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Cortes-Alvarez SI, Delgado-Enciso I, Rodriguez-Hernandez A, Hernandez-Fuentes GA, Aurelien-Cabezas NS, Moy-Lopez NA, Cortes-Alvarez NY, Guzman-Muñiz J, Guzman-Esquivel J, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Martinez-Fierro ML, Mokay-Ramirez KA, Barajas-Saucedo CE, Sanchez-Ramirez CA. Efficacy of Hot Tea Infusion vs. Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera for the Simultaneous Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver, Hyperlipidemia, and Hyperglycemia in a Murine Model Fed with a High-Fat Diet. J Nutr Metab 2024; 2024:2209581. [PMID: 38375319 PMCID: PMC10876314 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2209581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a native tree of Asia and is cultivated in some areas of Mexico as part of traditional horticulture. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of MO infusion vs. MO ethanolic extract for the simultaneous treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD), hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia in a murine model fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). BALB/c mice were fed a balanced diet (healthy control) or an HFD for 6 months. With this, the NAFLD model was established before starting a therapeutic intervention with MO for two months. The phytochemical analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance in 1H and 13C experiments showed signals for pyrrole alkaloids and triterpenes as the main constituents of the extract and infusion preparation. A significant reduction of SGPT, SGOT, lipids, urea, and glucose in blood among NAFLD groups treated with MO (infusion or extract) was found, when compared to the NAFLD-placebo group. Steatosis and liver inflammation were found to be decreased in the MO groups, as infusion or ethanolic extract. Infusion produced a better therapeutic effect than the extract in all parameters, except glycemic control, where the extract was better. As an additional finding, it is noteworthy that treatment with MO, particularly through infusion, resulted in improved motor activity. Moreover, a reduction in anxiety-like behavior was observed exclusively with the administration of infusion. These observations provide valuable insights into the potential broader effects of Moringa oleifera beyond the primary aim of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma I. Cortes-Alvarez
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Laboratory at School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Ivan Delgado-Enciso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Laboratory at School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Alejandrina Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Laboratory at School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Gustavo A. Hernandez-Fuentes
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Laboratory at School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Nomely S. Aurelien-Cabezas
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Laboratory at School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Norma A. Moy-Lopez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Nadia Y. Cortes-Alvarez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Jorge Guzman-Muñiz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Jose Guzman-Esquivel
- Department of Research, Mexican Social Security Institute, Villa de Alvarez, Colima, Mexico
| | - Iram P. Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Molecular and Structural Physiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Zacatecas Autonomous University, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Karen A. Mokay-Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Laboratory at School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Carlos E. Barajas-Saucedo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Laboratory at School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Carmen A. Sanchez-Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Laboratory at School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
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Artarini A, Hadianti T, Giri-Rachman EA, Tan MI, Safitri IA, Hidayat NA, Retnoningrum DS, Natalia D. Development of Adenovirus-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidate in Indonesia. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:222-232. [PMID: 37076664 PMCID: PMC10115376 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 pandemic has struck worldwide by end of 2019 and the use of various vaccine platforms was one of the main strategies to end this. To meet the needs for vaccine technology equality among many countries, we developed adenovirus-based Covid-19 vaccine candidate in Indonesia. SARS-CoV-2 Spike gene (S) was constructed into pAdEasy vector. The recombinant serotype 5 Adenovirus (AdV_S) genome was transfected into AD293 cells to produce recombinant adenovirus. Characterization using PCR confirmed the presence of spike gene. Transgene expression analysis showed the expression of S protein in AdV_S infected AD293 and A549 cells. Optimization of viral production showed the highest titer was obtained at MOI of 0.1 and 1 at 4 days. The in vivo study was performed by injecting Balb/c mice with 3.5 × 107 ifu of purified adenovirus. The result showed that S1-specific IgG was increased up to 56 days after single-dose administration of AdV_S. Interestingly, significant increase of S1 glycoprotein-specific IFN-γ ELISpot was observed in AdV_S treated Balb/c mice. In conclusion, the AdV_S vaccine candidate was successfully produced at laboratory scale, immunogenic, and did not cause severe inflammation in Balb/c mice. This study serves as initial step towards manufacturing of adenovirus-based vaccine in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Artarini
- School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jln. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
| | - Tia Hadianti
- School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jln. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | | | - Marselina Irasonia Tan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jln. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Intan A Safitri
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jln. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Nurhamidah A Hidayat
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jln. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Debbie S Retnoningrum
- School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jln. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Dessy Natalia
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jln. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
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3
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Mendoza-Hernandez MA, Guzman-Esquivel J, Ramos-Rojas MA, Santillan-Luna VV, Sanchez-Ramirez CA, Hernandez-Fuentes GA, Diaz-Martinez J, Melnikov V, Rojas-Larios F, Martinez-Fierro ML, Tiburcio-Jimenez D, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Delgado-Enciso OG, Cabrera-Licona A, Delgado-Enciso I. Differences in the Evolution of Clinical, Biochemical, and Hematological Indicators in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 According to Their Vaccination Scheme: A Cohort Study in One of the World's Highest Hospital Mortality Populations. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:72. [PMID: 38250885 PMCID: PMC10821037 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines primarily prevent severe illnesses or hospitalization, but there is limited data on their impact during hospitalization for seriously ill patients. In a Mexican cohort with high COVID-19 mortality, a study assessed vaccination's effects. From 2021 to 2022, 462 patients with 4455 hospital days were analyzed. The generalized multivariate linear mixed model (GENLINMIXED) with binary logistic regression link, survival analysis and ROC curves were used to identify risk factors for death. The results showed that the vaccinated individuals were almost half as likely to die (adRR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.30-0.97, p = 0.041). When stratifying by vaccine, the Pfizer group (BNT162b2) had a 2.4-times lower risk of death (adRR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.2-0.8, p = 0.008), while the AstraZeneca group (ChAdOx1-S) group did not significantly differ from the non-vaccinated (adRR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.5-2.3, p = 0.915). The Pfizer group exhibited a higher survival, the unvaccinated showed increasing mortality, and the AstraZeneca group remained intermediate (p = 0.003, multigroup log-rank test). Additionally, BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals had lower values for markers, such as ferritin and D-dimer. Biochemical and hematological indicators suggested a protective effect of both types of vaccines, possibly linked to higher lymphocyte counts and lower platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). It is imperative to highlight that these results reinforce the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. However, further studies are warranted for a comprehensive understanding of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A. Mendoza-Hernandez
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico; (M.A.M.-H.); (V.V.S.-L.); (C.A.S.-R.); (G.A.H.-F.); (V.M.); (F.R.-L.); (D.T.-J.); (O.G.D.-E.)
- General Hospital of Zone 1, Colima Delegation, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Álvarez, Colima 28984, Mexico;
| | - Jose Guzman-Esquivel
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28984, Mexico;
| | - Marco A. Ramos-Rojas
- General Hospital of Zone 1, Colima Delegation, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Álvarez, Colima 28984, Mexico;
| | - Vanessa V. Santillan-Luna
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico; (M.A.M.-H.); (V.V.S.-L.); (C.A.S.-R.); (G.A.H.-F.); (V.M.); (F.R.-L.); (D.T.-J.); (O.G.D.-E.)
| | - Carmen A. Sanchez-Ramirez
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico; (M.A.M.-H.); (V.V.S.-L.); (C.A.S.-R.); (G.A.H.-F.); (V.M.); (F.R.-L.); (D.T.-J.); (O.G.D.-E.)
| | - Gustavo A. Hernandez-Fuentes
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico; (M.A.M.-H.); (V.V.S.-L.); (C.A.S.-R.); (G.A.H.-F.); (V.M.); (F.R.-L.); (D.T.-J.); (O.G.D.-E.)
- Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico;
| | - Janet Diaz-Martinez
- Research Center in Minority Institutions, Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Valery Melnikov
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico; (M.A.M.-H.); (V.V.S.-L.); (C.A.S.-R.); (G.A.H.-F.); (V.M.); (F.R.-L.); (D.T.-J.); (O.G.D.-E.)
| | - Fabian Rojas-Larios
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico; (M.A.M.-H.); (V.V.S.-L.); (C.A.S.-R.); (G.A.H.-F.); (V.M.); (F.R.-L.); (D.T.-J.); (O.G.D.-E.)
| | - Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Tiburcio-Jimenez
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico; (M.A.M.-H.); (V.V.S.-L.); (C.A.S.-R.); (G.A.H.-F.); (V.M.); (F.R.-L.); (D.T.-J.); (O.G.D.-E.)
| | - Iram P. Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Molecular and Structural Physiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Mexico;
| | - Osiris G. Delgado-Enciso
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico; (M.A.M.-H.); (V.V.S.-L.); (C.A.S.-R.); (G.A.H.-F.); (V.M.); (F.R.-L.); (D.T.-J.); (O.G.D.-E.)
| | | | - Ivan Delgado-Enciso
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico; (M.A.M.-H.); (V.V.S.-L.); (C.A.S.-R.); (G.A.H.-F.); (V.M.); (F.R.-L.); (D.T.-J.); (O.G.D.-E.)
- Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico;
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Mata-Espinosa D, Lara-Espinosa JV, Barrios-Payán J, Hernández-Pando R. The Use of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy and Vaccination in Tuberculosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1475. [PMID: 37895946 PMCID: PMC10610538 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is one of the primary causes of death globally. The treatment of TB is long and based on several drugs, producing problems in compliance and toxicity, increasing Mtb resistance to first-line antibiotics that result in multidrug-resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB. Thus, the need for new anti-TB treatments has increased. Here, we review some model strategies to study gene therapy based on the administration of a recombinant adenovirus that encodes diverse cytokines, such as IFNγ, IL12, GM/CSF, OPN, TNFα, and antimicrobial peptides to enhance the protective immune response against Mtb. These models include a model of progressive pulmonary TB, a model of chronic infection similar to latent TB, and a murine model of pulmonary Mtb transmission to close contacts. We also review new vaccines that deliver Mtb antigens via particle- or virus-based vectors and trigger protective immune responses. The results obtained in this type of research suggest that this is an alternative therapy that has the potential to treat active TB as an adjuvant to conventional antibiotics and a promising preventive treatment for latent TB reactivation and Mtb transmission. Moreover, Ad vector vaccines are adequate for preventing infectious diseases, including TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.V.L.-E.); (J.B.-P.)
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5
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Banoun H. mRNA: Vaccine or Gene Therapy? The Safety Regulatory Issues. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10514. [PMID: 37445690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines were developed and approved rapidly in response to the urgency created by the pandemic. No specific regulations existed at the time they were marketed. The regulatory agencies therefore adapted them as a matter of urgency. Now that the pandemic emergency has passed, it is time to consider the safety issues associated with this rapid approval. The mode of action of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines should classify them as gene therapy products (GTPs), but they have been excluded by regulatory agencies. Some of the tests they have undergone as vaccines have produced non-compliant results in terms of purity, quality and batch homogeneity. The wide and persistent biodistribution of mRNAs and their protein products, incompletely studied due to their classification as vaccines, raises safety issues. Post-marketing studies have shown that mRNA passes into breast milk and could have adverse effects on breast-fed babies. Long-term expression, integration into the genome, transmission to the germline, passage into sperm, embryo/fetal and perinatal toxicity, genotoxicity and tumorigenicity should be studied in light of the adverse events reported in pharmacovigilance databases. The potential horizontal transmission (i.e., shedding) should also have been assessed. In-depth vaccinovigilance should be carried out. We would expect these controls to be required for future mRNA vaccines developed outside the context of a pandemic.
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Li X, Le Y, Zhang Z, Nian X, Liu B, Yang X. Viral Vector-Based Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097736. [PMID: 37175441 PMCID: PMC10177981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is a technique involving the modification of an individual's genes for treating a particular disease. The key to effective gene therapy is an efficient carrier delivery system. Viral vectors that have been artificially modified to lose their pathogenicity are used widely as a delivery system, with the key advantages of their natural high transduction efficiency and stable expression. With decades of development, viral vector-based gene therapies have achieved promising clinical outcomes. Currently, the three key vector strategies are based on adeno-associated viruses, adenoviruses, and lentiviruses. However, certain challenges, such as immunotoxicity and "off-target", continue to exist. In the present review, the above three viral vectors are discussed along with their respective therapeutic applications. In addition, the major translational challenges encountered in viral vector-based gene therapies are summarized, and the possible strategies to address these challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Li
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Yang Le
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Zhegang Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xuanxuan Nian
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Bo Liu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- China National Biotech Group Company Limited, Beijing 100029, China
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7
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Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Karampela I, Muscogiuri G, Dalamaga M. Use of adenovirus type-5 vector vaccines in COVID-19: potential implications for metabolic health? Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2022; 47:264-269. [PMID: 35621112 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.22.03797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Propedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece -
| | - Natalia G Vallianou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Karampela
- Second Department of Critical Care, Medical School, Attikon General University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, Centro Italiano per la Cura e il Benessere del Patiente con Obesità (CIBO), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Magdy Beshbishy A, Hetta HF, Hussein DE, Saati AA, C. Uba C, Rivero-Perez N, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Shah MA, Behl T, Batiha GES. Factors Associated with Increased Morbidity and Mortality of Obese and Overweight COVID-19 Patients. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E280. [PMID: 32916925 PMCID: PMC7564335 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are defined as an unnecessary accumulation of fat, which poses a risk to health. It is a well-identified risk factor for increased mortality due to heightened rates of heart disease, certain cancers, musculoskeletal disorders, and bacterial, protozoan and viral infections. The increasing prevalence of obesity is of concern, as conventional pathogenesis may indeed be increased in obese hosts rather than healthy hosts, especially during this COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 is a new disease and we do not have the luxury of cumulative data. Obesity activates the development of gene induced hypoxia and adipogenesis in obese animals. Several factors can influence obesity, for example, stress can increase the body weight by allowing people to consume high amounts of food with a higher propensity to consume palatable food. Obesity is a risk factor for the development of immune-mediated and some inflammatory-mediated diseases, including atherosclerosis and psoriasis, leading to a dampened immune response to infectious agents, leading to weaker post-infection impacts. Moreover, the obese host creates a special microenvironment for disease pathogenesis, marked by persistent low-grade inflammation. Therefore, it is advisable to sustain healthy eating habits by increasing the consumption of various plant-based and low-fat foods to protect our bodies and decrease the risk of infectious diseases, especially COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Diaa E. Hussein
- Researcher, Department of Food Hygiene, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute, Port of Alexandria 26514, Egypt;
| | - Abdullah A. Saati
- Department of Community Medicine & Pilgrims Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Christian C. Uba
- Department of Microbiology, Paul University, Awka, Anambra State PMB 6074, Nigeria;
| | - Nallely Rivero-Perez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo 43600, Hgo, Mexico; (N.R.-P.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo 43600, Hgo, Mexico; (N.R.-P.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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