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Fuermaier ABM, Gontijo-Santos Lima C, Tucha O. Impairment Assessment in Adult ADHD and Related Disorders: Current Opinions From Clinic and Research. J Atten Disord 2024:10870547241261598. [PMID: 38898706 DOI: 10.1177/10870547241261598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assessing functional impairment is one of the essential components in the clinical evaluation of ADHD in adulthood, serving both diagnostic and outcome evaluation purposes. However, clinicians and researchers may face challenges in selecting suitable instruments due to variations in accessibility and quality of instruments. METHODS We conducted an online survey involving an international group of 92 respondents engaged in clinical practice and/or research on ADHD. The survey aimed to evaluate current practices in assessing impairment in adult ADHD and related disorders, while also identifying areas requiring adaptation or potential new developments. RESULTS Our findings revealed that clinicians and researchers utilize a diverse range of instruments for assessing impairment in adults with ADHD, including some that may lack adequate properties for this purpose. Notably, dissatisfaction with current practice standards was expressed, underscoring the need for novel assessment approaches and improved psychometric properties. CONCLUSION It is evident that research endeavors are warranted to either refine existing measures or devise new ones for assessing functional impairment in adult ADHD. Emphasis should be placed on disseminating instruments that enhance accessibility in both research and clinical settings, and facilitate streamlined administration and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Tucha
- University Medical Center Rostock, Germany
- National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
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Bahraini S, Maisonneuve AR, Wu D, Huang M, Xu M, Yang L, Li F, Samson A, Li F, Robaey P. Barriers and facilitators to implementing a Canadian shared-care ADHD program in pediatric settings in Shanghai: a consolidated framework for implementation research approach. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:564. [PMID: 38698381 PMCID: PMC11064246 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10910-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The vast majority of children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) do not have access to proper diagnosis and treatment in China. The goal of this project is to identify the challenges and facilitators in implementing a Canadian ADHD Shared Care Pathways program in pediatric settings in Shanghai region. METHODS Purposive semi-structured focus groups were conducted on a total of 13 healthcare practitioners from the Shanghai Xinuha, Ninghai and Chongming hospitals. Two independent researchers conducted a thematic analysis of the data with themes emerging based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). RESULTS Notable barriers identified by participants included: (1) lack of knowledge in the management of ADHD, primarily among general practitioners; (2) lack of resources such as lack of staff, time, and medication for ADHD; (3) challenges in implementing an international multicentre intervention (such as communication difficulties between teams and integration of resources available in different hospitals); and (4) mental health stigma, difficulties in identifying ADHD patients, and logistical problems related to medication procurement rules put in place by provincial governments. Notable facilitators included: (1) the strong motivation of stakeholders and their confidence in their ability to learn and subsequently execute action plans to achieve the implementation goal; (2) the compatibility between the values and goals of the stakeholders and those of the program despite some cultural tension, a positive learning climate, strong tensions for change, and the high interest of organization leaders in engaging in the program (3) the perceived benefits of the program, such as standardization of the diagnostic and treatment process, and engaging primary care providers in ADHD management; and (4) the strong relationship between participating institutions and schools as well as provincial health initiatives available to support collaborative models of care. Mixed factors to implementation were also explored. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate training of health care providers, cultural adaptation of the program, increase public awareness about ADHD to decrease stigma, as well as strong project management and guidelines that clearly describe the role and expectations of each team member appeared essential to successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayna Bahraini
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alexander R Maisonneuve
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Danping Wu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric and Child Primary Care, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minhui Huang
- Ninghai Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Ning Bo, China
| | - Mingyu Xu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric and Child Primary Care, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric and Child Primary Care, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Feng Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric and Child Primary Care, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Philippe Robaey
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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Childress A, Vaughn N. A critical review of the dextroamphetamine transdermal system for the treatment of ADHD in adults and pediatric patients. Expert Rev Neurother 2024; 24:457-464. [PMID: 38630024 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2329306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The dextroamphetamine transdermal system (d-ATS) is a stimulant patch recently approved by the United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). AREAS COVERED The composition of the d-ATS, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism are presented along with data from dermal trials evaluating the tolerability of patch application at various skin sites. Efficacy and safety data from a laboratory classroom study in children and adolescents including effect sizes are assessed. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of variable wear times is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although stimulants are recommended as first-line treatment for ADHD in the U.S. some patients may have difficulty swallowing intact tablets and capsules, or dislike the taste or texture of chewable, oral disintegrating, or liquid formulations. The d-ATS fills an unmet need for those with ADHD who are unable or prefer not to take medication orally. Varying wear time of the d-ATS also gives flexibility in length of stimulant effect which may be useful for patients with changing schedules. However, dermal discomfort must be considered in addition to the usual amphetamine side effects when prescribing the d-ATS. Patient and provider experience will determine how frequent the use of d-ATS becomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Childress
- Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine Inc, Las Vegas, NV USA
| | - Nicolas Vaughn
- Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV USA
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Turjeman-Levi Y, Itzchakov G, Engel-Yeger B. Executive function deficits mediate the relationship between employees' ADHD and job burnout. AIMS Public Health 2024; 11:294-314. [PMID: 38617412 PMCID: PMC11007411 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2024015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often face significant deficits in executive function and adverse work-related outcomes. This study aimed to explore the role of executive function deficits in job burnout of employees with ADHD. We hypothesized that employees with ADHD, relative to employees without ADHD, will experience higher levels of job burnout and deficits in executive function. We also hypothesized that the ADHD-job burnout relationship would be mediated through executive function deficits, specifically by self-management to time and self-organization/problem-solving. A field study with 171 employees provided support for the research hypotheses and mediation model in which the employees' ADHD-job burnout relationship was mediated through executive function deficits. Additional mediation analyses indicated that the specific executive function of self-management to time and self-organization/problem-solving mediated the effect of ADHD on job burnout and its facets. Specifically, for physical fatigue, the mediation was realized through self-management to time, and for emotional exhaustion and cognitive weariness, the mediation was significant through self-organization/problem-solving. The present findings shed light on the relevance of referring ADHD among employees, their vulnerability to job burnout, and the role of executive function deficits in job burnout of employees with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaara Turjeman-Levi
- Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Department of Human Services, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Hushi Ave. Mount Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Guy Itzchakov
- Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Department of Human Services, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Hushi Ave. Mount Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Batya Engel-Yeger
- Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Hushi Ave. Mount Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
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Martin R, McKay E, Kirk H. Lowered social motivation is associated with adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and social anxiety symptoms. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 29:338-352. [PMID: 37995373 PMCID: PMC10748457 DOI: 10.1177/13591045231218475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulties in social skills are highly prevalent in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), however, the reasons for these social difficulties are poorly understood. This study aimed to understand social motivation in children (aged 5-8) and adolescents (aged 13-17) with and without ADHD, and the relationship between social anxiety and social motivation in youth with ADHD. METHOD 204 parents of children and adolescents with and without ADHD completed online questionnaires on social motivation, social anxiety, and ADHD symptoms. RESULTS Adolescents with ADHD had significantly lower social motivation than typically developing adolescents, and children with ADHD. Higher social anxiety significantly predicted lowered social motivation in participants with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate a unique pattern of social motivation in ADHD, specifically a reduction during adolescence, reflecting social intervention inefficacy. Additionally, these findings establish a link between social motivation and social anxiety, suggesting that they may act as barriers to social intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Martin
- Rachael Martin, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Hannah Kirk
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Yingchankul N, Panuspanudechdamrong C, Techapipatchai N, Chanmuang T, Netsiri P, Karawekpanyawong N, Tanasombatkul K, Phinyo P. Is the Consumption of Added Sugar from Common Beverages Associated with the Presence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Thai Medical Students? Nutrients 2023; 15:4395. [PMID: 37892470 PMCID: PMC10610093 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) significantly affects the well-being of medical students in various aspects. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) pose a potential risk of ADHD. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of ADHD symptoms and the association between consumption of added sugar in common beverages and ADHD symptoms in Thai medical students. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among medical students at Chiang Mai University from May 2022 to April 2023. The consumption of added sugar from common beverages in Thailand was assessed using the Thai Adolescence Sugar Sweetened Beverage Intake (THASSI) questionnaire. An Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) score ≥ 3 identified the presence of ADHD symptoms. Multivariable logistic regression was used for the analysis. Of 441 participants, 29.9% had ADHD symptoms. Daily consumption of added sugar from beverages higher than 25 g/day showed an increased risk of ADHD symptoms (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.80, 95%CI 1.15 to 2.84, p = 0.011). The same trend was observed when using the sex-specific cutoff points (adjusted OR 1.73, 95%CI 1.10 to 2.73, p = 0.018). Higher consumption of added sugar from beverages may increase the risk of ADHD symptoms in Thai medical students. This finding supports the implementation of health policies that promote healthy consumption behaviors among medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalinee Yingchankul
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.Y.); (C.P.); (N.T.); (T.C.); (P.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Chompimaksorn Panuspanudechdamrong
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.Y.); (C.P.); (N.T.); (T.C.); (P.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Nuthakul Techapipatchai
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.Y.); (C.P.); (N.T.); (T.C.); (P.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Tiphakorn Chanmuang
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.Y.); (C.P.); (N.T.); (T.C.); (P.N.); (K.T.)
| | - Pintira Netsiri
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.Y.); (C.P.); (N.T.); (T.C.); (P.N.); (K.T.)
| | | | - Krittai Tanasombatkul
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.Y.); (C.P.); (N.T.); (T.C.); (P.N.); (K.T.)
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Phichayut Phinyo
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.Y.); (C.P.); (N.T.); (T.C.); (P.N.); (K.T.)
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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7
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Ishimoto Y, Sotodate T, Namba Y, Uenishi T, Iwasaki K, Tomita H. Benefits of Working from Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic for Undiagnosed Workers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:1607-1621. [PMID: 37484117 PMCID: PMC10356549 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s414862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our previous study suggested that working conditions might impact work productivity amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the association between working from home (WFH) and depressive symptoms, work productivity, and quality of life (QOL), in undiagnosed workers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods During the pandemic, the survey was conducted among eligible workers with (N = 904) and without (N = 900) ADHD symptoms based on the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale [ASRS]. Each group was further stratified by working conditions (full working on-site [FWOS], hybrid, full WFH [FWFH]). Two-way ANOVA was performed to investigate the impact of WFH on depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9] score), work productivity (Work Productivity and Activity Impairment scale [WPAI] scores), and QOL (EuroQol 5-Dimensions 5-Levels [EQ-5D-5L] score). The Tukey-Kramer test was used to assess differences between the stratified subgroups. Poisson and multiple regression analyses were also performed to assess the factors associated with these outcomes. Results Other than PHQ-9 score between FWOS and hybrid work in workers with ADHD symptoms (p < 0.05), no significant differences were observed in outcomes among the working condition subgroups in both workers with and without ADHD symptoms. In workers with ADHD symptoms, hybrid work and FWFH were significantly associated with a lower PHQ-9 score (hybrid, p < 0.001; FWFH, p < 0.05) but neither were significantly associated with WPAI score nor EQ-5D-5L. Annual income and discretionary work were significantly associated with a lower PHQ-9 score and a higher EQ-5D-5L score in workers with ADHD symptoms. Job type (manufacture/construction) was significantly associated with a lower presenteeism score. Conclusion WFH (hybrid and FWFH) may be associated with lower depressive symptoms compared with FWOS in undiagnosed workers with ADHD symptoms. The findings may be useful when considering suitable working environments for workers especially with ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuma Sotodate
- Japan Medical Office, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Namba
- Medical Affairs Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroaki Tomita
- Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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8
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van Stralen J, Parhar G, Parhar A, Tourjman V, Khattak S, Ahmed T, Donnelly GAE, Ratz J. Real-World Efficacy and Safety of Extended-Release Methylphenidate (PRC-063) in the Treatment of ADHD in Pediatric and Adult Subjects: Results of a Phase IV Multicenter Comparison With Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:743-756. [PMID: 37144295 PMCID: PMC11020119 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231172767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the real-world efficacy, safety, and functional outcomes of PRC-063 (multilayer-release methylphenidate) versus lisdexamfetamine (LDX) in ADHD subjects in a phase IV, open-label study. METHOD The primary endpoint was the change in the ADHD-DSM-5 Rating Scale (ADHD-5-RS) total score from baseline to Month 4. Secondary endpoints included a non-inferiority comparison between PRC-063 and LDX and measures of functioning and evening behavior. RESULTS One hundred forty-three pediatric and 112 adult subjects were enrolled. Mean ADHD-5-RS scores (standard deviation) were reduced in pediatric (-16.6 [10.4]) and adult (-14.8 [10.6]) subjects treated with PRC-063 (p < .001). PRC-063 was non-inferior to LDX in the pediatric population but not in the adult population. Significant improvements were demonstrated in quality of life and functionality. Both medications were well-tolerated; more adverse events led to study discontinuation in pediatric subjects treated with LDX versus PRC-063. CONCLUSION PRC-063 and LDX significantly improved ADHD symptomatology and functioning and were well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Valérie Tourjman
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jodan Ratz
- Elvium Life Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Pujalte GGA, Narducci DM, Smith MS, King R, Logan K, Callender SS, Liebman CA, Kane SF, Israel MP, Wolf SF, Nuti R, Khodaee M. Athletes With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Position Statement of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:195-208. [PMID: 37185161 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Athletes of all ages may be affected by medical and mental health issues. Sports medicine physicians should be familiar with common conditions that may affect the well-being of athletes, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD behaviors have the potential to affect a person's ability to concentrate. It is likely that social and cognitive therapies combined with pharmacotherapy will be the most effective way to treat ADHD in athletes. Medications used for ADHD, especially stimulant types, are known to improve alertness, reaction time, anaerobic performance, and endurance, which would potentially improve athletic performance. Furthermore, stimulant medications may enable student athletes with ADHD to focus on academic studies for longer periods of time, beyond usual levels of fatigue, important for those who may be exhausted after practices and games. The purported performance enhancement effects and potential adverse effects of stimulant medications have prompted many sports governing bodies to ban prescription stimulants or establish strict rules for their use. Athletes taking physician-prescribed stimulants to treat ADHD need to provide the appropriate documentation for approval before competition or risk punitive measures. Physicians should strive to provide a high quality of care to athletes with ADHD through early diagnosis, appropriate and careful multidisciplinary treatment, and complete and timely documentation to facilitate continued sports participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G A Pujalte
- Department of Family Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Dusty Marie Narducci
- Department of Family Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael Seth Smith
- Sports Medicine Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rebecca King
- Primary Care National Landing, Virginia Hospital Center, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Kelsey Logan
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Shelley Street Callender
- Departments of Pediatrics and Family Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Catherine A Liebman
- Department Family Medicine and Community Health, Penn Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shawn F Kane
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael P Israel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Sigrid F Wolf
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Morteza Khodaee
- AF Williams Family Medicine Clinic, UCHealth, Denver, Colorado
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10
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Oscarsson M, Nelson M, Rozental A, Ginsberg Y, Carlbring P, Jönsson F. Stress and work-related mental illness among working adults with ADHD: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:751. [PMID: 36451126 PMCID: PMC9714234 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04409-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though many adults with ADHD underperform professionally, are more stressed, and have more days of sickness absence compared to adults without ADHD, few studies have explored the experience of working as an adult with ADHD. This study explores the general experience of working with ADHD, including stress and work-related mental illness. METHODS Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 20 working adults with ADHD. Interview topics included how the ADHD diagnosis and/or symptoms of ADHD may have affected participants on the job, how work may have affected participants' well-being, and the need for support and accommodation. Qualitative content analysis was used to explore verbatim transcripts from the interviews. RESULTS The analysis yielded three themes that describe some of the challenges of working with ADHD: Working and living with ADHD, Needs, and Special abilities, with a total of eight subcategories. Subcategories were Specific challenges; Relationships and cooperation; Negative consequences; Planning, prioritization, organization, and structure; Support, interventions, accommodations, and aids; Openness, understanding, and acceptance; Strategies; Strengths and qualities. CONCLUSION Further knowledge about the challenges of working with ADHD is needed in workplaces; where organizational support is lacking, much in terms of accommodations and aids is up to the employee, and the disclosure of diagnoses may be associated with great dilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Oscarsson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Martina Nelson
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Rozental
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ylva Ginsberg
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Carlbring
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Jönsson
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Guo N, Koerts J, Tucha L, Fetter I, Biela C, König M, Bossert M, Diener C, Aschenbrenner S, Weisbrod M, Tucha O, Fuermaier ABM. Stability of Attention Performance of Adults with ADHD over Time: Evidence from Repeated Neuropsychological Assessments in One-Month Intervals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15234. [PMID: 36429952 PMCID: PMC9690645 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychological assessments of attention are valuable sources of information in the clinical evaluation of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it is unclear whether the attention performance of adults with ADHD is stable or fluctuates over time, which is of great importance in the interpretation of clinical assessments. This study aimed to explore the stability of attention performance of adults with ADHD in repeated assessments at one-month intervals. Twenty-one adults diagnosed with ADHD took part in this study by completing selective attention and vigilance tests three times, each one month apart. Test scores of participants were compared with and interpreted based on test norms. A considerable proportion of 'below average' performance scores were observed in most of the variables of selective attention and vigilance in all three assessments. Further, selective attention and vigilance performance scores did not differ significantly between the three repeated assessments. Finally, the majority of participants received consistent test score interpretations across the three repeated assessments. This study confirms previous research and highlights abnormal selective attention and vigilance performance in adults with ADHD. Further, this study preliminarily demonstrates relatively stable attention performance across repeated assessments, which has the potential to support clinical assessment, treatment planning, and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Guo
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Koerts
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Isabel Fetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Christina Biela
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Miriam König
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Magdalena Bossert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Carsten Diener
- Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University Heidelberg, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Aschenbrenner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Matthias Weisbrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Anselm B. M. Fuermaier
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Guo N, Fuermaier ABM, Koerts J, Tucha O, Scherbaum N, Müller BW. Networks of Neuropsychological Functions in the Clinical Evaluation of Adult ADHD. Assessment 2022:10731911221118673. [PMID: 36031877 PMCID: PMC10363951 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221118673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study applied network analysis to explore the relations between neuropsychological functions of individuals in the clinical evaluation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood. A total of 319 participants from an outpatient referral context, that is, 173 individuals with ADHD (ADHD group) and 146 individuals without ADHD (n-ADHD group), took part in this study and completed a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. A denser network with stronger global connectivity was observed in the ADHD group compared to the n-ADHD group. The strongest connections were consistent in both networks, that is, the connections between selective attention and vigilance, and connections between processing speed, fluency, and flexibility. Further centrality estimation revealed attention-related variables to have the highest expected influence in both networks. The observed relationships between neuropsychological functions, and the high centrality of attention, may help identify neuropsychological profiles that are specific to ADHD and optimize neuropsychological assessment and treatment planning of individuals with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Guo
- University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Oliver Tucha
- University of Groningen, The Netherlands.,University Medical Center Rostock, Germany.,Maynooth University, Ireland
| | | | - Bernhard W Müller
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.,University of Wuppertal, Germany
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13
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Weiss MD. A Paradigm for Targeting Functional Impairment as an Outcome in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081014. [PMID: 36009077 PMCID: PMC9405930 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although functional impairment is required for a diagnosis in the DSM 5, the time frame and definition of functional impairment is ambiguous. We present a conceptual review clarifying the difference between functional impairment as a stable trait representing strength or disability in various domains, and functional impairment as secondary to emotional or behavior problems, which is a state sensitive to change with treatment intervention. Functional impairment as a measure of treatment outcome includes both change from baseline and status at the endpoint of treatment. When using a validated measure of function, functional improvement can be defined as the percentage of patients who achieve the Minimal Important Clinical Difference (MCID) and functional remission as the percentage of patients who normalize at treatment endpoint. True treatment remission should be defined as both symptomatic and functional remission.
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14
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Hus Y. Detecting Time Concept Competence in Children with Autism Spectrum and Attention Disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2323-2348. [PMID: 36276427 PMCID: PMC9579054 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s331985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of time concept in human existence is "ancient history" celebrated in the biblical book Ecclesiastes. Indeed, our time-sensitive mechanisms are literally carved into our biology and neurology on a molecular level, gifting us with neural clocks. However, time in human consciousness is not the time indicated by physical clocks: time is a subjective reality in our psychological makeup due to the nature of the temporal neural mechanisms and unique properties of physical time. Nonetheless, subjective time requires anchoring to physical time which permeates our language, endeavors, and entire existence, a process hinging on time-related skills such as estimates and measures of passage and duration of time. Moreover, accurate time reading, a critical adaptive life-skill, is imperative for effective function in all societal activities. Because it embodies the complexity of the time construct, it is central to instruction of time concept in primary education. It is often measured in children by clock drawings, a cognitive integrative skill with errors pointing to neuroanatomical differences impacting the integrity of executive function. Time competence in children with atypical neurobiological development and high prevalence, as in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and attention disorders (ADHD), is often compromised, calling for investigation of its function. This thematic review article aims to: 1) discuss the complexity of time concept and its underlying bio-neurological mechanisms, 2) elucidate difficulties children with ASD and those with ADHD exhibit in temporal development, and 3) demonstrate the use of a set of clinical tools in uncovering temporal competence and ecological executive function in two children with ASD, and a child with ADHD, using a clock drawing task and error analyses; children's time knowledge questionnaire; a behavior rating parent questionnaire examining ecological executive function, and parent open-ended questions related to their children's time difficulties. A discussion, directions, and a take-home message round out the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Hus
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Theralab Research Collaborator Under Direction of Prof. Kakia Petinou, Limassol, Cyprus
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15
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Ginapp CM, Macdonald-Gagnon G, Angarita GA, Bold KW, Potenza MN. The lived experiences of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A rapid review of qualitative evidence. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:949321. [PMID: 36032220 PMCID: PMC9403235 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.949321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common condition that frequently persists into adulthood, although research and diagnostic criteria are focused on how the condition presents in children. We aimed to review qualitative research on lived experiences of adults with ADHD to characterize potential ADHD symptomatology in adulthood and provide perspectives on how needs might be better met. We searched three databases for qualitative studies on ADHD. Studies (n = 35) in English that included data on the lived experiences of adults with ADHD were included. These studies covered experiences of receiving a diagnosis as an adult, symptomatology of adult ADHD, skills used to adapt to these symptoms, relationships between ADHD and substance use, patients' self-perceptions, and participants' experiences interacting with society. Many of the ADHD symptoms reported in these studies had overlap with other psychiatric conditions and may contribute to misdiagnosis and delays in diagnosis. Understanding symptomatology of ADHD in adults may inform future diagnostic criteria and guide interventions to improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie M Ginapp
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Gustavo A Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Krysten W Bold
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States.,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, United States.,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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