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Cameron KN, Niama FR, Hayes B, Mbala P, Olson SH, Takuo JM, Ondzie A, Diffo JLD, Smith BR, Pante J, Laudisoit A, LeBreton M, Tamufe U, Makuwa M, Joly DO, Goldstein T, Muyembe Tamfum JJ, Bagamboula MPassi R, Lange CE. Sequences of Previously Unknown Rhabdoviruses Detected in Bat Samples from the Republic of the Congo. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:552-555. [PMID: 34010076 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Rhabdoviridae contains diverse viruses, including vector-borne and nonvector-borne viruses, some that are human pathogens, including rabies virus and also nonpathogenic viruses. Bats, which are a known reservoir of viruses with zoonotic potential including coronaviruses, also carry multiple rhabdoviruses such as but not limited to lyssaviruses. We collected samples from 193 insectivorous and frugivorous bats in the Republic of the Congo and tested them for rhabdovirus RNA. Four samples were found positive for viral RNA representing sequences of four different, not previously described rhabdoviruses. Although phylogenetic and taxonomic placement of the novel sequences is uncertain, similarities with previously detected rhabdovirus sequences in bats suggest that these could represent vertebrate viruses. Considering the pathogenic risks some rhabdoviruses pose for humans, these results highlight the need for more research and surveillance regarding rhabdoviruses and bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N Cameron
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA.,United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia, USA
| | - Fabien R Niama
- National Laboratory of Public Health, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Ben Hayes
- Monadh, Inveruglas, Kingussie, Inverness-shire, United Kingdom
| | - Placide Mbala
- Metabiota, Inc., Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Alain Ondzie
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Brett R Smith
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jasmine Pante
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Maria Makuwa
- Metabiota, Inc., Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Labyrinth Global Health, Inc., St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Damien O Joly
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA.,Metabiota, Inc., Nanaimo, Canada.,British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, Victoria, Canada
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jean J Muyembe Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Christian E Lange
- Labyrinth Global Health, Inc., St. Petersburg, Florida, USA.,Metabiota, Inc., Nanaimo, Canada
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2
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Isolation of a Novel Bat Rhabdovirus with Evidence of Human Exposure in China. mBio 2021; 13:e0287521. [PMID: 35164557 PMCID: PMC8844929 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02875-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are well-recognized reservoirs of zoonotic viruses. Several spillover events from bats to humans have been reported, causing severe epidemic or endemic diseases including severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV), henipaviruses, and filoviruses. In this study, a novel rhabdovirus species, provisionally named Rhinolophus rhabdovirus DPuer (DPRV), was identified from the horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus affinis) in Yunnan province, China, using next-generation sequencing. DPRV shedding in the spleen, liver, lung, and intestinal contents of wild bats with high viral loads was detected by real-time quantitative PCR, indicating that DPRV has tropism for multiple host tissues. Furthermore, DPRV can replicate in vitro in multiple mammalian cell lines, including BHK-21, A549, and MA104 cells, with the highest efficiency in hamster kidney cell line BHK-21, suggesting infectivity of DPRV in these cell line-derived hosts. Ultrastructure analysis revealed a characteristic bullet-shaped morphology and tightly clustered distribution of DPRV particles in the intracellular space. DPRV replicated efficiently in suckling mouse brains and caused death of suckling mice; death rates increased with passaging of DPRV in suckling mice. Moreover, 421 serum samples were collected from individuals who lived near the bat collection site and had fever symptoms within 1 year. DPRV-specific antibodies were detected in 20 (4.75%) human serum samples by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Furthermore, 10 (2.38%) serum samples were DPRV positive according to plaque reduction neutralization assay, which revealed potential transmission of DPRV from bats to humans and highlighted the potential public health risk. Potential vector association with DPRV was not found with negative viral RNA in bloodsucking arthropods. IMPORTANCE We identified a novel rhabdovirus from the horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus thomasi) in China with probable infectivity in humans. DPRV was isolated in vitro from several mammalian cell lines, indicating wide host tropism, excluding bats, of DPRV. DPRV replicated in the brains of suckling mice, and the death rate of suckling mice increased with passaging of DPRV in vivo. Serological tests indicated the possible infectivity of DPRV in humans and the potential transmission to humans. The present findings provide preliminary evidence for the potential risk of DPRV to public health. Additional studies with active surveillance are needed to address interspecies transmission and determine the pathogenicity of DPRV in humans.
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Luo DS, Li B, Shen XR, Jiang RD, Zhu Y, Wu J, Fan Y, Bourhy H, Hu B, Ge XY, Shi ZL, Dacheux L. Characterization of Novel Rhabdoviruses in Chinese Bats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010064. [PMID: 33466539 PMCID: PMC7824899 DOI: 10.3390/v13010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats, the second largest order of mammals worldwide, harbor specific characteristics such as sustaining flight, a special immune system, unique habits, and ecological niches. In addition, they are the natural reservoirs of a variety of emerging or re-emerging zoonotic pathogens. Rhabdoviridae is one of the most diverse families of RNA viruses, which consists of 20 ecologically diverse genera, infecting plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish. To date, three bat-related genera are described, named Lyssavirus, Vesiculovirus, and Ledantevirus. However, the prevalence and the distribution of these bat-related rhabdoviruses remain largely unknown, especially in China. To fill this gap, we performed a large molecular retrospective study based on the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) detection of lyssavirus in bat samples (1044 brain and 3532 saliva samples, from 63 different bat species) originating from 21 provinces of China during 2006–2018. None of them were positive for lyssavirus, but six bat brains (0.6%) of Rhinolophus bat species, originating from Hubei and Hainan provinces, were positive for vesiculoviruses or ledanteviruses. Based on complete genomes, these viruses were phylogenetically classified into three putative new species, tentatively named Yinshui bat virus (YSBV), Taiyi bat virus (TYBV), and Qiongzhong bat virus (QZBV). These results indicate the novel rhabdoviruses circulated in different Chinese bat populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.-S.L.); (B.L.); (X.-R.S.); (R.-D.J.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.F.); (B.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 75724 Paris, France;
| | - Bei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.-S.L.); (B.L.); (X.-R.S.); (R.-D.J.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.F.); (B.H.)
| | - Xu-Rui Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.-S.L.); (B.L.); (X.-R.S.); (R.-D.J.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.F.); (B.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ren-Di Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.-S.L.); (B.L.); (X.-R.S.); (R.-D.J.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.F.); (B.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.-S.L.); (B.L.); (X.-R.S.); (R.-D.J.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.F.); (B.H.)
| | - Jia Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.-S.L.); (B.L.); (X.-R.S.); (R.-D.J.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.F.); (B.H.)
| | - Yi Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.-S.L.); (B.L.); (X.-R.S.); (R.-D.J.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.F.); (B.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 75724 Paris, France;
| | - Ben Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.-S.L.); (B.L.); (X.-R.S.); (R.-D.J.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.F.); (B.H.)
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (D.-S.L.); (B.L.); (X.-R.S.); (R.-D.J.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.F.); (B.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-L.S.); (L.D.); Tel.: +86-02787197311 (Z.-L.S.); +33-140613303 (L.D.)
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 75724 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: (Z.-L.S.); (L.D.); Tel.: +86-02787197311 (Z.-L.S.); +33-140613303 (L.D.)
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Lelli D, Prosperi A, Moreno A, Chiapponi C, Gibellini AM, De Benedictis P, Leopardi S, Sozzi E, Lavazza A. Isolation of a novel Rhabdovirus from an insectivorous bat (Pipistrellus kuhlii) in Italy. Virol J 2018; 15:37. [PMID: 29454370 PMCID: PMC5816388 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhabdoviridae is one of the most ecologically diverse families of RNA viruses which can infect a wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. Bats, among mammals, are pointed to harbor a significantly higher proportion of unknown or emerging viruses with zoonotic potential. Herein, we report the isolation of a novel rhabdovirus, detected in the framework of a virological survey on bats implemented in North Italy. Methods Virus isolation and identification were performed on samples of 635 bats by using cell cultures, negative staining electron microscopy and PCRs for different viruses. NGS was commonly performed on cell culture supernatants showing cytopathic effect or in case of samples resulted positive by at least one of the PCRs included in the diagnostic protocol. Results A rhabdovirus was isolated from different organs of a Pipistrellus kuhlii. Virus identification was obtained by electron microscopy and NGS sequencing. The complete genome size was 11,774 nt comprised 5 genes, encoding the canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins, and an additional transcriptional unit (U1) encoding a hypothetical small protein (157aa) (3’-N-P-M-G-U1-L-5′). The genome organization and phylogenetic analysis suggest that the new virus, named Vaprio virus (VAPV), belongs to the recently established genus Ledantevirus (subgroup B) and it is highly divergent to its closest known relative, Le Dantec virus (LDV) (human, 1965 Senegal). A specific RT-PCR amplifying a 350 bp fragment of the ORF 6 gene, encoding for L protein, was developed and used to test retrospectively a subset of 76 bats coming from the same area and period, revealing two more VAPV positive bats. Conclusions VAPV is a novel isolate of chiropteran rhabdovirus. Genome organization and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that VAPV should be considered a novel species within the genus Ledantevirus for which viral ecology and disease associations should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9 -, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Alice Prosperi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9 -, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9 -, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9 -, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Gibellini
- Wildlife Rehabilitation Center WWF of Valpredina via Pioda n.1, 24060 Cenate Sopra (BG), Bergamo, Italy
| | - Paola De Benedictis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVE), Viale dell'Università, 10 - 35020 Legnaro (PD), Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Leopardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVE), Viale dell'Università, 10 - 35020 Legnaro (PD), Padova, Italy
| | - Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9 -, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9 -, 25124, Brescia, Italy
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5
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Xu L, Wu J, Jiang T, Qin S, Xia L, Li X, He B, Tu C. Molecular detection and sequence characterization of diverse rhabdoviruses in bats, China. Virus Res 2017; 244:208-212. [PMID: 29196194 PMCID: PMC7114522 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three new rhabdoviruses were detected in bats, China. JHBV and BXBV found in Rhinolophus bats could be new members of the genus Vesiculovirus. Four strains of YJBV detected in Hipposideros larvatus formed a new lineage.
The Rhabdoviridae is among the most diverse families of RNA viruses and currently classified into 18 genera with some rhabdoviruses lethal to humans and other animals. Herein, we describe genetic characterization of three novel rhabdoviruses from bats in China. Of these, two viruses (Jinghong bat virus and Benxi bat virus) found in Rhinolophus bats showed a phylogenetic relationship with vesiculoviruses, and sequence analyses indicate that they represent two new species within the genus Vesiculovirus. The remaining Yangjiang bat virus found in Hipposideros larvatus bats were only distantly related to currently known rhabdoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tinglei Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shaomin Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lele Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Biao He
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Changchun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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El Najjar F, Lampe L, Baker ML, Wang LF, Dutch RE. Analysis of cathepsin and furin proteolytic enzymes involved in viral fusion protein activation in cells of the bat reservoir host. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115736. [PMID: 25706132 PMCID: PMC4338073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats of different species play a major role in the emergence and transmission of highly pathogenic viruses including Ebola virus, SARS-like coronavirus and the henipaviruses. These viruses require proteolytic activation of surface envelope glycoproteins needed for entry, and cellular cathepsins have been shown to be involved in proteolysis of glycoproteins from these distinct virus families. Very little is currently known about the available proteases in bats. To determine whether the utilization of cathepsins by bat-borne viruses is related to the nature of proteases in their natural hosts, we examined proteolytic processing of several viral fusion proteins in cells derived from two fruit bat species, Pteropus alecto and Rousettus aegyptiacus. Our work shows that fruit bat cells have homologs of cathepsin and furin proteases capable of cleaving and activating both the cathepsin-dependent Hendra virus F and the furin-dependent parainfluenza virus 5 F proteins. Sequence analysis comparing Pteropus alecto furin and cathepsin L to proteases from other mammalian species showed a high degree of conservation; however significant amino acid variation occurs at the C-terminus of Pteropus alecto furin. Further analysis of furin-like proteases from fruit bats revealed that these proteases are catalytically active and resemble other mammalian furins in their response to a potent furin inhibitor. However, kinetic analysis suggests that differences may exist in the cellular localization of furin between different species. Collectively, these results indicate that the unusual role of cathepsin proteases in the life cycle of bat-borne viruses is not due to the lack of active furin-like proteases in these natural reservoir species; however, differences may exist between furin proteases present in fruit bats compared to furins in other mammalian species, and these differences may impact protease usage for viral glycoprotein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah El Najjar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Levi Lampe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rebecca Ellis Dutch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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7
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A novel rhabdovirus isolated from the straw-colored fruit bat Eidolon helvum, with signs of antibodies in swine and humans. J Virol 2015; 89:4588-97. [PMID: 25673701 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02932-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bats have been implicated as reservoirs of emerging viruses. Bat species forming large social groups and roosting in proximity to human communities are of particular interest. In this study, we sampled a colony of ca. 350,000 individuals of the straw-colored fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Kumasi, the second largest city of Ghana. A novel rhabdovirus (Kumasi rhabdovirus [KRV]) was isolated in E. helvum cell cultures and passaged to Vero cells as well as interferon-competent human and primate cells (A549 and MA104). Genome composition was typical for a rhabdovirus. KRV was detected in 5.1% of 487 animals, showing association with the spleen but not the brain. Antibody prevalence was 11.5% by immunofluorescence and 6.4% by plaque reduction virus neutralization test (PRNT). Detection throughout 3 sampling years was pronounced in both annual wet seasons, of which only one overlaps the postparturition season. Juvenile bats showed increased viral prevalence. No evidence of infection was obtained in 1,240 female mosquitos (6 different genera) trapped in proximity to the colony to investigate potential vector association. Antibodies were found in 28.9% (5.4% by PRNT) of 107 swine sera but not in similarly large collections of sheep, goat, or cattle sera. The antibody detection rate in human subjects with occupational exposure to the bat colony was 11% (5/45 persons), which was significantly higher than in unexposed adults (0.8% [1/118]; chi square, P < 0.001). KRV is a novel bat-associated rhabdovirus potentially transmitted to humans and swine. Disease associations should be investigated. IMPORTANCE Bats are thought to carry a huge number of as-yet-undiscovered viruses that may pose epidemic threats to humans and livestock. Here we describe a novel dimarhabdovirus which we isolated from a large colony of the straw-colored fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Ghana. As these animals are exposed to humans and several livestock species, we looked for antibodies indicating infection in humans, cattle, swine, sheep, and goats. Signs of infection were found in swine and humans, with increased antibody findings in humans who are occupationally exposed to the bat colony. Our data suggest that it is worthwhile to look for diseases caused by the novel virus in humans and livestock.
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8
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Blasdell KR, Guzman H, Widen SG, Firth C, Wood TG, Holmes EC, Tesh RB, Vasilakis N, Walker PJ. Ledantevirus: a proposed new genus in the Rhabdoviridae has a strong ecological association with bats. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:405-10. [PMID: 25487727 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Le Dantec serogroup of rhabdoviruses comprises Le Dantec virus from a human with encephalitis and Keuriliba virus from rodents, each isolated in Senegal. The Kern Canyon serogroup comprises a loosely connected set of rhabdoviruses many of which have been isolated from bats, including Kern Canyon virus from California, Nkolbisson virus from Cameroon, Central African Republic, and Cote d'Ivoire, Kolente virus from Guinea, Mount Elgon bat and Fikirini viruses from Kenya, and Oita virus from Japan. Fukuoka virus isolated from mosquitoes, midges, and cattle in Japan, Barur virus from a rodent in India and Nishimuro virus from pigs in Japan have also been linked genetically or serologically to this group. Here, we analyze the genome sequences and phylogenetic relationships of this set of viruses. We show that they form three subgroups within a monophyletic group, which we propose should constitute the new genus Ledantevirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Blasdell
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hilda Guzman
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven G Widen
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cadhla Firth
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas G Wood
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert B Tesh
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Ghedin E, Rogers MB, Widen SG, Guzman H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Wood TG, Fitch A, Popov V, Holmes EC, Walker PJ, Vasilakis N, Tesh RB. Kolente virus, a rhabdovirus species isolated from ticks and bats in the Republic of Guinea. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2609-2615. [PMID: 24062532 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.055939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kolente virus (KOLEV) is a rhabdovirus originally isolated from ticks and a bat in Guinea, West Africa, in 1985. Although tests at the time of isolation suggested that KOLEV is a novel rhabdovirus, it has remained largely uncharacterized. We assembled the complete genome sequence of the prototype strain DakAr K7292, which was found to encode the five canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins (N, P, M, G and L) with alternative ORFs (>180 nt) in the P and L genes. Serologically, KOLEV exhibited a weak antigenic relationship with Barur and Fukuoka viruses in the Kern Canyon group. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that KOLEV represents a distinct and divergent lineage that shows no clear relationship to any rhabdovirus except Oita virus, although with limited phylogenetic resolution. In summary, KOLEV represents a novel species in the family Rhabdoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew B Rogers
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven G Widen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Amelia P A Travassos da Rosa
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Adam Fitch
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vsevolod Popov
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Sydney Emerging Infections & Biosecurity Institute, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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10
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Kading RC, Gilbert AT, Mossel EC, Crabtree MB, Kuzmin IV, Niezgoda M, Agwanda B, Markotter W, Weil MR, Montgomery JM, Rupprecht CE, Miller BR. Isolation and molecular characterization of Fikirini rhabdovirus, a novel virus from a Kenyan bat. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2393-2398. [PMID: 23939976 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.053983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic and vector-borne pathogens have comprised a significant component of emerging human infections in recent decades, and bats are increasingly recognized as reservoirs for many of these disease agents. To identify novel pathogens associated with bats, we screened tissues of bats collected in Kenya. Virus isolates were identified by next generation sequencing of viral nucleic acid preparations from the infected cell culture supernatant and characterized. Here we report the identification of Fikirini rhabdovirus, a novel rhabdovirus isolated from a bat, Hipposideros vittatus, captured along the Kenyan coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C Kading
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amy T Gilbert
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric C Mossel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mary B Crabtree
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ivan V Kuzmin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Niezgoda
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Wanda Markotter
- University of Pretoria, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Ryan Weil
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Infectious Disease, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.,SRA International, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global Disease Detection Program, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles E Rupprecht
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Barry R Miller
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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11
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Aznar-Lopez C, Vazquez-Moron S, Marston DA, Juste J, Ibáñez C, Berciano JM, Salsamendi E, Aihartza J, Banyard AC, McElhinney L, Fooks AR, Echevarria J. Detection of rhabdovirus viral RNA in oropharyngeal swabs and ectoparasites of Spanish bats. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:69-75. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoviruses infect a variety of hosts, including mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects and plants. As bats are the natural host for most members of the genus Lyssavirus, the specificity of the amplification methods used for active surveillance is usually restricted to lyssaviruses. However, the presence of other rhabdoviruses in bats has also been reported. In order to broaden the scope of such methods, a new RT-PCR, able to detect a diverse range of rhabdoviruses, was designed. The method detected 81 of 86 different rhabdoviruses. In total, 1488 oropharyngeal bat swabs and 38 nycteribiid samples were analysed, and 17 unique rhabdovirus-related sequences were detected. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that those sequences detected in bats did not constitute a monophyletic group, even when originating from the same bat species. However, all of the sequences detected in nycteribiids and one sequence obtained from a bat did constitute a monophyletic group with Drosophila melanogaster sigma rhabdovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Aznar-Lopez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28220, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Spain
| | - Sonia Vazquez-Moron
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28220, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Spain
| | - Denise A. Marston
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group (OIE Reference Laboratory/WHO Collaborating Centre), Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Javier Juste
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Seville 41092, Andalusia, Spain
| | - Carlos Ibáñez
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Seville 41092, Andalusia, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Berciano
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28220, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Spain
| | - Egoitz Salsamendi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, The Basque Country, Spain
| | - Joxerra Aihartza
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, The Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group (OIE Reference Laboratory/WHO Collaborating Centre), Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Lorraine McElhinney
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group (OIE Reference Laboratory/WHO Collaborating Centre), Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- University of Liverpool, National Consortium for Zoonosis Research, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group (OIE Reference Laboratory/WHO Collaborating Centre), Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- University of Liverpool, National Consortium for Zoonosis Research, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Juan Echevarria
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28220, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Spain
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12
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Ahmed K, Wimalaratne O, Dahal N, Khawplod P, Nanayakkara S, Rinzin K, Perera D, Karunanayake D, Matsumoto T, Nishizono A. Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based rapid immunochromatographic test for direct detection of rabies virus in the brain of humans and animals. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:736-40. [PMID: 22492163 PMCID: PMC3403755 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies diagnosis uses a direct fluorescent antibody test (FAT) that is difficult, costly, and time-consuming, and requires trained personnel. We developed a rapid immunochromatographic test (RICT) for the diagnosis of rabies. The efficacy of the RICT was compared with that of the FAT. Brain samples were collected from humans, dogs, cats, and other animals in Sri Lanka (n = 248), Bhutan (n = 27), and Thailand (n = 228). The sensitivity (0.74-0.95), specificity (0.98-1.0), positive predictive value (0.98-1.0), negative predictive value (0.75-0.97), accuracy (0.91-0.98), and kappa measure of agreement (0.79-0.93) were all satisfactory for animal samples and samples preserved in 50% glycerol saline solution. Because the RICT showed high sensitivity but low specificity with human brain samples, it is unsuitable for confirming rabies in humans. No amino acid substitutions were found in the antibody attachment sites of the nucleoprotein gene with FAT-positive, RICT-negative samples. The RICT is reliable, user friendly, rapid, robust, and can be used in laboratories with a modest infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamruddin Ahmed
- Research Promotion Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan.
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13
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Intergenotypic replacement of lyssavirus matrix proteins demonstrates the role of lyssavirus M proteins in intracellular virus accumulation. J Virol 2009; 84:1816-27. [PMID: 19955305 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01665-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyssavirus assembly depends on the matrix protein (M). We compared lyssavirus M proteins from different genotypes for their ability to support assembly and egress of genotype 1 rabies virus (RABV). Transcomplementation of M-deficient RABV with M from European bat lyssavirus (EBLV) types 1 and 2 reduced the release of infectious virus. Stable introduction of the heterogenotypic M proteins into RABV led to chimeric viruses with reduced virus release and intracellular accumulation of virus genomes. Although the chimeras indicated genotype-specific evolution of M, rapid selection of a compensatory mutant suggested conserved mechanisms of lyssavirus assembly and the requirement for only few adaptive mutations to fit the heterogenotypic M to a RABV backbone. Whereas the compensatory mutant replicated to similar infectious titers as RABV M-expressing virus, ultrastructural analysis revealed that both nonadapted EBLV M chimeras and the compensatory mutant differed from RABV M expressing viruses in the lack of intracellular viruslike structures that are enveloped and accumulate in cisterna of the degranulated and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum compartment. Moreover, all viruses were able to bud at the plasma membrane. Since the lack of the intracellular viruslike structures correlated with the type of M protein but not with the efficiency of virus release, we hypothesize that the M proteins of EBLV-1 and RABV differ in their target membranes for virus assembly. Although the biological function of intracellular assembly and accumulation of viruslike structures in the endoplasmic reticulum remain unclear, the observed differences could contribute to diverse host tropism or pathogenicity.
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14
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Turmelle AS, Olival KJ. Correlates of viral richness in bats (order Chiroptera). ECOHEALTH 2009; 6:522-39. [PMID: 20049506 PMCID: PMC7088156 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-009-0263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Historic and contemporary host ecology and evolutionary dynamics have profound impacts on viral diversity, virulence, and associated disease emergence. Bats have been recognized as reservoirs for several emerging viral pathogens, and are unique among mammals in their vagility, potential for long-distance dispersal, and often very large, colonial populations. We investigate the relative influences of host ecology and population genetic structure for predictions of viral richness in relevant reservoir species. We test the hypothesis that host geographic range area, distribution, population genetic structure, migratory behavior, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) threat status, body mass, and colony size, are associated with known viral richness in bats. We analyze host traits and viral richness in a generalized linear regression model framework, and include a correction for sampling effort and phylogeny. We find evidence that sampling effort, IUCN status, and population genetic structure correlate with observed viral species richness in bats, and that these associations are independent of phylogeny. This study is an important first step in understanding the mechanisms that promote viral richness in reservoir species, and may aid in predicting the emergence of viral zoonoses from bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Turmelle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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15
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Nishizono A, Khawplod P, Ahmed K, Goto K, Shiota S, Mifune K, Yasui T, Takayama K, Kobayashi Y, Mannen K, Tepsumethanon V, Mitmoonpitak C, Inoue S, Morimoto K. A simple and rapid immunochromatographic test kit for rabies diagnosis. Microbiol Immunol 2008; 52:243-9. [PMID: 18426399 PMCID: PMC7168491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In rabies endemic countries, funds and infrastructure are often insufficient to employ the approved gold standard for the definitive diagnosis of rabies: the direct fluorescent test. In the present study, two types (type 1 and 2) of an ICT kit were evaluated for detection of rabies. These were developed using monoclonal antibodies which recognize epitope II and III of the nucleoprotein of rabies virus. Both kits specifically detected all rabies virus strains and there was no cross reactivity with Lyssaviruses (Lagos, Mokola and Duvenhage), Rhabdovirus (VSV and Oita 296/1972) and other common canine‐pathogenic viruses. In type 1, a single type of monoclonal antibody was used. It was capable of detecting recombinant nucleoprotein and showed sensitivity of 95.5% (42/44) and specificity of 88.9% (32/36) using brain samples from rabid dogs. In contrast, type 2 which was made of two different monoclonal antibodies had a lower sensitivity of 93.2% (41/44) and higher specificity of 100% (36/36). These ICT kits provide a simple and rapid method for rabies detection. They need neither cold chain for transportation nor complicated training for personnel. This diagnostic test is suitable for rabies screening, particularly in areas with a high prevalence of rabies and where the fluorescent antibody test is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nishizono
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu-city, Oita, Japan.
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16
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Diniz JAP, dos Santos ZA, Braga MAG, Dias ÁLB, da Silva DEA, Medeiros DBDA, Barros VLRDS, Chiang JO, Zoghbi KEDF, Quaresma JAS, Takiya CM, Moura Neto V, de Souza W, Vasconcelos PFDC, Diniz CWP. Early and late pathogenic events of newborn mice encephalitis experimentally induced by itacaiunas and curionópolis bracorhabdoviruses infection. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1733. [PMID: 18320052 PMCID: PMC2253828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous reports we proposed a new genus for Rhabdoviridae and described neurotropic preference and gross neuropathology in newborn albino Swiss mice after Curionopolis and Itacaiunas infections. In the present report a time-course study of experimental encephalitis induced by Itacaiunas and Curionopolis virus was conducted both in vivo and in vitro to investigate cellular targets and the sequence of neuroinvasion. We also investigate, after intranasal inoculation, clinical signs, histopathology and apoptosis in correlation with viral immunolabeling at different time points. Curionopolis and Itacaiunas viral antigens were first detected in the parenchyma of olfactory pathways at 2 and 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) and the first clinical signs were observed at 4 and 8 dpi, respectively. After Curionopolis infection, the mortality rate was 100% between 5 and 6 dpi, and 35% between 8 and 15 dpi after Itacaiunas infection. We identified CNS mice cell types both in vivo and in vitro and the temporal sequence of neuroanatomical olfactory areas infected by Itacaiunas and Curionopolis virus. Distinct virulences were reflected in the neuropathological changes including TUNEL immunolabeling and cytopathic effects, more intense and precocious after intracerebral or in vitro inoculations of Curionopolis than after Itacaiunas virus. In vitro studies revealed neuronal but not astrocyte or microglial cytopathic effects at 2 dpi, with monolayer destruction occurring at 5 and 7 dpi with Curionopolis and Itacaiunas virus, respectively. Ultrastructural changes included virus budding associated with interstitial and perivascular edema, endothelial hypertrophy, a reduced and/or collapsed small vessel luminal area, thickening of the capillary basement membrane, and presence of phagocytosed apoptotic bodies. Glial cells with viral budding similar to oligodendrocytes were infected with Itacaiunas virus but not with Curionopolis virus. Thus, Curionopolis and Itacaiunas viruses share many pathological and clinical features present in other rhabdoviruses but distinct virulence and glial targets in newborn albino Swiss mice brain.
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17
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Iwasaki T. Contribution of experimental paradigms of viral infectious diseases to diagnostic pathology. Semin Diagn Pathol 2007; 24:237-42. [PMID: 18085064 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathological analysis of experimental infections has been a useful method in virology. Host selection and route of virus inoculation are the most important determinants in experimental paradigms. Clinical and pathological correlations must be carefully determined in human and experimental infections. The cell tropism, cytopathic effect, and pathogenicity of viruses could be evaluated and defined by analysis of infected tissue. In addition, these infected tissues could be used as positive control for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization analysis in diagnostic pathology. This review addresses animal paradigms of rabies, influenza, and poliomyelitis as representatives of zoonosis and human-specific infection with respect to animal selection for experimental infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Iwasaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Neurology, Fuchu, Japan.
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18
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Omatsu T, Watanabe S, Akashi H, Yoshikawa Y. Biological characters of bats in relation to natural reservoir of emerging viruses. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 30:357-74. [PMID: 17706776 PMCID: PMC7112585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many investigators focused on bats (Chiroptera) for their specific character, i.e. echolocation system, phylogenic tree, food practice and unique reproduction. However, most of basic information about the vital functions related to anti-viral activity has been unclear. For evaluating some animals as a natural reservoir or host of infectious pathogens, it is necessary that not only their immune system but also their biology, the environment of their living, food habits and physiological features should be clarified and they should be analyzed from these multi-view points. The majority of current studies on infectious diseases have been conducted for the elucidation of viral virulence using experimental animals or viral gene function in vitro, but in a few case, researchers focused on wild animal itself. In this paper, we described basic information about bats as follows; genetic background, character of the immunological factors, histological character of immune organs, the physiological function and sensitivity of bat cells to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Omatsu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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19
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Kuzmin IV, Hughes GJ, Rupprecht CE. Phylogenetic relationships of seven previously unclassified viruses within the family Rhabdoviridae using partial nucleoprotein gene sequences. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2323-2331. [PMID: 16847128 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences of the rhabdoviruses Obodhiang (OBOV), Kotonkon (KOTV), Rochambeau (RBUV), Kern canyon (KCV), Mount Elgon bat (MEBV), Kolongo (KOLV) and Sandjimba (SJAV) were generated and their phylogenetic positions within the family Rhabdoviridae were determined. Both OBOV and KOTV were placed within the genus Ephemerovirus. RBUV was joined to the same cluster, but more distantly. MEBV and KCV were grouped into a monophyletic cluster (putative genus) with Oita virus (OITAV). These three viruses, originating from different regions of the world, were all isolated from insectivorous bats and may be specific for these mammals. African avian viruses KOLV and SJAV were joined to each other and formed another clade at the genus level. Further, they were grouped with the recently characterized rhabdovirus Tupaia virus (TRV). Although the genetic distance was great, the grouping was supported by consistent bootstrap values. This observation suggests that viruses of this group may be distributed widely in the Old World. Non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio estimations (d
N/d
S) using a partial N gene fragment (241 codons) for the three rhabdovirus genera revealed contrasting patterns of evolution, where d
N/d
S values follow the pattern Ephemerovirus > Vesiculovirus > Lyssavirus. The magnitude of this ratio corresponds well with the number of negatively selected codons. The accumulation of d
S appears evenly distributed along the gene fragment for all three genera. These estimations demonstrated clearly that lyssaviruses are subjected to the strongest constraints against amino acid substitutions, probably related to their particular niche and unique pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Kuzmin
- Rabies Union, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS G-33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - G J Hughes
- Laboratory for Clinical and Molecular Virology, The University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
| | - C E Rupprecht
- Rabies Union, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS G-33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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20
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Springfeld C, Darai G, Cattaneo R. Characterization of the Tupaia rhabdovirus genome reveals a long open reading frame overlapping with P and a novel gene encoding a small hydrophobic protein. J Virol 2005; 79:6781-90. [PMID: 15890917 PMCID: PMC1112159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.6781-6790.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoviruses are negative-stranded RNA viruses of the order Mononegavirales and have been isolated from vertebrates, insects, and plants. Members of the genus Lyssavirus cause the invariably fatal disease rabies, and a member of the genus Vesiculovirus, Chandipura virus, has recently been associated with acute encephalitis in children. We present here the complete genome sequence and transcription map of a rhabdovirus isolated from cultivated cells of hepatocellular carcinoma tissue from a moribund tree shrew. The negative-strand genome of tupaia rhabdovirus is composed of 11,440 nucleotides and encodes six genes that are separated by one or two intergenic nucleotides. In addition to the typical rhabdovirus genes in the order N-P-M-G-L, a gene encoding a small hydrophobic putative type I transmembrane protein of approximately 11 kDa was identified between the M and G genes, and the corresponding transcript was detected in infected cells. Similar to some Vesiculoviruses and many Paramyxovirinae, the P gene has a second overlapping reading frame that can be accessed by ribosomal choice and encodes a protein of 26 kDa, predicted to be the largest C protein of these virus families. Phylogenetic analyses of the tupaia rhabdovirus N and L genes show that the virus is distantly related to the Vesiculoviruses, Ephemeroviruses, and the recently characterized Flanders virus and Oita virus and further extends the sequence territory occupied by animal rhabdoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Springfeld
- Mayo Clinic Rochester, Molecular Medicine Program, Guggenheim 1838, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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Lumlertdacha B, Boongird K, Wanghongsa S, Wacharapluesadee S, Chanhome L, Khawplod P, Hemachudha T, Kuzmin I, Rupprecht CE. Survey for bat lyssaviruses, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:232-6. [PMID: 15752440 PMCID: PMC3320458 DOI: 10.3201/eid1102.040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance for lyssaviruses was conducted among bat populations in 8 provinces in Thailand. In 2002 and 2003, a total of 932 bats of 11 species were captured and released after serum collection. Lyssavirus infection was determined by conducting virus neutralization assays on bat serum samples. Of collected samples, 538 were either hemolysed or insufficient in volume, which left 394 suitable for analysis. These samples included the following: Pteropus lylei (n = 335), Eonycteris spelaea (n = 45), Hipposideros armiger (n = 13), and Rousettus leschennaulti (n = 1). No serum samples had evidence of neutralizing antibodies when tested against rabies virus. However, 16 samples had detectable neutralizing antibodies against Aravan virus, Khujand virus, Irkut virus, or Australian bat lyssavirus; all were specifically associated with fruit bats P. lylei (n = 15) and E. spelaea (n = 1). These results are consistent with the presence of naturally occurring viruses related to new putative lyssavirus genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boonlert Lumlertdacha
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Rama 4 Rd, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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