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Du R, Xu R, Huang J, Wang H, Wang M, Liao Q, Shan Z, Zhong H, Zheng Y, Rong X, Fu Y. HCV 6a was expanding and became the predominant subtype among blood donors between 2004 and 2019 in Guangdong, China. Virol Sin 2022; 37:765-768. [PMID: 35842093 PMCID: PMC9583116 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, HCV 6a has replaced 1b as the most prevalent subtype in blood donors in Guangdong. HCV 6a was the predominant subtype in males and older donors, while 1b predominated in females and younger donors. HCV 6a may expand from Guangdong to other districts of China, and is worthy of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongsong Du
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, 510095, China; The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510095, China (2021-2023)
| | - Ru Xu
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, 510095, China; The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510095, China (2021-2023)
| | - Jieting Huang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, 510095, China; The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510095, China (2021-2023)
| | - Hao Wang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, 510095, China; The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510095, China (2021-2023)
| | - Min Wang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, 510095, China; The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510095, China (2021-2023)
| | - Qiao Liao
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, 510095, China; The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510095, China (2021-2023)
| | - Zhengang Shan
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, 510095, China; The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510095, China (2021-2023)
| | - Huishan Zhong
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, 510095, China; The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510095, China (2021-2023)
| | - Yourong Zheng
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, 510095, China; The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510095, China (2021-2023)
| | - Xia Rong
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, 510095, China; The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510095, China (2021-2023).
| | - Yongshui Fu
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, 510095, China; The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510095, China (2021-2023); Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Zhang Y, Gao Z, Wang S, Liu J, Paul N, He T, Liu C, Zhang H, Lv Y, Cao R, Mao W, Wan J, Ma H, Huang M, Liu Y, Wang J, Liao P, Zeng P, He M, Shan H. Hepatitis C virus genotype/subtype distribution and evolution among Chinese blood donors: Revealing recent viral expansion. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235612. [PMID: 32649673 PMCID: PMC7351211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) distribution in China shows significant geographical and demographic difference. As a routinely tested virus in Chinese blood bank systems, rare molecular epidemiology research in blood donors is reported. Our purpose is to investigate the HCV GT/subtypes distribution, phylogenetic analysis and population genetics in Chinese blood donors. Anti-HCV screen positive samples and donor demographics were collected. HCV Core and E1 gene fragments were amplified by RT-PCR, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to determine HCV GTs/subtypes using MEGA 7.0. The population genetics were performed using Arlequin v3.0 and Beast v1.10.4. SPSS Statistics 17.0 software was used to analyze the correlation between HCV GTs/subtypes distribution and demographic characteristics. 419 and 293 samples based on Core and E1 gene respectively were successfully amplified. HCV la, lb, 2a, 3a, 3b, 6a, 6e and 6n were found, and the corresponding proportions were 0.66% (3/455), 58.68% (267/455), 17.80% (81/455) and 5.05% (23/455), 3.52% (16/455), 12.31% (56/455), 0.88% (4/455) and 0.66% (3/455). Samples from Guangxi showed the most abundant genetic diversity with 8 subtypes were found. The number of haplotypes in HCV-1b is higher than 2a and 6a. The negative Tajima's D and Fu's Fs values of HCV-1b, 2a and 6a suggested the population expansion of those HCV subtypes. The distribution of HCV GT showed significant statistical difference by age and ethnicity. Conclusion: An abundance of HCV genetic diversity was found in Chinese blood donors with mainly 1b and then 2a subtype. There were significant geographical and demographic differences in HCV GTs/subtypes among Chinese blood donors. HCV subtype 1b has stronger viability and HCV subtype 6a has experienced significant expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Ness Paul
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Tao He
- Chongqing Blood Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Cunxu Liu
- Guangxi Blood Center, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | | | - Yunlai Lv
- Luoyang Blood Center, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Ru’an Cao
- Mianyang Blood Center, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Chongqing Blood Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Wan
- Urumqi Blood Center, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongli Ma
- Luoyang Blood Center, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Mianyang Blood Center, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingxing Wang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu, China
| | - Pu Liao
- The People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Peibin Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Miao He
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Shan
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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Wang M, Liao Q, Xu R, Song D, Huang J, You Q, Shan Z, Huang K, Rong X, Fu Y. Hepatitis C virus 3b strains in injection drug users in Guangdong Province, China, may have originated in Yunnan Province. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1761-1770. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zhang Y, Chen LM, He M. Hepatitis C Virus in mainland China with an emphasis on genotype and subtype distribution. Virol J 2017; 14:41. [PMID: 28231805 PMCID: PMC5324300 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the low fidelity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Hepatitis C virus (HCV) mutates quite frequently. There are seven genetically divergent genotypes (GTs) distributed in the world, each of which contains several closely related subtypes. The peer-reviewed literatures reporting the prevalence rate of HCV GTs in Chinese hospitalized patients were identified by systematic searching of three electronic databases, and the prevalence rates were pooled through 137 qualified studies. The significant difference between HCV GT and HCV viral load and severity of hepatitis were analyzed under Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test. Data from epidemiological studies on hospitalized patients demonstrated that HCV GTs 1-6 have been found in China, of which 1b (62.78%(95% CI: 59.54-66.02%)) and 2a (17.39% (95% CI: 15.67-19.11%)) are the two predominant subtypes. HCV GTs and subtypes exhibits significant regional divergence. In North, Northwest, Northeast, East (except Jiangxi province) and Central China (except Hunan province), HCV-1b, 2a remain the two predominant subtypes; South China shows the most abundant genetic diversity that 14 subtypes were found, and HCV-3 in the Southwest China remains higher prevalent subtype than the other regions. In addition, co-infection in Liaoning province of Northeast China is the most diverse with 10 co-infection types, and Tibet has the highest rate of co-infection. The associations between HCV GTs and patients group, severity of illness and antiviral treatment efficacy were also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610052 China
- Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu, 610052 China
| | - Li-Min Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610052 China
- Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu, 610052 China
- Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Miao He
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610052 China
- Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu, 610052 China
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Wu Z, Cui L, Zhao W, Yang D, Chen H, Wang R, Wang X, Zhang L, He T. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C infections in Ningxia, China: genotype, phylogeny and mutation analysis. Virol J 2016; 13:172. [PMID: 27756381 PMCID: PMC5070218 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remain unknown in Ningxia, northwest China. Methods From June to December 2013, 13,022 individuals were screened in Ningxia HIV/AIDS Sentinel Surveillance System, with their demographic features collected and serum samples tested for HCV antibody. Sero-positive drug users were further subjected to sequencing of NS5B and Core regions of HCV. Results The anti-HCV prevalence was 0.34 % among individuals without history of drug use, while it was 15.80 % among drug users. Of 79 NS5B sequences amplified from drug users, 64 (81.0 %) were male and 51 (64.0 %) were injection drug users (IDUs). Subtype 3a (40.5 %) and 1b (25.3 %) were the most predominant subtypes, followed in frequency by 3b (10.1 %) and 2a (7.6 %). Subtype distribution has no significant difference between injection and non-injection drug users. Based on phylogeographic analysis, HCV strains in Ningxia IDUs were mainly originated from two sites, Yunnan province (in southwest China bordering Myanmar, also known as Burma) and Xinjiang Autonomous Region (in northwest China on the border of Central Asia), which are the two major drug trafficking originates in China. Previously reported drug-resistance mutations were also scanned in this treatment-naïve population. Amino acid substitutions (C316N) associated with direct anti-viral agents (DAA) resistance were identified in the NS5B region in seven samples. Conclusion This study is the first to reveal the existence of multiple genotypes of HCV in Ningxia, an inland province in northwest China, suggesting the rapid spreading of the virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0635-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglan Wu
- Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningxia, 750001, China
| | - Lijia Cui
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Ningxia Medical University School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia, 750001, China
| | - Dongzhi Yang
- Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningxia, 750001, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningxia, 750001, China
| | - Ruiqing Wang
- Wuzhong Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Ningxia, 751100, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningxia, 750001, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianhua He
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Abstract
The majority of new and existing cases of HCV infection in high-income countries occur among people who inject drugs (PWID). Ongoing high-risk behaviours can lead to HCV re-exposure, resulting in mixed HCV infection and reinfection. Assays used to screen for mixed infection vary widely in sensitivity, particularly with respect to their capacity for detecting minor variants (<20% of the viral population). The prevalence of mixed infection among PWID ranges from 14% to 39% when sensitive assays are used. Mixed infection compromises HCV treatment outcomes with interferon-based regimens. HCV reinfection can also occur after successful interferon-based treatment among PWID, but the rate of reinfection is low (0-5 cases per 100 person-years). A revolution in HCV therapeutic development has occurred in the past few years, with the advent of interferon-free, but still genotype-specific regiments based on direct acting antiviral agents. However, little is known about whether mixed infection and reinfection has an effect on HCV treatment outcomes in the setting of new direct-acting antiviral agents. This Review characterizes the epidemiology and natural history of mixed infection and reinfection among PWID, methodologies for detection, the potential implications for HCV treatment and considerations for the design of future studies.
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Hepatitis C virus genotype diversity among intravenous drug users in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82598. [PMID: 24358211 PMCID: PMC3866230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, high proportions (15.6%–98.7%) of intravenous drug users (IDUs) in China were found to be positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Yunnan Province is located in southwestern China and borders one of the world's most important opium-producing regions, thus it is an important drug trafficking route to other regions of China. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we assessed 100 HCV-positive plasma samples from IDUs who were enrolled through the Kunming Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2012. HCV C/E1 fragments were PCR-amplified and sequenced. We identified eight HCV subtypes (1a, 1b, 3a, 3b, 6a, 6n, 6u and 6v), of which genotype 6 was most predominant (frequency, 47%) followed by genotypes 3 (41%) and 1 (12%). HCV subtypes 6n (30%) and 3b (29%) were most common and were identified in 59% of the IDUs. We compared HCV genotypes among IDUs in Yunnan Province with those from other regions and found that the distribution patterns of HCV genotypes in Yunnan Province were similar to those in southern China, but different from those in eastern China. However, the distribution patterns of HCV subtypes varied among Yunnan Province and southern China, despite the shared similar genotypes. A comparison of the current data with those previously reported showed that the frequency of HCV genotype 6 increased from 25% to 47% within 5 years, especially subtypes 6a (5% to 15%) and 6n (11.2% to 30%). In contrast, the frequencies of subtypes 3b and 1b decreased by almost 50% within 5 years. Conclusion/Significance Our results provided further information to support the assertion that drug trafficking routes influence HCV transmission patterns among IDUs in Yunnan Province. The frequency of HCV genotypes and subtypes changed rapidly among IDUs in Yunnan Province and subtypes 6a and 6n may have originated in Vietnam and Myanmar, respectively.
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