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Ferreira-Machado E, Conselheiro JA, Bernardes da Silva BE, Matsumoto PSS, Castagna CL, Nitsche A, de Lima CS, Presotto D, Nunes da Silva MCR, Ervedosa TB, Navas-Suárez PE, de Jesus ÍP, de Carvalho J, Ressio RA, dos Santos Cirqueira C, Barone GT, del Castillo Saad L, Brandão PE, Catão-Dias JL, Guerra JM, de Azevedo Fernandes NCC. Naturally Acquired Rabies in White-Eared Opossum, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2541-2545. [PMID: 37987590 PMCID: PMC10683831 DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.230373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Opossums are considered resistant to rabies. Nonhematophagous bats are reservoirs of rabies in urban areas of South America. We analyzed bats and opossums tested for rabies during 2021 in a highly urbanized city in Brazil to understand spillover in an urban setting. Wildlife surveillance is necessary to prevent rabies in humans and domestic animals.
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2
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Schneider MC, Min KD, Romijn PC, De Morais NB, Montebello L, Manrique Rocha S, Sciancalepore S, Hamrick PN, Uieda W, Câmara VDM, Luiz RR, Belotto A. Fifty Years of the National Rabies Control Program in Brazil under the One Health Perspective. Pathogens 2023; 12:1342. [PMID: 38003806 PMCID: PMC10674250 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1973, the National Rabies Program was created in Brazil through an agreement between the Ministry of Health and Agriculture. Since its beginning, it developed integrated action through access to free post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for people at risk, dog vaccination campaigns, a joint surveillance system, and awareness. This study aims to describe human rabies in Brazil under the One Health perspective in recent decades, including achievements in the control of dog-mediated cases and challenges in human cases transmitted by wild animals. This paper also explores possible drivers of human rabies in the Northeast Region with half of the cases. The first part of this study was descriptive, presenting data and examples by periods. Statistical analysis was performed in the last period (2010-2022) to explore possible drivers. Dog-mediated human cases decreased from 147 to 0, and dog cases decreased from 4500 to 7. A major challenge is now human cases transmitted by wild animals (bats, non-human primates, and wild canids). Most current human cases occur in municipalities with a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome and a Gini index higher than 0.5. In the multivariable analysis, an association with temperature was estimated (OR = 1.739; CI95% = 1.181-2.744), and primary healthcare coverage (OR = 0.947; CI95% = 0.915-0.987) was identified as a protector. It is possible to significantly reduce the number of dog-mediated human rabies cases through the efforts presented. However, Brazil has wildlife variants of the rabies virus circulating. The association of human cases with higher temperatures in the Northeast is a concern with climate change. To reduce human cases transmitted by wild animals, it is important to continue distributing free PEP, especially in remote at-risk areas in the Amazon Region, and to increase awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Schneider
- Department of Global Health, School of Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil; (V.d.M.C.); (R.R.L.)
- PAHO/WHO (Ret.), Washington, DC 20037, USA;
| | - Kyung-Duk Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | | | | | - Lucia Montebello
- Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministry of Health, Brasilia 70723-040, Brazil; (L.M.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Silene Manrique Rocha
- Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministry of Health, Brasilia 70723-040, Brazil; (L.M.); (S.M.R.)
| | | | | | - Wilson Uieda
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (Ret.), Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil;
| | - Volney de Magalhães Câmara
- Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil; (V.d.M.C.); (R.R.L.)
| | - Ronir Raggio Luiz
- Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil; (V.d.M.C.); (R.R.L.)
| | - Albino Belotto
- PAHO/WHO, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (S.S.); (A.B.)
- FUNASA (Fundacao SESP)/Ministry of Health (Ret.), Brasilia 70070-040, Brazil
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3
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Wallau GL, Barbier E, Tomazatos A, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Bernard E. The Virome of Bats Inhabiting Brazilian Biomes: Knowledge Gaps and Biases towards Zoonotic Viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0407722. [PMID: 36625641 PMCID: PMC9927472 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04077-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats host a large variety of viruses, including some that may infect other vertebrates and humans. Research on bat-borne viruses attracted significant attention in recent years mainly due to epizootics caused by viruses having bats as hosts. The characterization of the viral communities of bats was then prioritized, but despite increasing efforts, there are large disparities in the geographical ranges covered and the methodologies employed around the world. As a result, large gaps remain in our current understanding of bat viromes and their role in disease emergence. This is particularly true for megadiverse regions in Latin America. This review aims to summarize the current understanding about bat viruses that inhabit Brazilian biomes, one of the most bat species-rich and diverse regions of the globe. Taking into account all known bat-associated viral families studied in Brazilian biomes, we found that almost half of all bat species (86/181 species) were not investigated for viruses at all. Moreover, only a small fraction of viral lineages or families have been studied more in depth, usually employing targeted methods with limited power to characterize a broad virus diversity. Additionally, these studies relied on limited spatiotemporal sampling and small sample sizes. Therefore, our current understanding of bat viral communities in the Brazilian biomes is limited and biased at different levels, limiting zoonotic risk assessments of bat-borne viruses. Considering these limitations, we propose strategies to bridge the existing gaps in the near future. IMPORTANCE Bat-borne viruses have attracted much attention due to zoonotic outbreaks with large consequences to humans. Because of that, virus characterization in bats has been prioritized in tropical regions of the globe. However, bat-virus research in Latin America and particularly in Brazil, which are among the most bat species-rich regions of the world, are highly biased toward zoonotic viruses and known bat reservoir species. These results have direct implication for virus studies in general but also for new zoonotic virus and spillover events characterization. The limited knowledge we currently have about the virome of Brazilian bats drastically limits any broad assessment of zoonotic viruses they carry and calls for coordinated and large-scale studies to fill this crucial knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Departamento de Entomologia and Núcleo de Bioinformática, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eder Barbier
- Laboratório de Ciência Aplicada à Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil
| | - Alexandru Tomazatos
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Bernard
- Laboratório de Ciência Aplicada à Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcione B. De Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Zoology, National Museum, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20940-040, Brazil
| | - Cibele R. Bonvicino
- Graduate Program in Zoology, National Museum, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20940-040, Brazil
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5
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de Almeida GL, Cargnelutti JF, Ries AS, Ferreira JC, Rosa JCA, Batista HBCR, Flores EF, Weiblen R. Sequence analysis of nucleoprotein gene reveals the co-circulation of lineages and sublineages of rabies virus in herbivorous in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:837-846. [PMID: 31953649 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented outbreak of rabies occurred in Rio Grande do Sul state (RS) from 2012 onward, resulting in thousands of bovine deaths, important economic losses, and posing risk to human health. This article describes a genetic analysis of 145 rabies viruses (RABV) recovered from herbivorous from RS between 2012 and 2017, based on partial sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein (N) gene. High nucleotide (nt) identity (95.5 to 100%) and amino acid (aa) similarity (96.7 to 100%) were observed among the analyzed sequences. These sequences displayed a high sequence nt identity/aa similarity with bovine RABV sequences (96.4-97.9%; 98.1-100%, respectively) and vampire bat RABV sequences (96.3-97.5%; 97.8-99.5%). Phylogenetic analyzes based on the N sequence allowed for the segregation of viruses into two distinct clusters. Cluster 1 comprised RABV sequences covering the whole studied period, whereas cluster 2 grouped a lower number of viruses from 2013, 2014, 2015, to 2017. In some cases, viruses obtained from the same region within a short period of time grouped to distinct clusters or sub-clusters, indicating the co-circulation of distinct virus lineages in these outbreaks. The segregation into sub-clusters was also observed for viral sequences obtained from the same region at different times, indicating the involvement of distinct viruses. In summary, partial sequence analyses revealed a high conservation of N protein and the circulation of two lineages and different sublineages of RABV in the region. In addition, our results confirm the suitability of N gene to study the genetic relationships among RABV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisane L de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Hospital Veterinário, prédio 97, sala 126, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 1384, Menino Deus, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90150-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Ananda S Ries
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Hospital Veterinário, prédio 97, sala 126, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - José C Ferreira
- Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 1384, Menino Deus, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90150-900, Brazil
| | - Júlio C A Rosa
- Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 1384, Menino Deus, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90150-900, Brazil
| | - Helena B C R Batista
- Instituto Pasteur, Av. Paulista, 393, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01311-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
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6
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Phylogenetic analysis of near full-length sequences of the Desmodus rotundus genetic lineage of rabies virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104179. [PMID: 31917361 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO), reports that rabies causes tens of thousands of deaths every year killing humans, non-human primates and other animals. Rabies continues to be a public health issue, despite the existence of effective vaccines. The dogs remain the primary reservoir and transmitter of rabies to humans globally. In the Americas, bats are regarded as the second most common source of rabies virus to humans. The vampire bat Desmodus rotundus has been identified as a natural reservoir of rabies virus (RABV) in this region. The complete genome of the RABV variant maintained by populations of vampire bats D. rotundus has rarely been reported. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of a RABV variant detected in D. rotundus. The sample, collected from an endemic area in São Paulo State, was phylogenetically compared with the genome of the standard sample for species Rabies virus as well as other samples belonging to terrestrial and bat-associated cycles of rabies transmission, available in GenBank. Distinct patterns linked to the genetic lineage were identified. These data can aid in the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of this virus and the epidemiological importance of this species in the transmission of the RABV.
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7
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Andrade BFMDC, Andrade TSDM, Queiroz LH. Human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis relative to the disease epidemiological status. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2019; 24:315-322. [PMID: 30698264 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018241.32832016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the prophylactic measures adopted after attacks by dogs and cats in the main city of Northwester São Paulo State, based on the technical manual for post-exposure treatment, considering the not controlled (1990-1996) and controlled (1997-2010) rabies status. A retrospective analysis was done using the data from the SINAN records (W64-CID10) between 1990 and 2010. In most cases, the accidents were mild (76.9%), and biting animals were healthy (75.4%); therefore, no treatment was needed in 53.3% of the cases. In 64.6% of cases, the prescribed PEP treatment was inappropriate. The most indicated PEP treatments consisted of vaccine and RIG (43.4%), and either three doses of mouse brain vaccine or two doses of cell culture vaccine (76.5%), during the not controlled and controlled rabies periods, respectively. The treatment was more appropriate and followed the technical recommendations during controlled rabies periods compared to not controlled (p < 0.0001) periods. However, excessive application of RIG and rabies vaccine was observed in both periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fonseca Martins da Costa Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista. R. Clóvis Pestana 793, Dona Amélia. 16050-680 Araçatuba SP Brasil.
| | | | - Luzia Helena Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista. R. Clóvis Pestana 793, Dona Amélia. 16050-680 Araçatuba SP Brasil.
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8
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Cavalcante KKDS, Florêncio CMGD, Alencar CH. Atendimentos antirrábicos humanos pós-exposição: tendência temporal de sua prevalência no Ceará, de 2007 a 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1414-462x201900020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo Introdução A principal recomendação para o controle da raiva em humanos é a vacinação profilática. Objetivo Considerando-se a endemicidade da raiva no Brasil e o direcionamento das ações de controle, buscou-se caracterizar a tendência temporal dos atendimentos antirrábicos humanos pós-exposição no Ceará, de 2007 a 2015. Método O estudo é ecológico de tendência temporal e analítico. Os dados das fichas de atendimento antirrábico foram organizados em planilhas e calculados os coeficientes anuais de prevalência. Resultados Houve 231.694 atendimentos antirrábicos, com coeficientes de prevalência crescentes de 2007 a 2011 (35,09 por 10.000 habitantes; APC=13,5; p<0,001) e ápice em 2015 (40,35 por 10.000 habitantes; APC=5,5; p=0,005). Houve um aumento na faixa etária de 20 a 59 anos (APC=14,0; p<0,001), e residentes da zona urbana (APC=7,0; p<0,001). A espécie canina teve tendência crescente de 2007 a 2011 (APC=14,3; p<0,001). Das notificações, 95,8% apresentaram condutas inadequadas, com crescimento nos coeficientes de prevalência de 2007 a 2011 (APC=13,6; p<0,001). Conclusão As condutas profiláticas inadequadas aconteceram mais de 2007 a 2011. A análise temporal, com tendência crescente no período analisado, deve ser utilizada como componente contínuo das ações de vigilância da raiva no Ceará, para assistência adequada e segura aos pacientes vítimas de agressão animal.
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9
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Analysis of rabies diagnosis in dogs and cats in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2369-2376. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Amarilla ACF, Pompei JCA, Araujo DB, Vázquez FA, Galeano RR, Delgado LM, Bogado G, Colman M, Sanabria L, Iamamoto K, Garcia R, Assis D, Recalde R, Martorelli LF, Quiñones E, Cabello A, Martini M, Cosivi O, Durigon EL, Favoretto SR. Re-emergence of rabies virus maintained by canid populations in Paraguay. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:222-226. [PMID: 28913904 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Paraguay has registered no human cases of rabies since 2004, and the last case in dogs, reported in 2009, was due to a variant maintained in the common vampire bat "Desmodus rotundus". In 2014, a dog was diagnosed as positive for rabies with aggression towards a boy and all required measures of control were successfully adopted. Epidemiological investigation revealed that the dog was not vaccinated and had been attacked by a crab-eating fox, "zorro" (Cerdocyon thous). The sample was diagnosed by the Official Veterinary Service of the Country and sent to the Center on Rabies Research from the University of São Paulo, Brazil, for antigenic and genetic characterization. A second sample from a dog positive for rabies in the same region in 2015 and 11 samples from a rabies outbreak from Asuncion in 1996 were also characterized. The antigenic profile of the samples, AgV2, was compatible with one of the variants maintained by dogs in Latin America. In genetic characterization, the samples segregated in the canine (domestic and wild species)-related group in an independent subgroup that also included samples from Argentina. These results and the epidemiology of the case indicate that even with the control of rabies in domestic animals, the virus can still circulate in wildlife and may be transmitted to domestic animals and humans, demonstrating the importance of continuous and improved surveillance and control of rabies, including in wild species, to prevent outbreaks in controlled areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C F Amarilla
- Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - J C A Pompei
- PANAFTOSA - PanAmerican Health Organization - World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - D B Araujo
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology - Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F A Vázquez
- Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - R R Galeano
- Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - L M Delgado
- Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - G Bogado
- National Service of Quality and Animal Health - SENACSA, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - M Colman
- National Service of Quality and Animal Health - SENACSA, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - L Sanabria
- National Service of Quality and Animal Health - SENACSA, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - K Iamamoto
- Pasteur Institute of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R Garcia
- PanAmerican Health Organization - World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Asunción, Paraguay
| | - D Assis
- PanAmerican Health Organization - World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Asunción, Paraguay
| | - R Recalde
- Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, Asunción, Paraguay
| | | | - E Quiñones
- Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - A Cabello
- Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - M Martini
- PANAFTOSA - PanAmerican Health Organization - World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - O Cosivi
- PANAFTOSA - PanAmerican Health Organization - World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - E L Durigon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology - Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - S R Favoretto
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology - Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Pasteur Institute of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Antigenic and genotypic characterization of rabies virus isolated from bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from municipalities in São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1201-1209. [PMID: 28108804 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bats have aroused growing attention in the public health sphere because they are considered the main reservoir of rabies virus (RABV) in the Americas, in places where canine rabies is under control. Antigenic and genetic studies of RABV isolates have been used to describe the epidemiological profile of rabies and to identify possible hosts/reservoirs for different epidemiological cycles. This study describes the antigenic and genotypic characterization of 19 RABV isolates from central nervous system samples of non-hematophagous bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera). These bats were diagnosed as RABV positive by direct fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation tests. Antigenic characterization using a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies revealed that 7 of 19 RABV isolates from these bats belonged to variant 3, for which the hematophagous bat species Desmodus rotundus is the main reservoir, and 1 of 19 RABV isolates from an insectivorous bat belonged to variant 4, which is characteristic of these bats. The remaining 11 RABV samples were divided into six non-compatible profiles. The isolates were subjected to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the N gene and partially sequenced. Genetic characterization of these isolates was performed by grouping the sequences obtained with known RABV lineages. The sequences were grouped in clusters by the phylogenetic inference neighbor-joining method, together with another 89 homologous sequences obtained from GenBank. This analysis grouped the isolates into four known lineages: Nyctinomops Brazil, Myotis Brazil, Eptesicus Brazil and D. rotundus Brazil, as well as another cluster that may define a RABV lineage not yet characterized, here named Myotis Brazil II, for which bats of the genus Myotis apparently act as reservoirs. This assumption of a new lineage is also based on the observation of amino acid substitutions, with an average intraspecific identity of 99.8%, varying from 99.6 to 100.0% for nucleotides and 100.0% for amino acids.
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12
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Rocha SM, de Oliveira SV, Heinemann MB, Gonçalves VSP. Epidemiological Profile of Wild Rabies in Brazil (2002-2012). Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:624-633. [PMID: 26423323 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is one of the most important zoonosis in the world with high impact on public health. Studies report the presence of Lyssavirus in reservoirs of the wild cycle, highlighting the role of wild canines, marmosets, and vampire and non-vampire bats as potential vectors of the disease to domestic animals and human beings. Therefore, the reintroduction of rabies in urban environments from reservoirs of the wild cycle is a matter of concern. This study describes the profile of rabies cases documented in Brazil from 2002 to 2012, with emphasis on the wild transmission cycle of the disease. We carried out a descriptive study using records with information on the time of infection, persons with infection and location of confirmed cases of rabies in humans and animals, as well as data on anti-rabies treatments obtained from the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (Sinan) database. Within the study period, 82 cases of rabies transmitted by wild animals to humans were reported, predominantly in rural areas of the northern and north-eastern regions. Of the cases in humans, 72% did not receive post-exposure prophylaxis. Among wild mammals, vampire bats were the most frequent vectors of the disease. In the north-east region, 460 terrestrial wild mammals were reported with confirmed rabies. Over the study period, 1703 bats were reported to carry the rabies virus. In the south-east region, the most frequently reported carriers of the virus were non-vampire bats. The midwest and northern regions presented a lower number of records of rabies cases among terrestrial wild mammals. However, the high number of rabies cases among bovines reflects the role of the vampire bat as a maintainer of the rabies virus in the rural cycle. The present results are key to adjust the planning of rabies control in Brazil to the current epidemiological trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rocha
- Unidade Técnica de Vigilância de Zoonoses da Coordenação Geral de Doenças Transmissíveis, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brasil.,EpiPlan, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brasil
| | - S V de Oliveira
- Unidade Técnica de Vigilância de Zoonoses da Coordenação Geral de Doenças Transmissíveis, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brasil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - V S P Gonçalves
- EpiPlan, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brasil
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Escobar LE, Peterson AT, Favi M, Yung V, Medina-Vogel G. Bat-borne rabies in Latin America. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 57:63-72. [PMID: 25651328 PMCID: PMC4325525 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The situation of rabies in America is complex: rabies in dogs has
decreased dramatically, but bats are increasingly recognized as natural reservoirs of
other rabies variants. Here, bat species known to be rabies-positive with different
antigenic variants, are summarized in relation to bat conservation status across
Latin America. Rabies virus is widespread in Latin American bat species, 22.5%75 of bat species have been confirmed as rabies-positive. Most bat species found
rabies positive are classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature
as “Least Concern”. According to diet type, insectivorous bats had the most species
known as rabies reservoirs, while in proportion hematophagous bats were the most
important. Research at coarse spatial scales must strive to understand rabies
ecology; basic information on distribution and population dynamics of many Latin
American and Caribbean bat species is needed; and detailed information on effects of
landscape change in driving bat-borne rabies outbreaks remains unassessed. Finally,
integrated approaches including public health, ecology, and conservation biology are
needed to understand and prevent emergent diseases in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Escobar
- Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago Centro, Chile
| | | | - Myriam Favi
- Sección Rabia, Subdepartamento de Virología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Yung
- Sección Rabia, Subdepartamento de Virología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Medina-Vogel
- Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago Centro, Chile
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Casagrande DKA, Favaro ABBDBDC, Carvalho CD, Picolo MR, Hernandez JCB, Lot MS, Albas A, Araújo DB, André Pedro W, Queiroz LH. Rabies surveillance in bats in Northwestern State of São Paulo. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 47:709-15. [PMID: 25626649 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0189-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rabies is an important zoonosis that occurs in mammals, with bats acting as Lyssavirus reservoirs in urban, rural and natural areas. Rabies cases in bats have been recorded primarily in urban areas in Northwestern State of São Paulo since 1998. This study investigated the circulation of rabies virus by seeking to identify the virus in the brain in several species of bats in this region and by measuring rabies-virus neutralizing antibody levels in the hematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus. Methods From 2008 to 2012, 1,490 bat brain samples were sent to the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rabies Laboratory in Araçatuba, and 125 serum samples from vampire bats that were captured in this geographical region were analyzed. Results Rabies virus was detected in the brains of 26 (2%) of 1,314 non-hematophagous bats using the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and the mouse inoculation test (MIT). None of the 176 hematophagous bat samples were positive for rabies virus when a virus detection test was utilized. Out of 125 vampire bat serum samples, 9 (7%) had levels of rabies virus neutralization antibodies (RVNAs) that were higher than 0.5IU/mL; 65% (81/125) had titers between 0.10IU/mL and 0.5IU/mL; and 28% (35/125) were negative for RVNAs using the simplified fluorescent inhibition microtest (SFIMT) in BHK21 cells. The observed positivity rate (1.7%) was higher than the average positivity rate of 1.3% that was previously found in this region. Conclusions The high percentage of vampire bats with neutralizing antibodies suggests that recent rabies virus exposure has occurred, indicating the necessity of surveillance measures in nearby regions that are at risk to avoid diffusion of the rabies virus and possible rabies occurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristiano de Carvalho
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mileia Ricci Picolo
- Polo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios da Alta Sorocabana, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia Agropecuária, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Monique Serra Lot
- Curso de Farmácia e Bioquímica, Universidade Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Avelino Albas
- Polo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios da Alta Sorocabana, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia Agropecuária, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bastos Araújo
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Raiva, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner André Pedro
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Luzia Helena Queiroz
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
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ANTIBODIES TO RABIES VIRUS IN TERRESTRIAL WILD MAMMALS IN NATIVE RAINFOREST ON THE NORTH COAST OF SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL. J Wildl Dis 2014; 50:469-77. [DOI: 10.7589/2013-04-099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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The emergence of wildlife species as a source of human rabies infection in Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:1552-61. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYForty-five human rabies virus isolates from a wide geographical area of Brazil were characterized using an anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibody panel and by partial nucleotide sequencing analysis of the nucleoprotein gene. Three major antigenic groups related to the antigenic variants maintained in domestic dogs, vampire bats and marmosets were identified. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the viruses from dog-related cases segregated into four sister clades: three associated with dog-endemic cycles in Brazil and one with the crab-eating fox cycle in the northeastern region of the country. The vampire bat- and marmoset-related viruses formed two independent groups. The topology of these clades was conserved when these samples were compared to virus representatives of the currently reported rabies endemic cycles in the Americas. These results indicated the presence of multiple endemic transmission cycles maintained in four different reservoirs, domestic dogs, crab-eating foxes, vampire bats and marmosets, which are being transmitted directly to humans and should be considered as a high-risk for rabies infection.
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Carnieli P, de Novaes Oliveira R, de Oliveira Fahl W, de Carvalho Ruthner Batista HB, Scheffer KC, Iamamoto K, Castilho JG. Phylogenetic analysis of partial RNA-polymerase blocks II and III of Rabies virus isolated from the main rabies reservoirs in Brazil. Virus Genes 2012; 45:76-83. [PMID: 22528640 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the results of the sequencing and analysis of segments of Blocks II and III of the RNA polymerase L gene of Rabies virus isolates from different reservoir species of Brazil. The phylogenetic relations of the virus were determined and a variety of species-specific nucleotides were found in the analyzed areas, but the majority of these mutations were found to be synonymous. However, an analysis of the putative amino acid sequences were shown to have some characteristic mutations between some reservoir species of Brazil, indicating that there was positive selection in the RNA polymerase L gene of Rabies virus. On comparing the putative viral sequences obtained from the Brazilian isolates and other Lyssavirus, it was determined that amino acid mutations occurred in low-restriction areas. This study of the L gene of Rabies virus is the first to be conducted with samples of virus isolates from Brazil, and the results obtained will help in the determination of the phylogenetic relations of the virus.
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Núñez C, Páez A, Hernández C, Escobar H, Bonelo A. Transmisión del virus de la rabia entre murciélagos urbanos del departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, 1999-2008. INFECTIO 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(12)70054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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