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Wang Y, Shi Y, Li H, Chang J. Understanding Citrus Viroid Interactions: Experience and Prospects. Viruses 2024; 16:577. [PMID: 38675919 PMCID: PMC11053686 DOI: 10.3390/v16040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus is the natural host of at least eight viroid species, providing a natural platform for studying interactions among viroids. The latter manifests as antagonistic or synergistic phenomena. The antagonistic effect among citrus viroids intuitively leads to reduced symptoms caused by citrus viroids, while the synergistic effect leads to an increase in symptom severity. The interaction phenomenon is complex and interesting, and a deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms induced during this viroid interaction is of great significance for the prevention and control of viroid diseases. This paper summarizes the research progress of citrus viroids in recent years, focusing on the interaction phenomenon and analyzing their interaction mechanisms. It points out the core role of the host RNA silencing mechanism and viroid-derived siRNA (vd-siRNA), and provides suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.)
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Abualrob A, Alabdallah O, Kubaa RA, Naser SM, Alkowni R. Molecular detection of Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus viroid-III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid-IV (CVd-IV) in Palestine. Sci Rep 2024; 14:423. [PMID: 38172610 PMCID: PMC10764322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus hosts various phytopathogens that have impacted productivity, including viroids. Missing data on the status of viroids in citrus in Palestine were not reported. This study was aimed to detect any of Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus viroid-III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid-IV (CVd-IV) in the Palestinian National Agricultural Research Center (NARC) germplasm collection Field inspections found symptoms such as leaf epinasty; vein discoloration, and bark cracking on various citrus varieties. RT-PCR revealed a significant prevalence of CVd-IV; CEVd and CVd-III (47%, 31%, and 22%; respectively). CVd-III variants with 91.3% nucleic acid sequence homology have been reported. The sequence of each viroid were deposited in GenBank as (OP925746 for CEVd, OP902248 and OP902249 for CVd-III-PS-1 and -PS-2 isolates, and OP902247 for CVd-IV). This was the first to report three of citrus viroids in Palestine, appealing to apply of phytosanitary measures to disseminate healthy propagating materials free from viroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswar Abualrob
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | | | - Raied Abou Kubaa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sabri M Naser
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Raed Alkowni
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
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Qiu Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Yang H, Yang M, Zhou C, Cao M. Effects of RNA silencing during antagonism between citrus exocortis viroid and citrus bark cracking viroid in Etrog citron (Citrus medica). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13408. [PMID: 38041680 PMCID: PMC10788473 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) and citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) are two important viroids that infect citrus plants and frequently occur as mixed infections in orchards. However, the mechanism of antagonism between the two viroids in mixed infections remains unclear. The CEVd/CBCVd-citron system and small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) were used to study the antagonism. When CBCVd was inoculated before CEVd, the CEVd titre was significantly reduced and the symptoms were attenuated. Viroid-derived sRNAs (vd-sRNAs) from CEVd and CBCVd were predominantly 21-nucleotide (nt) and 22-nt in length and had similar 5' base biases. Homologous sequences of the two viroids in the terminal right (TR) region are rich in vd-sRNAs, and the high frequency vd-sRNAs selected from the CBCVd TR region can be used to degrade the transcripts of CEVd in vivo directly. These results suggest that RNA silencing may play an important role in the antagonism of the two viroids, thus deepening our understanding of the molecular interaction of long noncoding RNAs in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Qiu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yafei Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yujiao Wu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Han Yang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Mengxue Yang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Mengji Cao
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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Incidence and Epidemiology of Citrus Viroids in Greece: Role of Host and Cultivar in Epidemiological Characteristics. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030605. [PMID: 36992314 PMCID: PMC10055999 DOI: 10.3390/v15030605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viroids represent a threat to the citrus industry and also display an intricate matter for citrus tristeza virus (CTV) control as most of the commercial citrus rootstocks that are resistant/tolerant to CTV appear to be highly susceptible to viroid infection. Therefore, a detailed knowledge of the viroid’s incidence and distribution, along with the assessment of unexplored epidemiological factors leading to their occurrence, are necessary to further improve control measures. Herein, a large-scale epidemiological study of citrus viroids in five districts, 38 locations and 145 fields in Greece is presented, based on the analysis of 3005 samples collected from 29 cultivars of six citrus species. We monitored the occurrence of citrus exocortis (CEVd), hop stunt (HSVd), citrus dwarfing (CDVd), citrus bark cracking (CBCVd), and citrus bent leaf (CBLVd) viroids, and addressed their epidemiological patterns and factors shaping their population structure. Our results show a high frequency and wide distribution of four viroids in all areas and in almost all hosts, whereas CBLVd occurrence was restricted to Crete. Mixed infections were found in all districts in which a wide spread of viroids was observed. We identified a potential pathogens’ different preferences that could be partially explained by the host and cultivar, including the type of infection (single or mixed) and the number of viroids in the mixed infections. Overall, this work provides the first detailed epidemiological study on citrus viroids, enriching our knowledge for the implementation, production, and distribution of certified citrus propagative material, and the development of sustainable control strategies.
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Liu B, Zhang G, Song D, Wang Q, Li H, Gu A, Bai J. Complete genome sequence of a novel virus belonging to the genus Badnavirus in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in China. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1885-1888. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Donovan NJ, Chambers GA, Cao M. Detection of Viroids by RT-PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2316:143-151. [PMID: 34845692 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1464-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is an effective method for detecting the presence of viroids in plant tissue. Viroid RNA is converted to cDNA and amplified to detectable levels, making it a fast and useful detection tool, even when the viroid is present at low levels. Methods of viroid detection using conventional RT-PCR are described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerida J Donovan
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, Australia.
| | - Grant A Chambers
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Mengji Cao
- National Citrus Engineering Research Centre, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Vidalakis G, Wang J, Dang T, Rucker T, Bodaghi S, Tan SH, Lavagi-Craddock I, Syed A, Uribe G, Hsieh Y, Carbajal-Moreno J. SYBR ® Green RT-qPCR for the Universal Detection of Citrus Viroids. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2316:211-217. [PMID: 34845697 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1464-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and reverse transcription (RT)-qPCR have now become the gold standard for molecular diagnostics because of its sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. In addition, qPCR diagnostics are flexible because they can be scaled for high- or low-throughput applications. Here we describe an optimized assay and workflow for the universal detection of eight citrus viroid species and their variants by RT-qPCR. The assay allows for quick and efficient molecular detection of viroids without the need to run RT-qPCR for each individual viroid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Vidalakis
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Jinbo Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
- United States Department of Agriculture-APHIS-Biotechnology Regulatory Service-Biotechnology Risk Assessment Programs, Riverdale, MD, USA.
| | - Tyler Dang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Tavia Rucker
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sohrab Bodaghi
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Shi-Hua Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Irene Lavagi-Craddock
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Syed
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Gerardo Uribe
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yi Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Joana Carbajal-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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Molecular and biological characterization of citrus bent leaf viroid from Malaysia. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1581-1586. [PMID: 34773552 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06930-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 328-nucleotide variant of citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd) was characterized by citrus varieties in Malaysia. After the first report in Malaysia, the emerging CBLVd was detected in five citrus species, namely Citrofortunella microcarpa, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus hystrix, Citrus maxima, and Citrus sinensis. METHODS AND RESULTS CBLVd was detected in 23 out of 133 symptomatic samples through RT-PCR. Sequence analysis of the RT-PCR amplicons from this study showed 99-100% sequence identity to the reference CBLVd Jp isolate and CBLVd isolates reported in Malaysia. Inoculation of sap, obtained from a CBLVd positive sample, into 6-month old healthy C. microcarpa seedlings showed symptoms of slight leaf bending, reduced leaf size of matured leaves, and mild mosaic between 4 to 6 months after inoculation. Moreover, the observed symptoms of chlorosis, midvein necrosis, leaf rolling, and smalling of leaves in calamondin, C. microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands, were not reported in earlier studies and opened a new avenue for the study of symptomology. The mechanical transmissibility of CBLVd in the inoculated seedlings was reconfirmed by RT-PCR assay and sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, the sequence similarity of CBLVd isolates from different areas of Malaysia showed no significant difference among each other and the reference isolate. The CBLVd is mechanically transmissible and could produce variable symptoms in different hosts.
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Chambers GA, Geering ADW, Holford P, Vidalakis G, Donovan NJ. Development of a one-step RT-qPCR detection assay for the newly described citrus viroid VII. J Virol Methods 2021; 299:114330. [PMID: 34648820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An apscaviroid, tentatively named citrus viroid VII (CVd-VII), was recently discovered in citrus in Australia. A diagnostic assay using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was developed and validated to detect the viroid in citrus plants. The assay showed a high level of sensitivity, reliably detecting 2000 plasmid copies per reaction, while down to 20 plasmid copies per reaction were occasionally detected. The assay showed high specificity, producing no false positives or cross-reactivity with a range of other citrus graft-transmissible pathogens, including viroids, viruses and bacteria. The real-time assay was also found to be more sensitive than the available end-point reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay by a factor of 100,000 and could be a useful tool for the rapid detection of CVd-VII in diagnostic and research environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Chambers
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Private Bag 4008, Narellan, NSW, 2567, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia.
| | - Andrew D W Geering
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | - Paul Holford
- Western Sydney University, School of Science, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
| | - Georgios Vidalakis
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Nerida J Donovan
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Private Bag 4008, Narellan, NSW, 2567, Australia
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Chiumenti M, Navarro B, Candresse T, Flores R, Di Serio F. Reassessing species demarcation criteria in viroid taxonomy by pairwise identity matrices. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab001. [PMID: 33623708 PMCID: PMC7887442 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With a small, circular and non-protein coding RNA genome, viroids are the smallest infectious agents. They invade plants, which in turn may develop symptoms. Since their discovery about 50 years ago, more than thirty viroids have been reported and classified using as species demarcation less than 90 per cent sequence identity on the overall genome and evidence of biological divergence with respect to the closest related viroids. In the last few years, new viroids have been identified that infect latently their (frequently) woody hosts and have a narrow experimental hosts range, complicating and slowing down studies on their biology. As a consequence, several viroids are still waiting for classification. Moreover, the number of new viroids is expected to increase in the next years due to the use of high-throughput sequencing technologies with diagnostics purposes. Therefore, establishment of reliable species demarcation criteria mainly based on molecular features of viroids is needed. Here, viroid classification is reassessed and a scheme based on pairwise sequence identity matrices is developed. After identifying a threshold pairwise identity score (PWIS) for each viroid genus, to be used as a species demarcation criterion, we show that most of those yet unclassified viroids can be assigned to a known or to a new species, thus limiting the need for additional biological evidence to only a few more complex situations. The advantages of this PWIS-based method are that the proposed identity thresholds for species demarcations are not arbitrarily established and evidence for biological divergence is not mandatory. Importantly, the current classification is not essentially modified. A protocol for a tentative fast classification of new viroids according to the proposed approach is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Chiumenti
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/D, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Beatriz Navarro
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/D, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Thierry Candresse
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, CS20032 33882, France
| | - Ricardo Flores
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Francesco Di Serio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/D, Bari 70126, Italy
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Abstract
Citrus can host a number of important vector- and graft-transmissible pathogens which cause severe diseases. Citrus disease management and clean stock programs require pathogen detection systems which must be economical and sensitive to maintain a healthy citrus industry. Rapid diagnostic tests for simultaneous detection of major graft-transmissible disease agents enable reduction of cost and time. The genetic and biological features of viruses and viroids can vary according to the strains/variants, with severe and mild strains described within the same species. The use of diagnostic tests that can allow to selectively discriminate severe strain(s) is a powerful tool to intercept the most harmful strains and to reduce the need for biological indexing. Moreover a combination of these detection methods will facilitate the studies on the interactions between CTV and viroids, a research topic only partially explored so far.
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Viroids as Companions of a Professional Career. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030245. [PMID: 30871002 PMCID: PMC6466422 DOI: 10.3390/v11030245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1970s when “virus-like” agents were considered as the cause of two diseases (potato spindle tuber and citrus exocortis), their study and further characterization have been linked to the development and use of molecular biology tools. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) played a critical role in the pioneering studies of PSTVd and citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd). This was later modified by using other PAGEs (sequential PAGE, return PAGE, two-dimensional PAGE), and/or different staining methods (ethidium bromide, silver nitrate, etc.). Since then, disease-causing agents suspected to be viroids were usually subjected to a number of tests to define their: (i) Molecular nature (RNA or DNA; single stranded or double stranded; circular or linear RNA); (ii) molecular weight; (iii) secondary and tertiary structure. Further biological assays are also essential to establish the relationship of a viroid with plant disease and to fulfill Koch’s postulates.
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Wang Y, Atta S, Wang X, Yang F, Zhou C, Cao M. Transcriptome sequencing reveals novel Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) variants from citrus and their molecular characterization. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198022. [PMID: 29889858 PMCID: PMC5995356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), previously called Citrus viroid IV, belongs to the genus Cocadviroid within the family Pospiviroidae. CBCVd has been identified as an important causative agent in citrus and hops. In this study, we obtained the full-length genomes of different variants of all detected citrus viroids from Pakistan through transcriptome sequencing. Different CBCVd variants were first found in Pakistan. These newly discovered Pakistani CBCVd variants were provisionally called "CBCVd-LSS" for their low sequence similarity (80.9%-88.9%) with the CBCVd RefSeq sequence (NC_003539). The two most predominant CBCVd sequences from Pakistan had the closest identity, 90.6% and 87.9%, with two CBCVd sequences isolated from hops. Identification and molecular characterization of CBCVd from citrus in Pakistan and China were also reported. The length of CBCVd from China ranged from 282 to 286 nucleotides, while that of the one from Pakistan ranged from 273 to 277 nucleotides. Based on genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis, two main CBCVd clades were identified. CBCVd sequences from Pakistan, China, and other countries were further divided into six sub-clades. Sequence alignment revealed some nucleotide changes between these sub-clades, and analysis indicated that several mutations could significantly affect the primary and secondary structure of the viroid. Our results indicated that the CBCVd sequences from Pakistan and China were significantly different with respect to genome and secondary structure and Pakistan might be one of the independent geographical origins of CBCVd worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sagheer Atta
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyun Yang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengji Cao
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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