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Nair RR, Nakazawa Y, Peterson AT. An evaluation of the ecological niche of Orf virus (Poxviridae): Challenges of distinguishing broad niches from no niches. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293312. [PMID: 38236902 PMCID: PMC10796068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma is a skin disease, caused by Orf virus, creating great economic threats to livestock farming worldwide. Zoonotic potential of this disease has gained recent attention owing to the re-emergence of disease in several parts of the world. Increased public health concern emphasizes the need for a predictive understanding of the geographic distributional potential of Orf virus. Here, we mapped the current distribution using occurrence records, and estimated the ecological niche in both geographical and environmental spaces. Twenty modeling experiments, resulting from two- and three-partition models, were performed to choose the candidate models that best represent the geographic distributional potential of Orf virus. For all of our models, it was possible to reject the null hypothesis of predictive performance no better than random expectations. However, statistical significance must be accompanied by sufficiently good predictive performance if a model is to be useful. In our case, omission of known distribution of the virus was noticed in all Maxent models, indicating inferior quality of our models. This conclusion was further confirmed by the independent final evaluation, using occurrence records sourced from the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. Minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) models indicated the broad range of environmental conditions under which Orf virus infections are found. The excluded climatic conditions from MVEs could not be considered as unsuitable owing to the broad distribution of Orf virus. These results suggest two possibilities: that the niche models fail to identify niche limits that constrain the virus, or that the virus has no detectable niche, as it can be found throughout the geographic distributions of its hosts. This potential limitation of component-based pathogen-only ENMs is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Raveendran Nair
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Nakazawa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - A. Townsend Peterson
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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Zhu Z, Qu G, Du J, Wang C, Chen Y, Shen Z, Zhou Z, Yin C, Chen X. Construction and characterization of a contagious ecthyma virus double-gene deletion strain and evaluation of its potential as a live-attenuated vaccine in goat. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961287. [PMID: 36119021 PMCID: PMC9478544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma is a highly contagious viral disease with zoonotic significance caused by orf virus (ORFV) that affects domestic, ruminants and humans. Live attenuated virus and attenuated tissue culture vaccines are widely used in the fight against ORFV, however, the conventional attenuated vaccine strains have many drawbacks. The aim of this project was to construct a promising contagious ecthyma vaccine strain with safety, high protection efficacy and accessibility by genetic manipulation to against the disease. Using a natural ORFV-GS14 strain as the parental virus, recombinant virus, rGS14-ΔCBP-ΔGIF, with double deletions in the genes encoding the chemokine binding protein (CBP) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor inhibitory factor (GIF) was generated and characterized in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that the growth kinetics curve of rGS14-ΔCBP-ΔGIF and parental virus was consistent, both reaching plateau phase at 48 h post infection, which indicated that the double deletion of cbp and gif genes had little impact on the replication properties of the recombinant virus in primary goat testis (PGT) cell cultures compared with the parental virus. The safety of the double gene-deleted virus was evaluated in lambs. The lambs were monitored for 21 days post infection of the recombinant virus and no ORFV associated symptoms were observed in 21 days post-infection except for slight fever and anorexia in 5 days post-infection, and all lambs inoculated with either recombinant virus or PBS exhibited no clinical signs. To assess the protection efficacy of the rGS14-ΔCBP-ΔGIF, groups of four lambs each were inoculated with rGS14-ΔCBP-ΔGIF, rGS14-ΔCBP, rGS14-ΔGIF or PBS and challenged by a wild type virulent ORFV strain that was isolated from proliferative scabby lesions tissues of infected goat at 21-day post-inoculation. During 14 days post-challenging, lambs inoculated with rGS14-ΔCBP-ΔGIF all remained healthy with unimmunized group all infected, while the single gene-deleted viruses only protected 40% to 50% animals. These results indicated that the double gene-deleted recombinant virus could provide complete protection against virulent ORFV challenging. In conclusion, the double gene-deleted recombinant virus strain, rGS14-ΔCBP-ΔGIF, would be a promising candidate vaccine strains with safety, high protection efficacy and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Guanggang Qu
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Jige Du
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiang Wang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanning Shen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Yin
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
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Lysholm S, Lindahl JF, Dautu G, Johansson E, Bergkvist PK, Munyeme M, Wensman JJ. Seroepidemiology of selected transboundary animal diseases in goats in Zambia. Prev Vet Med 2022; 206:105708. [PMID: 35835047 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transboundary pathogens of goats present significant constraints to the livelihoods of millions of farmers in countries such as Zambia. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), Brucella spp., Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in Zambian goats. Another aim was to identify associations between seroprevalence and different predictor variables, such as trade and border proximity. From September to October 2019, 962 serum samples were collected from goats in seven Zambian districts, four of which have an international border while the remaining three do not. A questionnaire survey was conducted with each household, focusing on trade routines, management strategies and herd disease history. Animal-level seroprevalence adjusted for herd-level clustering was 8.2 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 7.5-9.0) for Mccp, 12.9% (95% CI 12.0-13.7) for FMDV, 13.0 % (95% CI 12.1-13.9) for Brucella spp., 3.3 % (95% CI 2.8-3.7) for CCHFV, and 0.4 % (95 % CI 0.3-0.7) for RVFV. The association between herd-level seroprevalence and border proximity and trade appeared negligible, with the exception of selling goats at least twice a year which was identified as a potential risk factor for Brucella spp. (OR 4.1, 95 % CI 1.1-16.0, p = 0.040). In addition, a positive association between herd-level seroprevalence of FMDV and a herd size of 21 goats or more (OR 3.3, 95 % CI 1.0-11.1, p = 0.049) was detected. Also, positive associations between animal-level seroprevalence of Brucella spp. and increasing age (OR 7.7, 95 % CI 1.5-40.7, p = 0.016), and CCHFV and keeping pigs in the household (OR 2.7, 95 % CI 1.0-7.1, p = 0.044), were found. For FMDV (OR 3.8, 95 % CI 1.4-10.9, p = 0.011) and Brucella spp. (OR 4.5, 95 % CI 1.2-17.3, p = 0.031) on the other hand, animal-level seroprevalence was significantly higher in households without pigs. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to describe the presence of antibodies for CCPP and CCHF in the Zambian goat population. While the association between seroprevalence and trade and border proximity generally appeared negligible, it is recommended that their influence is further evaluated in future studies, preferably through in-depth longitudinal studies incorporating impacts of different biosecurity measures and trade variations, linked to for example seasonality and trade peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lysholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Johanna F Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Dautu
- Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Zambia
| | - Elin Johansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals (ACEIDHA), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhou Y, Guan J, Lv L, Cui H, Xu M, Wang S, Yu Z, Zhen R, He S, Fang Z, Zhong J, Cui S, Yu S, Song D, He W, Gao F, Zhao K. Complete genomic sequences and comparative analysis of two Orf virus isolates from Guizhou Province and Jilin Province, China. Virus Genes 2022; 58:403-413. [PMID: 35780442 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV, species Orf virus) belongs to the typical species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae, which infects sheep, goats, and humans with worldwide distribution. Although outbreaks of Orf have been reported sequentially in several Chinese provinces, the epidemiology of Orf and genetic diversity of ORFV strains still needs to be further characterized. To further reveal the genomic organization of the ORFV-GZ18 and ORFV-CL18 isolates, the complete genome sequences of two recently obtained ORFV isolates were sequenced using the next-generation sequencing technology and analyzed, which had been deposited in the GenBank database under accession number MN648218 and MN648219, respectively. The complete genomic sequence of ORFV-CL18 was 138,495 bp in length, including 131 potential open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of 3481 bp at both ends, which has genomic structure typical Parapoxviruses. The overall genomic organization of the fully sequenced genome of ORFV-GZ18 was consistent with ORFV-CL18 genome, with a complete genome size of 138,446 nucleotides, containing 131 ORFs flanked by ITRs of 3469 bp. Additionally, the overall G + C contents of ORFV-GZ18 and ORFV-CL18 genome sequences were about 63.9% and 63.8%, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis showed that both ORFV-GZ18 and ORFV-CL18 were genetically closely related to ORFV-SY17 derived from sheep. In summary, the complete genomic sequences of ORFV-GZ18 and ORFV-CL18 are reported, with the hope it will be useful to investigate the host range, geographic distribution, and genetic evolution of the virus in Southern West and Northern East China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Jiyu Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Lijun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Mengshi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaohui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Ruixue Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Shishi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Jiawei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Shiying Yu
- Liupanshui Agriculture Bureau, Liupanshui, Guizhou, China
| | - Deguang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Wenqi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.
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Kassa T. A Review on Human Orf: A Neglected Viral Zoonosis. Res Rep Trop Med 2021; 12:153-172. [PMID: 34267574 PMCID: PMC8275206 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s306446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiologic agent of Orf or ecthyma contagiosum in humans but primarily affects different domestic and wild animals. The disease mostly affects sheep, goats and other small wild ruminants and spreads to humans through direct contact with infected animals or by way of contaminated fomites worldwide. ORFV is taxonomically classified as a member of the genus Parapoxvirus. It is known to have tolerance to inactivation in a drier environment, and it has been recovered from crusts after several months to years. Among immunocompetent people, the lesions usually resolve by its natural course within a maximum of 8 weeks. In immunosuppressed patients, however, it needs the use of various approaches including antiviral, immune modifier or minor surgical excisions. The virus through its association with divergent host ranges helps to develop a mechanism to evade the immune system. The relative emergence of Orf, diagnosed on clinical ground among human cases, in unusual frequencies in southwest Ethiopia between October 2019 and May 2020, was the driver to write this review. The objective was to increase health care providers' diagnostic curiosity and to bring the attentiveness of public health advisors for prevention, control and the development of schemes for surveillance of Orf zoonosis in a similar setting like Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Kassa
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (CE) is an infectious disease of small ruminants caused by a parapoxvirus of family Poxviridae subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. The disease is obviously distinguished by an establishment of scabby lesions and ulcerative formation on less hairy areas including muzzle, ears, nostril, and sometimes on genitalia. The disease is endemic in sheep and goats. The virus is transmissible to other ruminants and is a public health concern in humans. Although the disease is known as self-limiting, it may cause a significant economic threat and financial losses due to lower productivity in livestock production. Information with regard to the risk of the disease and epidemiology in most parts of the world is underreported. This paper aims to provide relevant information about the epidemiology of CE in selected regions of Europe, South America, North America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. An in-depth comprehension of virus infection, diagnoses, and management of the disease will enable farmers, researchers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, health personnel, and border controllers to improve their measures, skills, and effectiveness toward disease prevention and control, toward reducing unnecessary economic loss among farmers. A herd health program for significant improvement in management and productivity of livestock demands a well planned extension program that ought to encourage farmers to equip themselves with adequate skills for animal healthcare.
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Campbell Z, Coleman P, Guest A, Kushwaha P, Ramuthivheli T, Osebe T, Perry B, Salt J. Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105279. [PMID: 33581421 PMCID: PMC8024747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Managing the health needs of livestock contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of smallholder and pastoralist livestock keepers globally. Animal health practitioners, producers, policymakers, and researchers all must prioritize how to mobilize limited resources. This study employed three approaches to prioritize animal health needs in East and West Africa and South Asia to identify diseases and syndromes that impact livestock keepers. The approaches were a) systematic literature review, b) a series of expert workshops, and c) a practitioner survey of veterinarians and para-veterinary professionals. The top constraints that emerged from all three approaches include endo/ ectoparasites, foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants, Newcastle disease, and avian influenza. Expert workshops additionally identified contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mastitis, and reproductive disorders as constraints not emphasized in the literature review. Practitioner survey results additionally identified nutrition as a constraint for smallholder dairy and pastoralist small ruminant production. Experts attending the workshops agreed most constraints can be managed using existing veterinary technologies and best husbandry practices, which supports a shift away from focusing on individual diseases and new technologies towards addressing systemic challenges that limit access to veterinary services and inputs. Few research studies focused on incidence/ prevalence of disease and impact, suggesting better incorporation of socio-economic impact measures in future research would better represent the interests of livestock keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Campbell
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Paul Coleman
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Guest
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Peetambar Kushwaha
- GALVmed Asia Office, Unit 118 & 120 B, Splendor Forum, Plot No 3, Jasola District Centre, Jasola, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Thembinkosi Ramuthivheli
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tom Osebe
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Perry
- Nuffield College of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Arthurstone House, Meigle, Blairgowrie, PH12 8QW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Salt
- GALVmed UK Office, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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