Tomato chlorotic leaf distortion virus, a new bipartite begomovirus infecting Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum chinense in Venezuela

Insights into Emerging Begomovirus-Deltasatellite Complex Diversity: The First Deltasatellite Infecting Legumes

Begomoviruses and associated DNA satellites are involved in pathosystems that include many cultivated and wild dicot plants and the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci. A survey of leguminous plants, both crops and wild species, was conducted in Venezuela, an understudied country, to determine the presence of begomoviruses. Molecular analysis identified the presence of bipartite begomoviruses in 37% of the collected plants. Four of the six begomoviruses identified constituted novel species, and two others had not been previously reported in Venezuela. In addition, a novel deltasatellite (cabbage leaf curl deltasatellite, CabLCD) was found to be associated with cabbage leaf curl virus (CabLCV) in several plant species. CabLCD was the first deltasatellite found to infect legumes and the first found in the New World to infect a crop plant. Agroinoculation experiments using Nicotiana benthamiana plants and infectious viral clones confirmed that CabLCV acts as a helper virus for CabLCD. The begomovirus-deltasatellite complex described here is also present in wild legume plants, suggesting the possible role of these plants in the emergence and establishment of begomoviral diseases in the main legume crops in the region. Pathological knowledge of these begomovirus-deltasatellite complexes is fundamental to develop control methods to protect leguminous crops from the diseases they cause.

A recessive gene pepy-1 encoding Pelota confers resistance to begomovirus isolates of PepYLCIV and PepYLCAV in Capsicum annuum

A begomovirus resistance gene pepy-1, which encodes the messenger RNA surveillance factor Pelota, was identified in pepper (C. annuum) through map-based cloning and functional characterization. Pepper yellow leaf curl disease caused by begomoviruses seriously affects pepper (Capsicum spp.) production in a number of regions around the world. Ty genes of tomato, which confer resistance to the tomato yellow leaf curl virus, are the only begomovirus resistance genes cloned to date. In this study, we focused on the identification of begomovirus resistance genes in Capsicum annuum. BaPep-5 was identified as a novel source of resistance against pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIV) and pepper yellow leaf curl Aceh virus (PepYLCAV). A single recessive locus, which we named as pepper yellow leaf curl disease virus resistance 1 (pepy-1), responsible for PepYLCAV resistance in BaPep-5 was identified on chromosome 5 in an F₂ population derived from a cross between BaPep-5 and the begomovirus susceptible accession BaPep-4. In the target region spanning 34 kb, a single candidate gene, the messenger RNA surveillance factor Pelota, was identified. Whole-genome resequencing of BaPep-4 and BaPep-5 and comparison of their genomic DNA sequences revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism (A to G) located at the splice site of the 9th intron of CaPelota in BaPep-5, which caused the insertion of the 9th intron into the transcript, resulting in the addition of 28 amino acids to CaPelota protein without causing a frameshift. Virus-induced gene silencing of CaPelota in the begomovirus susceptible pepper No.218 resulted in the gain of resistance against PepYLCIV, a phenotype consistent with BaPep-5. The DNA marker developed in this study will greatly facilitate marker-assisted breeding of begomovirus resistance in peppers.

Global Advances in Tomato Virome Research: Current Status and the Impact of High-Throughput Sequencing

Viruses cause a big fraction of economically important diseases in major crops, including tomato. In the past decade (2011–2020), many emerging or re-emerging tomato-infecting viruses were reported worldwide. In this period, 45 novel viral species were identified in tomato, 14 of which were discovered using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). In this review, we first discuss the role of HTS in these discoveries and its general impact on tomato virome research. We observed that the rate of tomato virus discovery is accelerating in the past few years due to the use of HTS. However, the extent of the post-discovery characterization of viruses is lagging behind and is greater for economically devastating viruses, such as the recently emerged tomato brown rugose fruit virus. Moreover, many known viruses still cause significant economic damages to tomato production. The review of databases and literature revealed at least 312 virus, satellite virus, or viroid species (in 22 families and 39 genera) associated with tomato, which is likely the highest number recorded for any plant. Among those, here, we summarize the current knowledge on the biology, global distribution, and epidemiology of the most important species. Increasing knowledge on tomato virome and employment of HTS to also study viromes of surrounding wild plants and environmental samples are bringing new insights into the understanding of epidemiology and ecology of tomato-infecting viruses and can, in the future, facilitate virus disease forecasting and prevention of virus disease outbreaks in tomato.

Primer reporte de begomovirus infectando cultivos de ají (<i>Capsicum</i> spp.) en Colombia

Virus del género Begomovirus infectan cultivos de importancia económica en todo el mundo, incluyendo ají. A la fecha, en Colombia no hay reportes de la presencia de begomovirus infectando este cultivo, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la presencia de virus de este género en ají empleando estrategias moleculares. Se colectaron 197 muestras de ají en diez municipios del Valle del Cauca. Se extrajo el DNA genómico total vegetal y mediante PCR se detectó la presencia de begomovirus. Para establecer la identidad molecular del virus se amplificaron fragmentos de 1,4 kb de muestras colectadas en Palmira y Vijes. Los fragmentos fueron clonados, secuenciados y analizados. Se encontró que el 85,7 % de las muestras de ají evaluadas fueron positivas para begomovirus. Los análisis de secuencia de los fragmentos virales de 1,4 kb arrojaron una identidad de 91,8 % entre ellos y los de secuencia de nucleótidos de los virus aislados en Vijes y Palmira mostró que éstos presentan los valores de identidad más altos (87,2 % y 86,6 %) con el virus de la distorsión de la hoja de maracuyá, un begomovirus aislado de maracuyá en Colombia. Estos análisis estarían indicando que este begomovirus aislado de ají podría ser una nueva especie. De acuerdo con la literatura, este es el primer reporte de un begomovirus infectando cultivos de ají en Colombia.Virus del género Begomovirus infectan cultivos de importancia económica en todo el mundo, incluyendo ají. A la fecha, en Colombia no hay reportes de la presencia de begomovirus infectando este cultivo, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la presencia de virus de este género en ají empleando estrategias moleculares. Se colectaron 197 muestras de ají en diez municipios del Valle del Cauca. Se extrajo el DNA genómico total vegetal y mediante PCR se detectó la presencia de begomovirus. Para establecer la identidad molecular del virus se amplificaron fragmentos de 1,4 kb de muestras colectadas en Palmira y Vijes. Los fragmentos fueron clonados, secuenciados y analizados. Se encontró que el 85,7 % de las muestras de ají evaluadas fueron positivas para begomovirus. Los análisis de secuencia de los fragmentos virales de 1,4 kb arrojaron una identidad de 91,8 % entre ellos y los de secuencia de nucleótidos de los virus aislados en Vijes y Palmira mostró que éstos presentan los valores de identidad más altos (87,2 % y 86,6 %) con el virus de la distorsión de la hoja de maracuyá, un begomovirus aislado de maracuyá en Colombia. Estos análisis estarían indicando que este begomovirus aislado de ají podría ser una nueva especie. De acuerdo con la literatura, este es el primer reporte de un begomovirus infectando cultivos de ají en Colombia.

Tomato Twisted Leaf Virus: A Novel Indigenous New World Monopartite Begomovirus Infecting Tomato in Venezuela

Begomoviruses are one of the major groups of plant viruses with an important economic impact on crop production in tropical and subtropical regions. The global spread of its polyphagous vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, has contributed to the emergence and diversification of species within this genus. In this study, we found a putative novel begomovirus infecting tomato plants in Venezuela without a cognate DNA-B component. This begomovirus was genetically characterized and compared with related species. Furthermore, its infectivity was demonstrated by agroinoculation of infectious clones in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The name Tomato twisted leaf virus (ToTLV) is proposed. ToTLV showed the typical genome organization of the DNA-A component of New World bipartite begomoviruses. However, the single DNA component of ToTLV was able to develop systemic infection in tomato and N. benthamiana plants, suggesting a monopartite nature of its genome. Interestingly, an additional open reading frame ORF was observed in ToTLV encompassing the intergenic region and the coat protein gene, which is not present in other closely related begomoviruses. A putative transcript from this region was amplified by strand-specific reverse transcription-PCR. Along with recent studies, our results showed that the diversity of monopartite begomoviruses from the New World is greater than previously thought.

Complete genome sequence of two tomato-infecting begomoviruses in Venezuela: evidence of a putative novel species and a novel recombinant strain

At least six begomovirus species have been reported infecting tomato in Venezuela. In this study the complete genomes of two tomato-infecting begomovirus isolates (referred to as Trujillo-427 and Zulia-1084) were cloned and sequenced. Both isolates showed the typical genome organization of New World bipartite begomoviruses, with DNA-A genomic components displaying 88.8% and 90.3% similarity with established begomoviruses, for isolates Trujillo-427 and Zulia-1084, respectively. In accordance to the guidelines for begomovirus species demarcation, the Trujillo-427 isolate represents a putative new species and the name "Tomato wrinkled mosaic virus" is proposed. Meanwhile, Zulia-1084 represents a putative new strain classifiable within species Tomato chlorotic leaf distortion virus, for which a recombinant origin is suggested.

Characterization and distribution of tomato yellow margin leaf curl virus, a begomovirus from Venezuela

A begomovirus causing mottling and leaf deformation in tomato from the State of Mérida was cloned and sequenced. The virus has a bipartite genome comprised of a DNA-A (2,572 nucleotides) and a DNA-B (2,543 nucleotides) with a genome organization typical of New World begomoviruses. Both components share a common region of 115 nucleotides with 98 % sequence identity. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that while no virus sequences were closely related, the A component was distantly related to those of two other tomato-infecting viruses, tomato leaf deformation virus and Merremia mosaic virus; and the DNA-B, to those of pepper huasteco yellow vein virus and Rhynchosia golden mosaic Yucatan virus. The DNA-A and DNA-B sequences were submitted to GenBank (accession no. AY508993 and AY508994, respectively) and later accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses as the genome of a member of a unique virus species with the name Tomato yellow margin leaf curl virus (TYMLCV). Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Fl. Lanai') plants inoculated with cloned TYMLCV DNA-A and DNA-B became systemically infected and showed chlorotic margins and leaf curling. The distribution of TYMLCV in tomato-producing states in Venezuela was determined by nucleic acid spot hybridization analysis of 334 tomato leaf samples collected from ten states using a TYMLCV-specific probe and confirmed by PCR and sequencing of the PCR fragment. TYMLCV was detected in samples from the states of Aragua, Guárico, and Mérida, suggesting that TYMLCV is widely distributed in Venezuela.