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Su M, Zheng G, Xu X, Song H. Antigen epitopes of animal coronaviruses: a mini-review. ANIMAL DISEASES 2023; 3:14. [PMID: 37220551 PMCID: PMC10189233 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-023-00080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are widespread in nature and can infect mammals and poultry, making them a public health concern. Globally, prevention and control of emerging and re-emerging animal coronaviruses is a great challenge. The mechanisms of virus-mediated immune responses have important implications for research on virus prevention and control. The antigenic epitope is a chemical group capable of stimulating the production of antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes, playing an important role in antiviral immune responses. Thus, it can shed light on the development of diagnostic methods and novel vaccines. Here, we have reviewed advances in animal coronavirus antigenic epitope research, aiming to provide a reference for the prevention and control of animal and human coronaviruses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44149-023-00080-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Su
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang, A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’an District, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Guanghui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang, A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’an District, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Xiangwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang, A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’an District, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang, A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’an District, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province China
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Rabbit hepatitis E virus is an opportunistic pathogen in specific-pathogen-free rabbits with the capability of cross-species transmission. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:72-77. [PMID: 28284626 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been detected in rabbits, a recently identified natural reservoir. In this study, anti-HEV antibodies and viral RNA were detected in rabbits sourced from a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) rabbit vendor in Shaanxi Province, China. BLAST results of partial HEV ORF2 genes cloned here indicated that two viral strains circulated in the rabbits. Sequence determination of the complete genome (7302bp) of one strain and a partial ORF1 gene (1537bp) of the other strain showed that they shared 90% identity with one another and 78%-94% identity with other known rabbit HEVs. In addition, inoculation with rabbit HEV from SPF rabbits studied here resulted in infection of SPF pigs; this cross-species transmission was evidenced by seroconversion, viremia and faecal virus shedding. These results suggest that to prevent spread of this zoonotic pathogen, rabbits should be tested routinely for HEV RNA in SPF vendor facilities.
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A Novel Blocking ELISA for Detection of Antibodies against Hepatitis E Virus in Domestic Pigs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152639. [PMID: 27023902 PMCID: PMC4811412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infects both humans and animals, with an overall human mortality rate generally less than 1%, but as high as 20% among pregnant women. HEV strains fall into 4 major genotypes. Zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 associate with sporadic human and animal HEV cases in many industrialized countries. To date, collective evidence implicates pigs as the main HEV reservoir, justifying the importance of monitoring HEV infection rates in pig herds to prevent human illness. Due to the lack of a robust in vitro cell culture system for viral propagation, no “gold standard” assay has yet been developed to detect HEV infection in domestic pigs. 1E4, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for the C-terminal 268 amino acids of HEV genotype 4 ORF2 capsid protein (sORF2-C), was generated and conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for use in a blocking ELISA (bELISA). Optimal sORF2-C coating antigen concentration (8 μg/ml), HRP-1E4 dilution (1:1000), and test pig serum dilution (1:20) were determined using a checkerboard titration test. A cut-off value of 16.9% was chosen to differentiate between positive vs. negative sera after mean percent inhibition (PI) testing of 230 negative pig sera. Compared with the indirect ELISA (iELISA), western blot, and a commercial ELISA kit for detecting anti-HEV antibodies in human sera, the bELISA showed no statistical differences and statistically high coincidence of 93.23%, 92%, and 95% with the other tests, respectively. A blocking ELISA (bELISA) for detecting anti-HEV antibodies in pig serum samples was developed with high sensitivity and high specificity comparable to that of the indirect ELISA. The bELISA results exhibited high agreement with iELISA, western blot, and a commercial ELISA kit designed to detect human anti-HEV antibodies. Therefore, bELISA should serve as an ideal method for large-scale serological investigation of anti-HEV antibodies in domestic pigs.
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Development of an ELISA based on a multi-fragment antigen of infectious bronchitis virus for antibodies detection. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:2453-9. [PMID: 26272397 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a cost-effective ELISA for detection of antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) by using a multi-fragment protein as coating antigen. RESULTS A multi-fragment antigen, termed BE, which was composed of eight antigenic fragments selected from the three major proteins (S, M, and N) of IBV, was expressed in Escherichia coli. The entire protein had a molecular weight of 61.5 kDa. In addition to it, a smaller truncated protein was also produced; both could react with IBV-positive serum. Next, an indirect ELISA (BE-ELISA) was developed. Coefficients of variation of this assay were lower than 10 %, and no cross-reactivity between the coated antigen BE and antiserum against newcastle disease virus, avian influenza virus, or infectious bursal disease virus was observed. The performance of BE-ELISA was evaluated, and showed 95.4 % coincidence ratio with the whole virus based-ELISA (IDEXX). CONCLUSIONS The multi-fragment antigen (BE) may represent a promising alternative to the whole virus without safety problems, and this newly established ELISA provides an effective method for anti-IBV antibody detection.
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Ding MD, Wang HN, Cao HP, Fan WQ, Ma BC, Xu PW, Zhang AY, Yang X. Development of a multi-epitope antigen of S protein-based ELISA for antibodies detection against infectious bronchitis virus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1287-95. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1025692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method based on a novel multi-epitope antigen of S protein (SE) was developed for antibodies detection against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The multi-epitope antigen SE protein was designed by arranging three S gene fragments (166–247 aa, S1 gene; 501–515 aa, S1 gene; 8–30 aa, S2 gene) in tandem. It was identified to be approximately 32 kDa as a His-tagged fusion protein and can bind IBV positive serum by western blot analysis. The conditions of the SE-ELISA method were optimized. The optimal concentration of the coating antigen SE was 3.689 μg/mL and the dilution of the primary antibodies was identified as 1:1000 using a checkerboard titration. The cut-off OD450 value was established at 0.332. The relative sensitivity and specificity between the SE-ELISA and IDEXX ELISA kit were 92.38 and 89.83%, respectively, with an accuracy of 91.46%. This assay is sensitive and specific for detection of antibodies against IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-die Ding
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, “985 Project” Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-ning Wang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, “985 Project” Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai-peng Cao
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, “985 Project” Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-qiao Fan
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, “985 Project” Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing-cun Ma
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, “985 Project” Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng-wei Xu
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, “985 Project” Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, Chengdu, China
| | - An-yun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, “985 Project” Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, “985 Project” Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, Chengdu, China
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Gao S, Li D, Liu Y, Zha E, Zhou T, Yue X. Oral immunization with recombinant hepatitis E virus antigen displayed on the Lactococcus lactis surface enhances ORF2-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 24:140-5. [PMID: 25445956 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a recognized zoonotic pathogen has posed global burden on public health, which is exacerbated by lack of efficient vaccine. In this study, we constructed a recombinant (inaQ-ORF2 gene fusion) Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) strain NZ3900 that expresses and displays the hepatitis E virus antigen ORF2 utilizing an ice uncleation protein-based anchor system. After oral vaccination of BALB/c mice, significantly higher levels of ORF2-specific mucosal IgA and serum IgG were detected and cellular immunity was also induced. These findings further support that L. lactis-based HEV antigen vaccines could be used for human and animal protection against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyang Gao
- Department of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China; Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Animal Quarantine Lab, Inspection & Quarantine Technology Center of Hainan Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau, Haikou 570000, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Enhui Zha
- Department of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Liaoning Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China.
| | - Tiezhong Zhou
- Department of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110161, China; Department of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China
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Ponterio E, Di Bartolo I, Orrù G, Liciardi M, Ostanello F, Ruggeri FM. Detection of serum antibodies to hepatitis E virus in domestic pigs in Italy using a recombinant swine HEV capsid protein. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:133. [PMID: 24934984 PMCID: PMC4073516 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been detected in both humans and animals, particularly pigs, worldwide. Several evidences, including human infection following consumption of raw contaminated meat, suggest a zoonotic transmission of HEV. In Italy, large circulation of genotype 3 HEV has been reported in swine, and recent studies have confirmed the involvement of this genotype in autochthonous human cases. RESULT In this study 111 sera collected from healthy pigs in two Italian regions were tested for anti-HEV IgG antibodies. For specific HEV antibody detection in swine, we developed ELISA and Western blotting methods, using a truncated capsid (ORF2) protein lacking the first 111 amino acids of a swine HEV genotype 3 strain. The ORF2-based ELISA revealed anti-HEV antibodies in 104 out of 111 pigs compared with 102 detected with a commercial ELISA kit. A lower number of sera reacted with the recombinant ORF2 protein in a Western blotting format (81/111). Using a Latent class analysis (LCA), the estimated sensitivities for ELISA-ORF2 and ELISA-kit tests were 0.961 and 0.936, respectively, whereas specificities were 0.599 and 0.475. The estimated sensitivity of Western blotting was 0.775, and the specificity was 0.944. CONCLUSIONS The overall results confirm the high prevalence of HEV seropositive healthy pigs in Italy. Through comparisons with a commercial ELISA test, the swine genotype 3 HEV antigen produced in this study was proven suitable to detect anti-HEV antibodies in pig sera by both ELISA and Western Blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Franco Maria Ruggeri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Scotto G, Martinelli D, Giammario A, Prato R, Fazio V. Prevalence of Antibodies to Hepatitis E Virus in Immigrants: A Seroepidemiological Survey in the District of Foggia (Apulia-Southern Italy). J Med Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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