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Xie S, Cui L, Liao Z, Zhu J, Ren S, Niu K, Li H, Jiang F, Wu J, Wang J, Wu J, Song B, Wu W, Peng C. Genomic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus asian variants and evaluation of its cellular tropism. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:65. [PMID: 38514651 PMCID: PMC10957905 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a poxvirus that mainly affects cattle and can lead to symptoms such as severe reduction in milk production as well as infertility and mortality, which has resulted in dramatic economic loss in affected countries in Africa, Europe, and Asia. In this study, we successfully isolated two strains of LSDV from different geographical regions in China. Comparative genomic analyses were performed by incorporating additional LSDV whole genome sequences reported in other areas of Asia. Our analyses revealed that LSDV exhibited an 'open' pan-genome. Phylogenetic analysis unveiled distinct branches of LSDV evolution, signifying the prevalence of multiple lineages of LSDV across various regions in Asia. In addition, a reporter LSDV expressing eGFP directed by a synthetic poxvirus promoter was generated and used to evaluate the cell tropism of LSDV in various mammalian and avian cell lines. Our results demonstrated that LSDV replicated efficiently in several mammalian cell lines, including human A549 cells. In conclusion, our results underscore the necessity for strengthening LSD outbreak control measures and continuous epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lianxin Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiyi Liao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junda Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuning Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kang Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, 102618, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, 102618, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases/Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, 830013, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases/Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, 830013, China
| | - Baifen Song
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxue Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Chen Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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2
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Sendow I, Meki IK, Dharmayanti NLPI, Hoerudin H, Ratnawati A, Settypalli TBK, Ahmed HO, Nuradji H, Saepulloh M, Adji RS, Fairusya N, Sari F, Anindita K, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. Molecular characterization of recombinant LSDV isolates from 2022 outbreak in Indonesia through phylogenetic networks and whole-genome SNP-based analysis. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:240. [PMID: 38438878 PMCID: PMC10913250 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral disease of cattle and water buffaloes caused by the LSD virus, leading to high morbidity, low mortality, and a significant economic impact. Initially endemic to Africa only, LSD has spread to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia in the past decade. The most effective control strategy for LSD is the vaccination of cattle with live-attenuated LSDV vaccines. Consequently, the emergence of two groups of LSDV strains in Asian countries, one closely related to the ancient Kenyan LSDV isolates and the second made of recombinant viruses with a backbone of Neethling-vaccine and field isolates, emphasized the need for constant molecular surveillance. This current study investigated the first outbreak of LSD in Indonesia in 2022. Molecular characterization of the isolate circulating in the country based on selected LSDV-marker genes: RPO30, GPCR, EEV glycoprotein gene, and B22R, as well as whole genome analysis using several analytical tools, indicated the Indonesia LSDV isolate as a recombinant of LSDV_Neethling_vaccine_LW_1959 and LSDV_NI-2490. The analysis clustered the Indonesia_LSDV with the previously reported LSDV recombinants circulating in East and Southeast Asia, but different from the recombinant viruses in Russia and the field isolates in South-Asian countries. Additionally, this study has demonstrated alternative accurate ways of LSDV whole genome analysis and clustering of isolates, including the recombinants, instead of whole-genome phylogenetic tree analysis. These data will strengthen our understanding of the pathogens' origin, the extent of their spread, and determination of suitable control measures required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrawati Sendow
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Irene Kasindi Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria.
| | - Ni Luh Putu Indi Dharmayanti
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Heri Hoerudin
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Atik Ratnawati
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Tirumala Bharani K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
| | - Hatem Ouled Ahmed
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
| | - Harimurti Nuradji
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muharam Saepulloh
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rahmat Setya Adji
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nuha Fairusya
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
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3
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Van Borm S, Dellicour S, Martin DP, Lemey P, Agianniotaki EI, Chondrokouki ED, Vidanovic D, Vaskovic N, Petroviċ T, Laziċ S, Koleci X, Vodica A, Djadjovski I, Krstevski K, Vandenbussche F, Haegeman A, De Clercq K, Mathijs E. Complete genome reconstruction of the global and European regional dispersal history of the lumpy skin disease virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0139423. [PMID: 37905838 PMCID: PMC10688313 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01394-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has a complex epidemiology involving multiple strains, recombination, and vaccination. Its DNA genome provides limited genetic variation to trace outbreaks in space and time. Sequencing of LSDV whole genomes has also been patchy at global and regional scales. Here, we provide the first fine-grained whole genome sequence sampling of a constrained LSDV outbreak (southeastern Europe, 2015-2017), which we analyze along with global publicly available genomes. We formally evaluate the past occurrence of recombination events as well as the temporal signal that is required for calibrating molecular clock models and subsequently conduct a time-calibrated spatially explicit phylogeographic reconstruction. Our study further illustrates the importance of accounting for recombination events before reconstructing global and regional dynamics of DNA viruses. More LSDV whole genomes from endemic areas are needed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of global LSDV dispersal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Van Borm
- Scientific Directorate Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Darren P. Martin
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eirini I. Agianniotaki
- National Reference Laboratory for Capripoxviruses, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial and Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni D. Chondrokouki
- National Reference Laboratory for Capripoxviruses, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial and Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Dejan Vidanovic
- Department for laboratory diagnostics, Veterinary Specialized Institute, Kraljevo, Serbia
| | - Nikola Vaskovic
- Department for laboratory diagnostics, Veterinary Specialized Institute, Kraljevo, Serbia
| | - Tamaš Petroviċ
- Department for Virology, Scientific Veterinary Institute, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sava Laziċ
- Department for Virology, Scientific Veterinary Institute, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Xhelil Koleci
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Ani Vodica
- Animal Health Department, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Tirana, Albania
| | - Igor Djadjovski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Kiril Krstevski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Frank Vandenbussche
- Scientific Directorate Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Scientific Directorate Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Scientific Directorate Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Mathijs
- Scientific Directorate Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Mazloum A, Van Schalkwyk A, Babiuk S, Venter E, Wallace DB, Sprygin A. Lumpy skin disease: history, current understanding and research gaps in the context of recent geographic expansion. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266759. [PMID: 38029115 PMCID: PMC10652407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is recognized as a transboundary and emerging disease of cattle, buffaloes and other wild ruminants. Being initially restricted to Africa, and since 1989 the Middle East, the unprecedented recent spread across Eurasia demonstrates how underestimated and neglected this disease is. The initial identification of the causative agent of LSD as a poxvirus called LSD virus, was well as findings on LSDV transmission and epidemiology were pioneered at Onderstepoort, South Africa, from as early as the 1940s by researchers such as Weiss, Haig and Alexander. As more data emerges from an ever-increasing number of epidemiological studies, previously emphasized research gaps are being revisited and discussed. The currently available knowledge is in agreement with the previously described South African research experience that LSDV transmission can occur by multiple routes, including indirect contact, shared water sources and arthropods. The virus population is prone to molecular evolution, generating novel phylogenetically distinct variants resulting from a diverse range of selective pressures, including recombination between field and homologous vaccine strains in cell culture that produce virulent recombinants which pose diagnostic challenges. Host restriction is not limited to livestock, with certain wild ruminants being susceptible, with unknown consequences for the epidemiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Antoinette Van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Estelle Venter
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Discipline Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - David B. Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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5
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Bianchini J, Simons X, Humblet MF, Saegerman C. Lumpy Skin Disease: A Systematic Review of Mode of Transmission, Risk of Emergence and Risk Entry Pathway. Viruses 2023; 15:1622. [PMID: 37631965 PMCID: PMC10458895 DOI: 10.3390/v15081622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of lumpy skin disease (LSD) to free countries over the last 10 years, particularly countries in Europe, Central and South East Asia, has highlighted the threat of emergence in new areas or re-emergence in countries that achieved eradication. This review aimed to identify studies on LSD epidemiology. A focus was made on hosts, modes of transmission and spread, risks of outbreaks and emergence in new areas. In order to summarize the research progress regarding the epidemiological characteristics of LSD virus over the last 40 years, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines were followed, via two databases, i.e., PubMed (biomedical literature) and Scopus (peer-reviewed literature including scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings). A total of 86 scientific articles were considered and classified according to the type of epidemiological study, i.e., experimental versus observational. The main findings and limitations of the retrieved articles were summarized: buffaloes are the main non-cattle hosts, the main transmission mode is mechanical, i.e., via blood-sucking vectors, and stable flies are the most competent vectors. Vectors are mainly responsible for a short-distance spread, while cattle trade spread the virus over long distances. Furthermore, vaccine-recombinant strains have emerged. In conclusion, controlling animal trade and insects in animal transport trucks are the most appropriate measures to limit or prevent LSD (re)emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Bianchini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR- ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, (FARAH) Centre, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Xavier Simons
- Unit Veterinary Epidemiology, Department Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Marie-France Humblet
- Department of Occupational Protection and Hygiene, Unit Biosafety, Biosecurity and Environmental Licences, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR- ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, (FARAH) Centre, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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6
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Lumpy Skin Disease—An Emerging Cattle Disease in Europe and Asia. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030578. [PMID: 36992162 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a member of the Capripoxvirus genus, mainly infecting cattle and buffalo, which until relatively recently was only endemic in parts of Africa and then spread to the Middle East and lately Europe and Asia. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a notifiable disease with a serious impact on the beef industry as it causes mortality of up to 10% and has impacts on milk and meat production, as well as fertility. The close serological relationship between LSDV, goat poxvirus (GTPV) and sheep poxvirus (SPPV) has led to live attenuated GTPV and SPPV vaccines being used to protect against LSD in some countries. There is evidence that the SPPV vaccine does not protect from LSD as well as the GTPV and LSDV vaccines. One of the LSD vaccines used in Eastern Europe was found to be a combination of different Capripoxviruses, and a series of recombination events in the manufacturing process resulted in cattle being vaccinated with a range of recombinant LSDVs resulting in virulent LSDV which spread throughout Asia. It is likely that LSD will become endemic throughout Asia as it will be very challenging to control the spread of the virus without widespread vaccination.
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7
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The genome sequence of lumpy skin disease virus from an outbreak in India suggests a distinct lineage of the virus. Arch Virol 2023; 168:81. [PMID: 36740645 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05705-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although previously confined to regions within Africa, lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infections have caused significantly large outbreaks in several regions of the world in recent years. In 2019, an outbreak of the disease was reported in India with low rates of morbidity and no reported mortality. However, in 2022, an ongoing outbreak of LSDV spanning over seven states in India resulted in the loss of over 80,000 cattle over a period of three months. Here, we report complete genome sequences of six isolates of LSDV collected from affected cattle during an ongoing outbreak of the disease in Rajasthan, India. Analysis of these sequences showed that the genome isolates from the 2022 outbreak have a large number of genetic variations compared to the reference strain and that they form a distinct genetic lineage. This report thus highlights the importance of genome sequencing and surveillance of transboundary infectious agents to track the prevalence and emergence of variants.
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8
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Evidence of Lumpy Skin Virus DNA in Blood-Feeding Flies During Outbreaks in Russia in 2018-2019. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2022-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this study we report the testing of blood-feeding and synanthropic flies captured near animals affected by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in Russia during the outbreaks in the Kurgan region in 2018 and Saratov region in 2019. The insects of interest were the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanidae horse flies, Culicoides midges and the house fly Musca domestica examined as individuals or pools. The obtained findings demonstrate that viral DNA was found in pools of S.calcitrans and M. domestica and in the head and abdomen of stable flies. This is the first report of LSDV DNA detection in Tabanidae flies from the field. The presented data are envisaged to help further guide the search for putative vectors of LSDV in different climatic regions and interpret laboratory-controlled experiments on vector-borne transmission of LSDV.
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9
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Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Africa, Europe, and Asia (2005-2022): Multiple Change Point Analysis and Time Series Forecast. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102203. [PMID: 36298758 PMCID: PMC9611638 DOI: 10.3390/v14102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
LSD is an important transboundary disease affecting the cattle industry worldwide. The objectives of this study were to determine trends and significant change points, and to forecast the number of LSD outbreak reports in Africa, Europe, and Asia. LSD outbreak report data (January 2005 to January 2022) from the World Organization for Animal Health were analyzed. We determined statistically significant change points in the data using binary segmentation, and forecast the number of LSD reports using auto-regressive moving average (ARIMA) and neural network auto-regressive (NNAR) models. Four significant change points were identified for each continent. The year between the third and fourth change points (2016-2019) in the African data was the period with the highest mean of number of LSD reports. All change points of LSD outbreaks in Europe corresponded with massive outbreaks during 2015-2017. Asia had the highest number of LSD reports in 2019 after the third detected change point in 2018. For the next three years (2022-2024), both ARIMA and NNAR forecast a rise in the number of LSD reports in Africa and a steady number in Europe. However, ARIMA predicts a stable number of outbreaks in Asia, whereas NNAR predicts an increase in 2023-2024. This study provides information that contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology of LSD.
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10
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Sprygin A, Mazloum A, van Schalkwyk A, Babiuk S. Capripoxviruses, leporipoxviruses, and orthopoxviruses: Occurrences of recombination. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:978829. [PMID: 36274700 PMCID: PMC9584655 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.978829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses with several members displaying restricted host ranges. They are genetically stable with low nucleotide mutation rates compared to other viruses, due to the poxviral high-fidelity DNA polymerase. Despite the low accumulation of mutations per replication cycle, poxvirus genomes can recombine with each other to generate genetically rearranged viruses through recombination, a process directly associated with replication and the aforementioned DNA polymerase. Orthopoxvirus replication is intimately tethered to high frequencies of homologous recombination between co-infecting viruses, duplicated sequences of the same virus, and plasmid DNA transfected into poxvirus-infected cells. Unfortunately, the effect of these genomic alterations on the cellular context for all poxviruses across the family Poxviridae remains elusive. However, emerging sequence data on currently circulating and archived poxviruses, such as the genera orthopoxviruses and capripoxviruses, display a wide degree of divergence. This genetic variability cannot be explained by clonality or genetic drift alone, but are probably a result of significant genomic alterations, such as homologous recombination, gene loss and gain, or gene duplications as the major selection forces acting on viral progeny. The objective of this review is to cross-sectionally overview the currently available findings on natural and laboratory observations of recombination in orthopoxviruses, capripoxviruses, and leporipoxviruses, as well as the possible mechanisms involved. Overall, the reviewed available evidence allows us to conclude that the current state of knowledge is limited in terms of the relevance of genetic variations across even a genus of poxviruses as well as fundamental features governing and precipitating intrinsic gene flow and recombination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sprygin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
- *Correspondence: Alexander Sprygin,
| | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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11
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Byadovskaya O, Prutnikov P, Shalina K, Babiuk S, Perevozchikova N, Korennoy F, Chvala I, Kononov A, Sprygin A. The changing epidemiology of lumpy skin disease in Russia since the first introduction from 2015 to 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2551-e2562. [PMID: 35583857 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important transboundary disease affecting cattle, causing large economic losses such as decreased production and trade restrictions. LSD has been a historically neglected disease since it previously caused disease limited to the African continent. Currently, the epidemiology of LSD virus is based on how the disease is transmitted in tropical and sub-tropical climates. The understanding of its epidemiology in hemiboreal climates is not well understood and needs urgent attention to expand the current knowledge. In this study, the epidemiological findings on LSD in Russia over a 6-year period are summarized and discussed. A total of 471 outbreaks were identified spanning over a 9000 km range. The outbreaks of LSD occur primarily in small holder farms (backyard) compared to commercial farms between mid-May through mid-November including weather conditions with snow and freezing temperatures that preclude vector activity. Mortality and morbidity varied across the 6 years ranging from 1.19% to 61.8% and 0% to 50%, respectively, with a tendency to decline from 2015 to 2020. The geographic pattern of spread was assessed by means of directionality, indicating a northward movement from 2015 to 2016, with a consequent East turn in 2017 through Siberia to the Far East by 2020. All cases occurred along the border with Kazakhstan. Mathematical modelling showed that the disease tended to form statistically verified annual spatiotemporal clusters in 2016-2018, whereas in 2019 and 2020 such segregation was not evident. The trend of spread was mainly either from south to north or from south to a north-east direction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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12
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Update of Lumpy Skin Disease: Emergence in Asian Part of Eurasia. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2022-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious disease mostly of cattle. The typical clinical picture is usually characterized by the appearance of multiple nodules on the skin and internal organs. They can cover the entire body of the animal in the course of severe illness. This disease causes serious economic damage despite the fact that mortality of cattle with LSD is often low. Now LSD is a serious danger for cattle in the Asian part of Russia (part of the territory of the Russian Federation geographically belonging to Asia) and the Southeast Asia. Initially LSD was an endemic disease in many Sub-Saharan African countries, then it spread to Asia and Europe. In order to prevent the spread of the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), strict quarantine is introduced, vector control is carried out and various other LSD control measures are implemented. An effective vaccination campaign is required to significantly reduce the morbidity. However, the risk of spreading this transboundary disease to neighboring LSDV virus-free countries and regions of Asia, remains high enough. This article contains a summary of the available information about the spread of LSD in Asian part of Eurasia for the period of 1984 - February 2022. We are also discussing the latest available findings on the epidemiology of LSD and the methods currently used for the prevention and control of the LSDV.
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Zan X, Huang H, Guo Y, Di D, Fu C, Wang S, Wu Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Ma Y, Chai C, Su R, Song Q, Wang W. Molecular characterization of a novel subgenotype of lumpy skin disease virus strain isolated in Inner Mongolia of China. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:295. [PMID: 35906644 PMCID: PMC9335961 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outbreak of Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle caused by LSD virus (LSDV) was first reported in August 2019 in China. Since then, several LSD outbreaks have been reported in seven different provinces of China. Until now, several Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) strains from China have been reported and sequenced including LSDV/Xinjiang/2019 (MN598005.1), China/GD01/2020 (MW355944.1), and LSDV/Hongkong/2021 (MW732649.1). In October 2020, more than 1,700 cattle imported from Chile arrived in Xilingol, Inner Mongolia, and were diagnosed with LSD. Currently, limited data on the origin of the virus is available. METHODS Nucleotide sequences of the ORF11, ORF36, ORF74, ORF117, ORF126 genes and the complete genome of LSDV strains and isolates were downloaded from NCBI database. MEGA7.0 was used to perform phylogenetic analysis with Neighbor-Joining (NJ). DNASTAR software is used to analyze homologous comparison analysis with related genes of reference strains included in Genbank. RESULTS Compared with other strains isolated from China, the results of full genome sequence analysis showed the LSDV/NMG/2020 strain belonged to the recombinant strains. The LSDV/NMG/2020 strain is different from the current LSDV field isolates in Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and the newly emerged LSDV Russia variants. Based on the identities of P32, RPO30, EEV, GPCR and LSDV117 genes (99.8%, 99%, 99.8%, 99% and 98.7%), the sub-cluster recombinant containing LSDV/NMG/2020 strain is phylogenetically closer to the Russia strain (Saratov/2017). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we reported a new isolated LSDV strain named LSDV/NMG/2020. The results of genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the LSDV/NMG/2020 isolate was a vaccine-like recombinant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zan
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & breeding of grassland livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Haibi Huang
- JINYU Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Hohhot, China
| | - Dongdong Di
- JINYU Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
| | - Cun Fu
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & breeding of grassland livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shirong Wang
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & breeding of grassland livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Youzhi Wu
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & breeding of grassland livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jialei Wang
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & breeding of grassland livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan Wang
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & breeding of grassland livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanhua Ma
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & breeding of grassland livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China ,grid.410612.00000 0004 0604 6392Basic Medical School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunxia Chai
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & breeding of grassland livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Rui Su
- Beijing Boshi Biotech Co.Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- JINYU Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
| | - Wei Wang
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & breeding of grassland livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
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Wang Y, Zhao L, Yang J, Shi M, Nie F, Liu S, Wang Z, Huang D, Wu H, Li D, Lin H, Li Y. Analysis of vaccine-like lumpy skin disease virus from flies near the western border of China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1813-1823. [PMID: 34033246 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a devastating viral disease that occurs in cattle. In China, it was first detected in the Xin-Jiang autonomous region, near the border with Kazakhstan, in August 2019. As there were no new occurrences of LSD in either country following the first detection, the initial introduction of the virus remains unknown. Arthropod vectors were considered as potential vectors. Consequently, to identify the arthropod vectors involved in transmitting LSD virus (LSDV), an insect surveillance campaign was launched at four different sites scattered along the border, and samples from 22 flying insect species were collected and subjected to PCR assays. Following the Agianniotaki LSDV vaccine and Sprygin's general LSDV assays, two kinds of non-biting flies, namely, Musca domestica L and Muscina stabulans, were positive for LSDV. However, all the other insects tested negative. Viral DNA was only detected in wash fluid, implying body surface contamination of the virus. The negative test results suggest that non-biting flies are the dominant insects involved in the observed local epidemic. Three genomic regions encoding RPO30, GPCR, and LW126 were successfully sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The sequences shared high homology with LSDV/Russia/Saratov/2017, a recombinant vaccine-like strain formerly identified in Russia, and clustered with LSDV vaccine strains in phylogenetic trees of RPO30 and LW126. However, the GPCR gene was seen to be solely clustered with LSDV field strains, implying differences in host affinity between these closely related vaccine-like strains. Despite this, there is no direct evidence to support cross-border transmission of the vaccine-like LSDV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of vaccine-like LSDV DNA detection in non-biting flies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Animal Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Child Development and Disorders, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Animal Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Child Development and Disorders, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Meimei Shi
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Fuping Nie
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengfen Liu
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengbao Wang
- Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Yi-Ning Custom, Yining, China
| | - Daochao Huang
- Department of Animal Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Child Development and Disorders, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Haikou Custom, Haikou, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chengdu Custom, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingguo Li
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
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15
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Vandenbussche F, Mathijs E, Philips W, Saduakassova M, De Leeuw I, Sultanov A, Haegeman A, De Clercq K. Recombinant LSDV Strains in Asia: Vaccine Spillover or Natural Emergence? Viruses 2022; 14:v14071429. [PMID: 35891412 PMCID: PMC9318037 DOI: 10.3390/v14071429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2017 to 2019, several vaccine-like recombinant strains of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) were discovered in Kazakhstan and neighbouring regions of Russia and China. Shortly before their emergence, the authorities in Kazakhstan launched a mass vaccination campaign with the Neethling-based Lumpivax vaccine. Since none of the other countries in the affected region had used a homologous LSDV vaccine, it was soon suspected that the Lumpivax vaccine was the cause of these unusual LSDV strains. In this study, we performed a genome-wide molecular analysis to investigate the composition of two Lumpivax vaccine batches and to establish a possible link between the vaccine and the recent outbreaks. Although labelled as a pure Neethling-based LSDV vaccine, the Lumpivax vaccine appears to be a complex mixture of multiple CaPVs. Using an iterative enrichment/assembly strategy, we obtained the complete genomes of a Neethling-like LSDV vaccine strain, a KSGP-like LSDV vaccine strain and a Sudan-like GTPV strain. The same analysis also revealed the presence of several recombinant LSDV strains that were (almost) identical to the recently described vaccine-like LSDV strains. Based on their InDel/SNP signatures, the vaccine-like recombinant strains can be divided into four groups. Each group has a distinct breakpoint pattern resulting from multiple recombination events, with the number of genetic exchanges ranging from 126 to 146. The enormous divergence of the recombinant strains suggests that they arose during seed production. The recent emergence of vaccine-like LSDV strains in large parts of Asia is, therefore, most likely the result of a spillover from animals vaccinated with the Lumpivax vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Vandenbussche
- EURL for Diseases Caused by Capripoxviruses, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (F.V.); (E.M.); (W.P.)
| | - Elisabeth Mathijs
- EURL for Diseases Caused by Capripoxviruses, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (F.V.); (E.M.); (W.P.)
| | - Wannes Philips
- EURL for Diseases Caused by Capripoxviruses, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (F.V.); (E.M.); (W.P.)
| | - Meruyert Saduakassova
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute (KazSRVI/KazNIVI), Raiymbek ave. 223, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan; (M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Unit of Exotic and Particular Diseases, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (I.D.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Akhmetzhan Sultanov
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute (KazSRVI/KazNIVI), Raiymbek ave. 223, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan; (M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Unit of Exotic and Particular Diseases, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (I.D.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Unit of Exotic and Particular Diseases, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (I.D.L.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Fay PC, Wijesiriwardana N, Munyanduki H, Sanz-Bernardo B, Lewis I, Haga IR, Moffat K, van Vliet AHM, Hope J, Graham SP, Beard PM. The immune response to lumpy skin disease virus in cattle is influenced by inoculation route. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1051008. [PMID: 36518761 PMCID: PMC9742517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes severe disease in cattle and water buffalo and is transmitted by hematophagous arthropod vectors. Detailed information of the adaptive and innate immune response to LSDV is limited, hampering the development of tools to control the disease. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the immune responses of calves experimentally inoculated with LSDV via either needle-inoculation or arthropod-inoculation using virus-positive Stomoxys calcitrans and Aedes aegypti vectors. Seven out of seventeen needle-inoculated calves (41%) developed clinical disease characterised by multifocal necrotic cutaneous nodules. In comparison 8/10 (80%) of the arthropod-inoculated calves developed clinical disease. A variable LSDV-specific IFN-γ immune response was detected in the needle-inoculated calves from 5 days post inoculation (dpi) onwards, with no difference between clinical calves (developed cutaneous lesions) and nonclinical calves (did not develop cutaneous lesions). In contrast a robust and uniform cell-mediated immune response was detected in all eight clinical arthropod-inoculated calves, with little response detected in the two nonclinical arthropod-inoculated calves. Neutralising antibodies against LSDV were detected in all inoculated cattle from 5-7 dpi. Comparison of the production of anti-LSDV IgM and IgG antibodies revealed no difference between clinical and nonclinical needle-inoculated calves, however a strong IgM response was evident in the nonclinical arthropod-inoculated calves but absent in the clinical arthropod-inoculated calves. This suggests that early IgM production is a correlate of protection in LSD. This study presents the first evidence of differences in the immune response between clinical and nonclinical cattle and highlights the importance of using a relevant transmission model when studying LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Fay
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Najith Wijesiriwardana
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Isabel Lewis
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Ismar R Haga
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Katy Moffat
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jayne Hope
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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17
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Agianniotaki EI, Chaintoutis SC, Haegeman A, De Clercq K, Chondrokouki E, Dovas CI. A TaqMan probe-based multiplex real-time PCR method for the specific detection of wild type lumpy skin disease virus with beta-actin as internal amplification control. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 60:101778. [PMID: 34774743 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary disease of economic importance affecting cattle and buffaloes. In South-Eastern Europe, immunization of cattle with homologous live attenuated vaccines for LSD control has prevented outbreaks since 2017, but has been associated with adverse reactions resembling disease symptoms. Thus, a diagnostic method suitable for disease surveillance in farms during vaccination campaigns with Neethling (Onderstepoort) and SIS type (Lumpyvax) live attenuated LSDV vaccines in Europe should be able to detect the wild type (WT) LSDV in animals with adverse reactions to the vaccines and samples with potentially high titers of the vaccine LSDV. To this end, a real-time PCR method targeting the EEV gene of LSDV was developed for the specific detection of WT strains, along with the use of beta-actin gene as an internal amplification control (IAC). Amplification efficiency of the WT virus target was 99.0% and 98.6%, in the presence and in the absence of high loads of vaccine LSDV, respectively. In the presence of 105.6 vaccine LSDV DNA copies, the limit of detection for WT LSDV was 12.6 DNA copies per reaction. The inter-assay CV was 0.04% for WT LSDV and 0.13% for beta-actin. The method can confirm diagnosis in suspect cases irrespective of the presence of the vaccine LSDV DNA by overcoming the masking effect of the WT LSDV. The simultaneous amplification of the beta-actin gene further assures the quality of diagnostic testing. The new method is a surveillance tool, complementing the DIVA real-time PCR during vaccination campaigns and can provide rapid insight on the targeted EEV gene in countries with novel and recombinant LSDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini I Agianniotaki
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; National Reference Laboratory for Capripoxviruses, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Serafeim C Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases Unit, Sciensano, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases Unit, Sciensano, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Eleni Chondrokouki
- National Reference Laboratory for Capripoxviruses, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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18
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Genetic Evidence of Multiple Introductions of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus into Saratov Region, Russia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060716. [PMID: 34200428 PMCID: PMC8227815 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of lumpy skin disease (LSD) that has been recently reported in the South-East and North Asian parts of the Russian Federation. During 2017–2019, there were more than 30 LSD outbreaks in Saratov Region despite active inoculation of cattle with heterologous vaccine. Importantly, the first case of the novel recombinant LSDV strain was reported here in 2017. This study aimed to determine the main clonal lineage(s) of LSDV strains circulated within Saratov Region and other regions of Russia since the first introduction of LSDV. The molecular typing and subtyping based on the coding regions of the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) gene resulted in a discrimination of all outbreak-related LSDV strains into two main types, such as Type I and Type II, and subtypes Ia-d and IIa-g. Phylogenetically, eleven LSDV lineages were revealed in Russia including the five ones in Saratov Region. They were the following: (i) the Neethling wild Type Ia/2017; (ii) the recombinant Saratov IIc/2017/2019; (iii) the specific Dergachevskyi IId/2017; (iv) the Khvalynsky IIg/2018, and (v) the Haden-Type IIa lineage for the six LSDV strains detected in cattle immunized with heterologous vaccine during the last LSD outbreak in the Saratov Region, Nesterovo Village, in 2019 (Nesterovo-2019 strains). A single LSDV strain detected in Saratov Region in 2017 had the same Type Ia that was identified in 2016 in the bordered Republic of Kazakhstan. Phylogeographic analysis demonstrated three nominal clusters of LSDV types in the following Russian Federation territories: (I) the Central European part; (II) the South-East of the European part; (III) the North Asian part. Cluster I was represented by mainly Type I strains, while both Clusters 2 and 3 contained predominantly Type II strains. The Clusters I and II partially overlapped, while Cluster 3 was separate. Multiple introductions of LSDV into Saratov Region in 2017–2019 using GPCR-based molecular typing and subtyping were revealed. This scheme is a promising tool for molecular discrimination of LSDV strains derived from both vaccinated and unvaccinated against LSD cattle as well as for molecular epidemiology.
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Molecular Analysis of East African Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses Reveals a Mixed Isolate with Features of Both Vaccine and Field Isolates. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061142. [PMID: 34073392 PMCID: PMC8229927 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), an economically significant disease in cattle caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), is endemic to nearly all of Africa. Since 2012, LSDV has emerged as a significant epizootic pathogen given its rapid spread into new geographical locations outside Africa, including the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Asia. To assess the genetic diversity of LSDVs in East Africa, we sequenced and analyzed the RPO30 and GPCR genes of LSDV in twenty-two archive samples collected in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Sudan before the appearance of LSD in the Middle East and its incursion into Europe. We compared them to publicly available sequences of LSDVs from the same region and those collected elsewhere. The results showed that the East African field isolates in this study were remarkably similar to each other and to previously sequenced field isolates of LSDV for the RPO30 and GPCR genes. The only exception was LSDV Embu/B338/2011, a field virus collected in Kenya, which displayed mixed features between the LSDV Neethling vaccine and field isolates. LSDV Embu/B338/2011 had the same 12-nucleotide insertion found in LSDV Neethling and KS-1 vaccines. Further analysis of the partial EEV glycoprotein, B22R, RNA helicase, virion core protein, NTPase, and N1R/p28-like protein genes showed that LSDV Embu/B338/2011 differs from previously described LSDV variants carrying the 12-nucleotide insertion in the GPCR gene. These findings highlight the importance of the constant monitoring of genetic variation among LSDV isolates.
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Hasib FMY, Islam MS, Das T, Rana EA, Uddin MH, Bayzid M, Nath C, Hossain MA, Masuduzzaman M, Das S, Alim MA. Lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle population of Chattogram, Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1616-1624. [PMID: 33993641 PMCID: PMC8464269 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an important viral disease causing significant economic losses in commercial livestock production. In mid‐2019, an outbreak of LSD has been reported in cattle population from different parts of Bangladesh including Chattogram division. A cross‐sectional surveillance study was undertaken from August 2019 to December 2019 to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of LSD in cattle in Chattogram district. Methods A total of 3,327 cattle from 19 commercial farms were examined for the LSD specific skin lesions and associated risk factors. A total of 120 skin biopsies were collected from the suspected animal for the confirmation of the disease using molecular detection and histopathological examination. Partial genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed on selected viral isolates. Results The overall clinical prevalence of LSD in the study population was 10% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.4%–11%) where the highest farm level outbreak frequency was 63.33% (95% CI: 45.51%–78.13%) and the lowest 4.22% (95% CI: 3.39%–5.25%). Crossbred and female cattle showed a significantly higher prevalence of the disease compared to their counterparts. Introduction of new animals in farms was found to be one of the most significant risk factors in the transmission of the disease. All suspected skin biopsies were positive for LSD virus (LSDV) infection with granulomatous and pyogranulomatous dermatitis was revealed on histopathology. Phylogenetic analysis based on the inverted terminal repeat region of the LSDV gene suggested that the locally circulating strain was closely related to the strains isolated from the Middle East and North African countries. Conclusions The data generated in this study would be beneficial to the field veterinarians and animal health decision makers in the country as well as it will aid in taking appropriate measures to prevent further relapse or outbreak of this disease in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farazi Muhammad Yasir Hasib
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sirazul Islam
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tridip Das
- Poultry Research and Training Centre, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Helal Uddin
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Bayzid
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Chandan Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Alamgir Hossain
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Masuduzzaman
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Shubhagata Das
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammad Abdul Alim
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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21
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Differentiation of Capripox Viruses by Nanopore Sequencing. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040351. [PMID: 33917413 PMCID: PMC8067513 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus capripoxvirus (CaPV), family Poxviridae, includes three virus species: goatpox virus (GPV), sheeppox virus (SPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). CaPV causes disease outbreaks with consequent economic losses in Africa and the Middle East. LSDV has recently spread to Southeast Europe. As CaPVs share 96–97% genetic similarity along the length of the entire genome and are difficult to distinguish using serological assays, simple, reliable and fast methods for diagnosis and species differentiation are crucial in cases of disease outbreak. The present study aimed to develop a field-applicable CaPV differentiation method. Nanopore technology was used for whole genome sequencing. A local database of complete CaPV genomes and partial sequences of three genes (RPO30, P32 and GPCR) was established for offline Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Specificities of 98.04% in whole genome and 97.86% in RPO30 gene runs were obtained among the three virus species, while other databases were less specific. The total run time was shortened to approximately 2 h. Functionality of the developed procedure was proved by samples with high host background sequences. Reliable differentiation options for the quality and capacity of hardware, and sample quality of suspected cases, were derived from these findings. The whole workflow can be performed rapidly with a mobile suitcase laboratory and mini-computer, allowing application at the point-of-need with limited resource settings.
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Es-Sadeqy Y, Bamouh Z, Ennahli A, Safini N, El Mejdoub S, Omari Tadlaoui K, Gavrilov B, El Harrak M. Development of an inactivated combined vaccine for protection of cattle against lumpy skin disease and bluetongue viruses. Vet Microbiol 2021; 256:109046. [PMID: 33780805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) and Bluetongue (BT) are the main ruminants viral vector-borne diseases. LSD is endemic in Africa and has recently emerged in Europe and central Asia as a major threat to cattle industry. BT caused great economic damage in Europe during the last decade with a continuous spread to other countries. To control these diseases, vaccination is the only economically viable tool. For LSD, only live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are commercially available, whilst for BT both LAVs and inactivated vaccines are available with a limited number of serotypes. In this study, we developed an inactivated, oil adjuvanted bivalent vaccine against both diseases based on LSDV Neethling strain and BTV4. The vaccine was tested for safety and immunogenicity on cattle during a one-year period. Post-vaccination monitoring was carried out by VNT and ELISA. The vaccine was completely safe and elicited high neutralizing antibodies starting from the first week following the second injection up to one year. Furthermore, a significant correlation (R = 0.9040) was observed when comparing VNT and competitive ELISA in BTV4 serological response. Following BTV4 challenge, none of vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle were registered clinical signs, however vaccinated cattle showed full protection from viraemia. In summary, this study highlights the effectiveness of this combined vaccine as a promising solution for both LSD and BT control. It also puts an emphasis on the need for the development of other multivalent inactivated vaccines, which could be greatly beneficial for improving vaccination coverage in endemic countries and prophylaxis of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youness Es-Sadeqy
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco.
| | - Zahra Bamouh
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Ennahli
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Najete Safini
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Soufiane El Mejdoub
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Khalid Omari Tadlaoui
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Boris Gavrilov
- Biologics Development, Huvepharma, 3A Nikolay Haytov Street, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Mehdi El Harrak
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
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Tran HTT, Truong AD, Dang AK, Ly DV, Nguyen CT, Chu NT, Hoang TV, Nguyen HT, Nguyen VT, Dang HV. Lumpy skin disease outbreaks in vietnam, 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:977-980. [PMID: 33548101 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary, systemic, viral disease of cattle. The first outbreaks of LSD were reported in Lang Son Province of Vietnam (bordered to China), and an official document has been submitted to OIE on 1 November 2020. Here, we described first the genetic profiles of this pathogen based on four well-known marker regions. The LSD virus isolated in these first outbreaks was 100% identical to viruses isolated in China (2019) based on the p32 and RP030 genes. Additionally, it is very close to the virus isolated in Russia (2017) based on the p32, RP030, thymidine kinase and ORF103 genes (100%, 99.01%, 99.08% and 99.47% identities). This finding is new, and a success in LSD virus isolation using MDBK cells from first outbreaks is important for vaccine development to control and eradicate LSD in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thi Thanh Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Kieu Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Viet Ly
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chinh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nhu Thi Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Van Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vinh The Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Vu Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
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24
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Badhy SC, Chowdhury MGA, Settypalli TBK, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Fakir MAU, Akter S, Osmani MG, Talukdar F, Begum N, Khan IA, Rashid MB, Sadekuzzaman M. Molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) emerged in Bangladesh reveals unique genetic features compared to contemporary field strains. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:61. [PMID: 33514360 PMCID: PMC7844896 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious viral disease of cattle caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). LSD has recently spread in Asia following outbreaks in the Middle East and Europe. The disease emerged in Bangladesh in July 2019 in the Chattogram district, then rapidly spread throughout the entire country. We investigated six LSD outbreaks in Bangladesh to record the clinical signs and collect samples for diagnostic confirmation. Furthermore, we performed the molecular characterization of Bangladesh isolates, analyzing the full RPO30 and GPCR genes and the partial EEV glycoprotein gene. Results Clinical observations revealed common LSD clinical signs in the affected cattle. PCR and real-time PCR, showed the presence of the LSDV genome in samples from all six districts. Phylogenetic analysis and detailed inspection of multiple sequence alignments revealed that Bangladesh isolates differ from common LSDV field isolates encountered in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, as well as newly emerged LSDV variants in Russia and China. Instead, they were closely related to LSDV KSGP-0240, LSDV NI2490, and LSDV Kenya. Conclusions These results show the importance of continuous monitoring and characterization of circulating strains and the need to continually refine the strategies for differentiating vaccine strains from field viruses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02751-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukes Chandra Badhy
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Golam Azam Chowdhury
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammad Aflak Uddin Fakir
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Shamima Akter
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | | | - Faisol Talukdar
- Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Noorjahan Begum
- Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Izhar Ahmed Khan
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Md Bazlur Rashid
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sadekuzzaman
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh. .,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.
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25
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Wolff J, Moritz T, Schlottau K, Hoffmann D, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Development of a Safe and Highly Efficient Inactivated Vaccine Candidate against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:vaccines9010004. [PMID: 33374808 PMCID: PMC7823700 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Capripox virus (CaPV)-induced diseases (lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, goatpox) are described as the most serious pox diseases of livestock animals, and therefore are listed as notifiable diseases under guidelines of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Until now, only live-attenuated vaccines are commercially available for the control of CaPV. Due to numerous potential problems after vaccination (e.g., loss of the disease-free status of the respective country, the possibility of vaccine virus shedding and transmission as well as the risk of recombination with field strains during natural outbreaks), the use of these vaccines must be considered carefully and is not recommended in CaPV-free countries. Therefore, innocuous and efficacious inactivated vaccines against CaPV would provide a great tool for control of these diseases. Unfortunately, most inactivated Capripox vaccines were reported as insufficient and protection seemed to be only short-lived. Nevertheless, a few studies dealing with inactivated vaccines against CaPV are published, giving evidence for good clinical protection against CaPV-infections. In our studies, a low molecular weight copolymer-adjuvanted vaccine formulation was able to induce sterile immunity in the respective animals after severe challenge infection. Our findings strongly support the possibility of useful inactivated vaccines against CaPV-infections, and indicate a marked impact of the chosen adjuvant for the level of protection.
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26
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Byadovskaya O, Pestova Y, Kononov A, Shumilova I, Kononova S, Nesterov A, Babiuk S, Sprygin A. Performance of the currently available DIVA real-time PCR assays in classical and recombinant lumpy skin disease viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3020-3024. [PMID: 33253485 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of live homologous vaccines to protect against lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infection requires the use of molecular tools to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). In this study, the commercial real-time PCR assays; ID Gene™ LSD DIVA Triplex kit and Bio-T kit® LSD - DIVA, as well as published assays targeting the GPCR gene (Journal of Virological Methods, 249, 48-57) and ORF008 and ORF126 (Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya, 54, 347-358) were evaluated. These assays correctly identified classical field isolates (European lineage) and vaccine (Neethling vaccine). In contrast, when tested using vaccine-like recombinant viruses, the commercial and published assays were not able to correctly identify recombinant isolates. At the same time, the recombinant viruses were detected as either field and/or vaccine, or not detected at all depending on the assay. The different gene sequences present in recombinant viruses cause these DIVA assays to incorrectly assign recombinant viruses as either a field or vaccine virus. This observation has implications for using these assays and for identification of LSDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yana Pestova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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27
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van Schalkwyk A, Kara P, Ebersohn K, Mather A, Annandale CH, Venter EH, Wallace DB. Potential link of single nucleotide polymorphisms to virulence of vaccine-associated field strains of lumpy skin disease virus in South Africa. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2946-2960. [PMID: 32506755 PMCID: PMC9292827 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
South Africa is endemic for lumpy skin disease and is therefore reliant on various live attenuated vaccines for the control and prevention of the disease. In recent years, widespread outbreaks of vaccine‐like strains of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) were reported internationally, leading to an increase in the generation of full genome sequences from field isolates. In this study, the complete genomes of six LSDVs submitted during active outbreaks in the 1990s in South Africa were generated. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the six viruses clustered with vaccine strains in LSDV Subgroup 1.1 and are subsequently referred to as vaccine‐associated. The genetic differences between the phenotypically distinct vaccine and vaccine‐associated strains were 67 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This study characterized the location and possible importance of each of these SNPs in their role during virulence and host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pravesh Kara
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Karen Ebersohn
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Arshad Mather
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Cornelius Henry Annandale
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Estelle Hildegard Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville Queensland, Australia
| | - David Brian Wallace
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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28
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Sprygin A, Pestova Y, Bjadovskaya O, Prutnikov P, Zinyakov N, Kononova S, Ruchnova O, Lozovoy D, Chvala I, Kononov A. Evidence of recombination of vaccine strains of lumpy skin disease virus with field strains, causing disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232584. [PMID: 32401805 PMCID: PMC7219772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against lumpy skin disease (LSD) is crucial for maintaining the health of animals and the economic sustainability of farming. Either homologous vaccines consisting of live attenuated LSD virus (LSDV) or heterologous vaccines consisting of live attenuated sheeppox or goatpox virus (SPPV/GPPV) can be used for control of LSDV. Although SPPV/GTPV-based vaccines exhibit slightly lower efficacy than live attenuated LSDV vaccines, they do not cause vaccine-induced viremia, fever, and clinical symptoms of the disease following vaccination, caused by the replication capacity of live attenuated LSDVs. Recombination of capripoxviruses in the field was a long-standing hypothesis until a naturally occurring recombinant LSDV vaccine isolate was detected in Russia, where the sheeppox vaccine alone is used. This occurred after the initiation of vaccination campaigns using LSDV vaccines in the neighboring countries in 2017, when the first cases of presumed vaccine-like isolate circulation were documented with concurrent detection of a recombinant vaccine isolate in the field. The follow-up findings presented herein show that during the period from 2015 to 2018, the molecular epidemiology of LSDV in Russia split into two independent waves. The 2015-2016 epidemic was attributable to the field isolate. Whereas the 2017 epidemic and, in particular, the 2018 epidemic represented novel disease importations that were not genetically linked to the 2015-2016 field-type incursions. This demonstrated a new emergence rather than the continuation of the field-type epidemic. Since recombinant vaccine-like LSDV isolates appear to have entrenched across the country's border, the policy of using certain live vaccines requires revision in the context of the biosafety threat it presents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yana Pestova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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29
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Aleksandr K, Olga B, David WB, Pavel P, Yana P, Svetlana K, Alexander N, Vladimir R, Dmitriy L, Alexander S. Non-vector-borne transmission of lumpy skin disease virus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7436. [PMID: 32366872 PMCID: PMC7198617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64029-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of "lumpy skin disease virus" (LSDV) has prompted intensive research efforts due to the rapid spread and high impact of the disease in recent years, especially in Eastern Europe and Balkan countries. In this study, we experimentally evaluate the vaccine-derived virulent recombinant LSDV strain (Saratov/2017) and provide solid evidence on the capacity of the virus for transmission in a vector-proof environment. In the 60-day long experiment, we used inoculated bulls (IN group) and two groups of in-contact animals (C1 and C2), with the former (C1) being in contact with the inoculated animals at the onset of the trial and the latter (C2) being introduced at day 33 of the experiment. The infection in both groups of contact animals was confirmed clinically, serologically and virologically, and viremia was demonstrated in blood, nasal and ocular excretions, using molecular tools. Further studies into LSDV biology are a priority to gain insights into whether the hypothesized indirect contact mode evidenced in this study is a de novo-created feature, absent from both parental stains of the novel (recombinant) LSDV isolate used, or whether it was dormant, but then unlocked by the process of genetic recombination. Author summary: In global terms, LSD has been termed a "neglected disease" due to its historic natural occurrence of being restricted to Africa and, occasionally, Israel. However, after its slow spread throughout the Middle East, the disease is now experiencing a resurgence of research interest following a recent and rapid spread into more northern latitudes. Given the dearth of solid findings on potential transmission mechanisms, no efficient or reliable control program currently exists, which does not involve the use of live attenuated vaccines or stamping out policies - both of which are controversial for implementation in non-endemic regions or countries. The vector-borne mode is the only working concept currently available, but with scarce evidence to support the aggressive spread northwards - except for human-assisted spread, including legal or illegal animal transportation. The emergence of outbreaks is not consistently linked to weather conditions, with the potential for new outbreaks to occur and spread rapidly. Here, for the first time, we provide evidence for indirect contact-mode transmission for a naturally-occurring recombinant LSDV isolated from the field. In an insect-proof facility, we obtained solid evidence that the novel LSDV strain can pass to in-contact animals. Given the recombinant nature of the virus utilised, its genetic background relating to the observed transmission pattern within the study needs to be delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wallace B David
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, P/Bag X5, 0110, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Department Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P/Bag X4, 0110, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | | | - Pestova Yana
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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30
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Aleksandr K, Pavel P, Olga B, Svetlana K, Vladimir R, Yana P, Alexander S. Emergence of a new lumpy skin disease virus variant in Kurgan Oblast, Russia, in 2018. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1343-1356. [PMID: 32279139 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the resurgence of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Kurgan Oblast, Russia, in 2018. The majority of the outbreaks were silent with no mortality and congregated within an area with a radius of about 30 km located 1-50 km away from the national border with Kazakhstan. Following primary molecular diagnosis, LSD virus (LSDV) isolates were analyzed using a panel of PCR assays targeting different genetic loci, namely, LSD008 (vaccine), LSDV126 (field), and GPCR (vaccine and field), for differentiation and genotype assignment. All isolates were positive for the vaccine genotype of GPCR and negative for the other field targets tested. A PCR assay with melt curve analysis utilizing LSD008, developed in this work, indicated that the strains melted with a profile similar to those of field strains. Surprisingly, sequence analysis of the RPO30 and GPCR genes aligned the Kurgan/2018 isolate with KSGP O-240 at the GPCR locus, but with Saratov/2017 at the RPO30 locus. The latter cluster forms an association with a sub-cluster of the field strains comprising the South African KSGP O-240 strain and NI-2490 strain. Due to these incongruent phylogenetic patterns, the sequences of three additional loci ORF19 (Kelch-like protein), ORF52 (putative transcriptional elongation factor), and ORF87 (mutT motif protein) were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis of these additional loci placed the strain Kurgan/2018 in either vaccine or field groups, strongly suggesting a novel recombinant profile. This is another piece of evidence exposing the potential for recombination in capripoxviruses and the ignored danger of using live homologous vaccines against LSD. The necessity to revise the PCR-based strategy differentiating infected from vaccinated animals is discussed. The potential scenarios of incursion and the contribution of the KSGP/NI-2490-like strain to the emergence of the recently identified vaccine-like recombinant are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pestova Yana
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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31
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Calistri P, De Clercq K, Gubbins S, Klement E, Stegeman A, Cortiñas Abrahantes J, Marojevic D, Antoniou S, Broglia A. Lumpy skin disease epidemiological report IV: data collection and analysis. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06010. [PMID: 32874220 PMCID: PMC7448019 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, no lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks were reported in South-Eastern Europe, the mass vaccination regional campaign with homologous LSD vaccine continued for the fourth year with over 1.8 million bovines vaccinated in the region, preventing further outbreaks since 2016. LSD outbreaks were reported in Turkey, including western Turkey, in Russia and in eastern Asia affecting China, Bangladesh and India for the first time. The use of homologous vaccine should be considered in the countries still affected in order to eliminate the virus. Besides passive surveillance, which is implemented in all the countries, active surveillance for early detection based on clinical examination could be conducted ideally during April-October every 5 weeks in at-risk areas, based on possible re-emergence or re-introduction from affected neighbouring countries. Active surveillance for proving disease freedom could be based on serological testing (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) targeting 3.5% seroprevalence and conducted on a random sample of cattle herds on non-vaccinated animals. LSD re-emerged in Israel in 2019, after vaccination became voluntary. This shows that, if the virus is still circulating in the region, the reduced protection might result in re-emergence of LSD. In case of re-emergence, a contingency plan and vaccine stockpiling would be needed, in order to react quickly. From a study performed in Israel to test side effects of live-attenuated homologous LSD vaccine, milk production can be reduced during 7 days after vaccination (around 6-8 kg per cow), without a significant loss in the 30 days after vaccination. Research needs should be focused on the probability of transmission from insect to bovine, the virus inactivation rate in insects, the collection of baseline entomological data, the capacity of vector species in LSDV transmission linked to studies on their abundance and the control of Stomoxys calcitrans being the most important vector in LSD transmission.
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32
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A real-time PCR screening assay for the universal detection of lumpy skin disease virus DNA. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:371. [PMID: 31262345 PMCID: PMC6604310 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The resurgence of lumpy skin disease virus isolates of different genotypic natures abolishes the accuracy of assays that target either vaccine or field strain genome. The aim of the present study was to develop a universal real-time PCR assay using TaqMan chemistry to cover field, vaccine, and recombinant strains of lumpy skin disease virus isolates. Results The PCR assay was designed based on a LSDV044 target region that offers a unique identification locus to facilitate the sensitive and specific detection of all isolates known to date. The efficiency of amplification, determined over five orders of magnitude, was 93%, with the standard deviation remaining in the range of 0.11–0.23. Evaluation of the assay repeatability on three different days revealed that the inter-run variability ranged from 0.83 to 1.22 over five repetitions across three runs. This new screening assay is proposed as a fast, efficient, and sensitive tool that can be employed in the basic or applied surveillance studies regardless of the genotype. Moreover, the assay can be used for the routine laboratory testing of animal samples during eradication programs for lumpy skin disease.
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