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Sp. z o.o, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Berdynski
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Barcikowska
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matt C. Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jarosław Sławek
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Sp. z o.o, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Hückelheim
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zbigniew K. Wszolek
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
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Olfactory dysfunction is related to postoperative delirium in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:589-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Perez-Lloret S, Barrantes FJ. Deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission and their clinical correlates in Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2:16001. [PMID: 28725692 PMCID: PMC5516588 DOI: 10.1038/npjparkd.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In view of its ability to explain the most frequent motor symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease (PD), degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been considered one of the disease’s main pathophysiological features. Several studies have shown that neurodegeneration also affects noradrenergic, serotoninergic, cholinergic and other monoaminergic neuronal populations. In this work, the characteristics of cholinergic deficits in PD and their clinical correlates are reviewed. Important neurophysiological processes at the root of several motor and cognitive functions remit to cholinergic neurotransmission at the synaptic, pathway, and circuital levels. The bulk of evidence highlights the link between cholinergic alterations and PD motor symptoms, gait dysfunction, levodopa-induced dyskinesias, cognitive deterioration, psychosis, sleep abnormalities, autonomic dysfunction, and altered olfactory function. The pathophysiology of these symptoms is related to alteration of the cholinergic tone in the striatum and/or to degeneration of cholinergic nuclei, most importantly the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and the pedunculopontine nucleus. Several results suggest the clinical usefulness of antimuscarinic drugs for treating PD motor symptoms and of inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase for the treatment of dementia. Data also suggest that these inhibitors and pedunculopontine nucleus deep-brain stimulation might also be effective in preventing falls. Finally, several drugs acting on nicotinic receptors have proved efficacious for treating levodopa-induced dyskinesias and cognitive impairment and as neuroprotective agents in PD animal models. Results in human patients are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Perez-Lloret
- Institute of Cardiologic Research, National Scientific and Research Council (ININCA-CONICET), Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Biomedical Research, UCA-CONICET, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chahine LM, Weintraub D, Hawkins KA, Siderowf A, Eberly S, Oakes D, Seibyl J, Stern MB, Marek K, Jennings D. Cognition in individuals at risk for Parkinson's: Parkinson associated risk syndrome (PARS) study findings. Mov Disord 2016; 31:86-94. [PMID: 26293177 PMCID: PMC4827252 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Parkinson Associated Risk Syndrome Study identified a cohort of healthy adults with hyposmia and dopamine transporter binding reduction to characterize individuals at risk for Parkinson's disease (PD). We describe the cognitive profile of this cohort. METHODS Individuals older than 50 y without PD were recruited. Two hundred twenty-five completed cognitive testing and were included in the final analysis. A neuropsychological test battery was administered and normative scores created for global cognition, memory, executive function/working memory, processing speed/attention, visuospatial abilities, and language domains. Other non-motor symptoms (constipation, depression, anxiety, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder) were assessed through questionnaires. RESULTS Individuals with both hyposmia and reduced dopamine transporter binding (n = 38) had lower mean scores for global cognition, executive function/working memory, and memory compared with all other participants (n = 187). In separate multivariate logistic regression models, lower global cognition (odds ratio, 1.97, P = 0.004), and specifically executive function/working memory (odds ratio, 1.84, P = 0.004) scores were associated with membership in the hyposmia with dopamine transporter reduction group. Combining hyposmia with relative impairment on specific cognitive domains increased the odds of dopamine transporter binding reduction compared with hyposmia alone, with the greatest increase in odds for hyposmia plus executive function/working memory relative impairment (68% increase in odds from 4.14 to 6.96). CONCLUSION Changes in global cognitive abilities, and specifically executive function/working memory, are present in individuals at risk for PD. Combining non-motor features, including cognition, improves prediction of dopamine transporter binding reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama M. Chahine
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- PD Research, Education and Clinical Center, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keith A. Hawkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Shirley Eberly
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David Oakes
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - John Seibyl
- The Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthew B. Stern
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kenneth Marek
- The Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Danna Jennings
- The Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Weingarten CP, Sundman MH, Hickey P, Chen NK. Neuroimaging of Parkinson's disease: Expanding views. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:16-52. [PMID: 26409344 PMCID: PMC4763948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular and structural and functional neuroimaging are rapidly expanding the complexity of neurobiological understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD). This review article begins with an introduction to PD neurobiology as a foundation for interpreting neuroimaging findings that may further lead to more integrated and comprehensive understanding of PD. Diverse areas of PD neuroimaging are then reviewed and summarized, including positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging, transcranial sonography, magnetoencephalography, and multimodal imaging, with focus on human studies published over the last five years. These included studies on differential diagnosis, co-morbidity, genetic and prodromal PD, and treatments from L-DOPA to brain stimulation approaches, transplantation and gene therapies. Overall, neuroimaging has shown that PD is a neurodegenerative disorder involving many neurotransmitters, brain regions, structural and functional connections, and neurocognitive systems. A broad neurobiological understanding of PD will be essential for translational efforts to develop better treatments and preventive strategies. Many questions remain and we conclude with some suggestions for future directions of neuroimaging of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol P Weingarten
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Mark H Sundman
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, United States
| | - Patrick Hickey
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Nan-kuei Chen
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, United States; Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
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Müller MLTM, Bohnen NI, Kotagal V, Scott PJH, Koeppe RA, Frey KA, Albin RL. Clinical markers for identifying cholinergic deficits in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2014; 30:269-73. [PMID: 25393613 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinergic projection systems degeneration is associated with dopamine nonresponsive features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Cholinergic deficits are variable in nondemented PD. Identification of cholinergic deficits in PD may help with selection of suitable patients for targeted cholinergic drug treatment in PD. The objective of this retrospective multivariate predictor analysis study was to identify clinical markers indicative of cholinergic deficits in PD patients, as assessed by acetylcholinesterase ([(11) C]PMP) positron emission tomography. METHODS One hundred thirty-seven PD patients (34 female) participated; median modified Hoehn and Yahr score was 2.5 (range, 1-4), average age 65.6 ± 7.4 years, and average duration of motor disease symptoms of 6.0 ± 4.2 years. Subjects were dichotomized as "normocholinergic" or "hypocholinergic" based on a 5(th) percentile cutoff from normal for the basal forebrain-cortical and pedunculopontine nucleus-thalamic cholinergic projection systems. Previously identified clinical indices of cholinergic denervation were used for statistical prediction of cholinergic deficits. Logistic regression determined which risk factors predicted cholinergic deficits. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were determined for the (combinations of) significant predictor variables. RESULTS Forty-nine (35.8%) hypocholinergic PD subjects were identified. The combination of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) symptoms and fall history showed highest diagnostic accuracy (81.1%) for predicting combined thalamic and cortical cholinergic deficits. A combined assessment of 8.5 m walk time and lower score on the Montreal cognitive assessment scale provided diagnostic accuracy of 80.7% for predicting isolated cortical cholinergic denervation. CONCLUSION Assessment of clinical indices of cholinergic denervation may be useful for identifying suitable subjects for trials of targeted cholinergic drug treatments in PD.
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Shoji Y, Nishio Y, Baba T, Uchiyama M, Yokoi K, Ishioka T, Hosokai Y, Hirayama K, Fukuda H, Aoki M, Hasegawa T, Takeda A, Mori E. Neural substrates of cognitive subtypes in Parkinson's disease: a 3-year longitudinal study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110547. [PMID: 25330390 PMCID: PMC4203806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropsychological features and neuropathological progression patterns associated with rapidly evolving cognitive decline or dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD) remain to be elucidated. METHODS Fifty-three PD patients without dementia were recruited to participate in a 3-year longitudinal cohort study. The patients were grouped according to the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Group-wise comparisons were made with regard to demographic characteristics, motor symptoms, neuropsychological performances and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. RESULTS Patients who had memory-plus cognitive impairment (patients whose CDR was 0 at baseline and 0.5 in memory and other domains at follow-up, and those whose baseline CDR was 0.5 in memory and other domains) exhibited higher age at onset, visuoperceptual impairment, non-tremor-dominant motor disturbance, rapid symptomatic progression and posterior neocortical hypometabolism. In patients who were cognitively unimpaired and those who had memory-dominant cognitive impairment (patients whose CDR was 0 at baseline and 0.5 only in memory domain at follow-up, and those whose baseline CDR was 0.5 only in memory domain), the posterior neocortex was relatively unaffected until a later stage of the disease. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that visuoperceptual impairment and the early involvement of the posterior neocortex may be risk factors for rapid symptomatic progression and dementia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Shoji
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nishio
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toru Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Uchiyama
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kayoko Yokoi
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishioka
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hosokai
- Department of Diagnostic Image Analysis, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hirayama
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Science, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuda
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, Sendai Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Etsuro Mori
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Laser Acupuncture at HT7 Acupoint Improves Cognitive Deficit, Neuronal Loss, Oxidative Stress, and Functions of Cholinergic and Dopaminergic Systems in Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:937601. [PMID: 25161693 PMCID: PMC4138813 DOI: 10.1155/2014/937601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To date, the therapeutic strategy against cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is still not in satisfaction level and requires novel effective intervention. Based the oxidative stress reduction and cognitive enhancement induced by laser acupuncture at HT7, the beneficial effect of laser acupuncture at HT7 against cognitive impairment in PD has been focused. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of laser acupuncture at HT7 on memory impairment, oxidative stress status, and the functions of both cholinergic and dopaminergic systems in hippocampus of animal model of PD. Male Wistar rats, weighing 180–220 g, were induced unilateral lesion at right substantianigra by 6-OHDA and were treated with laser acupuncture continuously at a period of 14 days. The results showed that laser acupuncture at HT7 enhanced memory and neuron density in CA3 and dentate gyrus. The decreased AChE, MAO-B, and MDA together with increased GSH-Px in hippocampus of a 6-OHDA lesion rats were also observed. In conclusion, laser acupuncture at HT7 can improve neuron degeneration and memory impairment in animal model of PD partly via the decreased oxidative stress and the improved cholinergic and dopaminergic functions. More researches concerning effect of treatment duration are still required.
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Attems J, Walker L, Jellinger KA. Olfactory bulb involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:459-75. [PMID: 24554308 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a common and early symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and mild cognitive impairment heralding its progression to dementia. The neuropathologic changes of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases may involve the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb/tract, primary olfactory cortices, and their secondary targets. Olfactory dysfunction is related to deposition of pathological proteins, α-synuclein, hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and neurofilament protein in these areas, featured by neurofibrillary tangles, Lewy bodies and neurites inducing a complex cascade of molecular processes including oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, and cytosolic disruption of cellular processes leading to cell death. Damage to cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems is likely involved, since such damage is most marked in those diseases with severe anosmia. Recent studies of olfactory dysfunction have focused its potential as an early biomarker for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders and their disease progression. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on neuropathological and pathophysiological changes of the olfactory system in the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases, in particular AD and synucleinopathies. We also present neuropathological findings in the olfactory bulb and tract in a large autopsy cohort (n = 536, 57.8 % female, mean age 81.3 years). The severity of olfactory bulb HPτ, Aβ, and αSyn pathology correlated and increased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing neuritic Braak stages, Thal Aβ phases, and cerebral Lewy body pathology, respectively. Hence, further studies are warranted to investigate the potential role of olfactory biopsies (possibly restricted to the olfactory epithelium) in the diagnostic process of neurodegenerative diseases in particular in clinical drug trials to identify subjects showing early, preclinical stages of neurodegeneration and to stratify clinically impaired cohorts according to the underlying cerebral neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Attems
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
There is increasing interest in the clinical effects of cholinergic basal forebrain and tegmental pedunculopontine complex (PPN) projection degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent evidence supports an expanded role beyond cognitive impairment, including effects on olfaction, mood, REM sleep behavior disorder, and motor functions. Cholinergic denervation is variable in PD without dementia and may contribute to clinical symptom heterogeneity. Early in vivo imaging evidence that impaired cholinergic integrity of the PPN associates with frequent falling in PD is now confirmed by human post-mortem evidence. Brainstem cholinergic lesioning studies in primates confirm the role of the PPN in mobility impairment. Degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic projections correlates with decreased walking speed. Cumulatively, these findings provide evidence for a new paradigm to explain dopamine-resistant features of mobility impairments in PD. Recognition of the increased clinical role of cholinergic system degeneration may motivate new research to expand indications for cholinergic therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn L T M Müller
- Functional Neuroimaging, Cognitive, and Mobility Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Dr, Box #362, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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