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Xie Z, Khamrin P, Maneekarn N, Kumthip K. Epidemiology of Enterovirus Genotypes in Association with Human Diseases. Viruses 2024; 16:1165. [PMID: 39066327 PMCID: PMC11281466 DOI: 10.3390/v16071165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are well-known causes of a wide range of infectious diseases in infants and young children, ranging from mild illnesses to severe conditions, depending on the virus genotypes and the host's immunity. Recent advances in molecular surveillance and genotyping tools have identified over 116 different human EV genotypes from various types of clinical samples. However, the current knowledge about most of these genotypes, except for those of well-known genotypes like EV-A71 and EV-D68, is still limited due to a lack of comprehensive EV surveillance systems. This limited information makes it difficult to understand the true burden of EV-related diseases globally. Furthermore, the specific EV genotype associated with diseases varies according to country, population group, and study period. The same genotype can exhibit different epidemiological features in different areas. By integrating the data from established EV surveillance systems in the USA, Europe, Japan, and China, in combination with other EV infection studies, we can elaborate a better understanding of the distribution of prevalent EV genotypes and the diseases associated with EV. This review analyzed the data from various EV surveillance databases and explored the EV seroprevalence and the association of specific EV genotypes with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Z.X.); (P.K.); (N.M.)
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Transformation of Cancer Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Z.X.); (P.K.); (N.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-Emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Z.X.); (P.K.); (N.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-Emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Z.X.); (P.K.); (N.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-Emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Yan R, He J, Liu G, Zhong J, Xu J, Zheng K, Ren Z, He Z, Zhu Q. Drug Repositioning for Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. Viruses 2022; 15:75. [PMID: 36680115 PMCID: PMC9861398 DOI: 10.3390/v15010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious disease in children caused by a group of enteroviruses. HFMD currently presents a major threat to infants and young children because of a lack of antiviral drugs in clinical practice. Drug repositioning is an attractive drug discovery strategy aimed at identifying and developing new drugs for diseases. Notably, repositioning of well-characterized therapeutics, including either approved or investigational drugs, is becoming a potential strategy to identify new treatments for virus infections. Various types of drugs, including antibacterial, cardiovascular, and anticancer agents, have been studied in relation to their therapeutic potential to treat HFMD. In this review, we summarize the major outbreaks of HFMD and the progress in drug repositioning to treat this disease. We also discuss the structural features and mode of action of these repositioned drugs and highlight the opportunities and challenges of drug repositioning for HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Jiahao He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ge Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiapeng Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhendan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qinchang Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
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Li J, Teng P, Yang F, Ou X, Zhang J, Chen W. Bioinformatics and Screening of a Circular RNA-microRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network Induced by Coxsackievirus Group B5 in Human Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094628. [PMID: 35563023 PMCID: PMC9101002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by Coxsackievirus Group B5 (CVB5) is one of the most common herpetic diseases in human infants and children. The pathogenesis of CVB5 remains unknown. Circular RNAs (CircRNAs), as novel noncoding RNAs, have been shown to play a key role in many pathogenic processes in different species; however, their functions during the process of CVB5 infection remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the expression profiles of circRNAs using RNA sequencing technology in CVB5-infected and mock-infected human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (CVB5 virus that had been isolated from clinical specimens). In addition, several differentially expressed circRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR. Moreover, the innate immune responses related to circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction networks were constructed and verified. A total of 5461 circRNAs were identified at different genomic locations in CVB5 infections and controls, of which 235 were differentially expressed. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed circRNAs were principally involved in specific signaling pathways related to ErbB, TNF, and innate immunity. We further predicted that novel_circ_0002006 might act as a molecular sponge for miR-152-3p through the IFN-I pathway to inhibit CVB5 replication, and that novel_circ_0001066 might act as a molecular sponge for miR-29b-3p via the NF-κB pathway and for the inhibition of CVB5 replication. These findings will help to elucidate the biological functions of circRNAs in the progression of CVB5-related HFMD and identify prospective biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Zhang M, Guo W, Xu D, Feng C, Bao G, Sun H, Yang Z, Ma S. Molecular characterization of echovirus 9 strains isolated from hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2293. [PMID: 35145190 PMCID: PMC8831506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus 9 (E9) belongs to the species Enterovirus B. So far, 12 whole genome sequences of E9 are available in GenBank. In this study, we determined the whole genomic sequences of five E9 strains isolated from the stools of patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, in 2019. Their nucleotide and amino acid sequences shared 80.8–80.9% and 96.4–96.8% identity with the prototype Hill strain, respectively, and shared 99.3–99.9% and 99.1–99.8% mutual identity, respectively. Recombination analyses revealed that intertype recombination had occurred in the 2C and 3D regions of the five Yunnan E9 strains with coxsackieviruses B5 and B4, respectively. This study augmented the whole genome sequences of E9 in the GenBank database and extended the molecular characterization of this virus in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Danhan Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Changzeng Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohong Bao
- First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.
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Ai Y, Zhang W, Wu J, Zhang J, Shen M, Yao S, Deng C, Li X, Wu D, Tian P, Cheng X, Zha H, Wu K. Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Enteroviruses-Associated Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and Herpangina Outbreak in Zunyi, China, 2019. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:656699. [PMID: 33981716 PMCID: PMC8109248 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.656699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA), two of the most common childhood infectious diseases, are associated with enteroviruses (EVs) infection. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular epidemiology of enterovirus causing HFMD/HA in Zunyi, China, during 2019, and to describe the clinical features of the cases. Methods: We collected the information on demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory data of laboratory-confirmed EVs associated HFMD/HA cases in Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital between March 1 and July 31, 2019. EV types were determined by either one-step real time RT-PCR or partial VP1 gene sequencing and sequence alignment. Phylogenetic analysis of CVA6, CVA2, and CVA5 were established based on the partial VP1 gene sequences by neighbor-joining method. Differences in clinical characteristics and laboratory results of the cases were compared among patients infected with the most prevalent EV types. Results: From 1 March to 31 July 2019, 1,377 EVs associated HFMD/HA inpatients were confirmed. Of them, 4 (0.3%, 4/1,377) were EV-A71-associated cases, 84 (6.1%, 84/1,377) were CVA16-associated cases, and 1,289 (93.6%, 1,289/1,377) were non-EV-A71/CVA16-associated cases. Of the randomly selected 372 non-EV-A71/CVA16 cases, EV types have been successfully determined in 273 cases including 166 HFMD and 107 HA cases. For HFMD cases, the three most common types were CVA6 (80.7%, 134/166), CVA2 (5.4%, 9/166) and CVA5 (3.0%, 5/166); similarly, for HA cases, the three most prevalent serotypes were CVA6 (36.5%, 39/107), CVA2 (21.5%, 23/107) and CVA5 (18.7%, 20/107). Phylogenetic analysis showed that subclade D of CVA5, and subclade E of CVA6 and CVA2 were predominant in Zunyi during the outbreak in 2019. Compared with the cases caused by CVA16, the incidence of high fever and severe infection associated with CVA2, CVA5, and CVA6 was higher. Conclusions: The recent HFMD/HA outbreak in Zunyi is due to a larger incidence of CVA6, CVA2, and CVA5. Novel diagnostic reagents and vaccines against these types would be important to monitor and control EV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhang Ai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Scientific Research Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingzhi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Meijing Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Shifei Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Chengmin Deng
- Department of Scientific Research Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Department of Scientific Research Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Dejing Wu
- Department of Scientific Research Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Department of Scientific Research Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaoju Cheng
- Department of Scientific Research Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - He Zha
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China.,Department of Scientific Research Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China
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Ye YZ, Dou YL, Hao JH, Zhou L, Lin AW, Wang SN, Deng JK, Lei M, Luo RP, Liao YN, Chen Y, Long YY, Chen BQ, Yang Z, Gan L, Nong GM, Yan WL, Yu H. Efficacy and safety of interferon α-2b spray for herpangina in children: A randomized, controlled trial. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 107:62-68. [PMID: 33878461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The treatment of acute herpangina is inconsistent. We aim to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of interferon α-2b spray versus Ribavirin for this disease. METHODS A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in eight hospitals in China between 2016 and 2018. 668 patients (1-7 years old) were randomized into an experimental group (treated with Interferon α-2b spray) or control group (received Ribavirin Aerosol). Body temperature returning to normal within 72 h and remaining so for 24 h was the primary outcome; release of oral herpes and adverse events were the secondary outcomes. RESULTS (1) The average age of onset was 2.5 years old. (2) After 72 h treatment, body temperature of 98.5% patients in experimental group and 94.3% in control group returned to normal and remained so for 24 h (P = 0.004). The differences were greater at 48 h treatment (95.2% vs. 85.9%, P < 0.001) and at 24 h (77.5% vs. 66.5%, P = 0.001). (3) The rate of improved oral herpes in the experimental group was higher than that in control group (46.7% vs.37.1%, P = 0.011). No adverse reaction occurred. CONCLUSIONS Local application of recombinant interferon α-2b spray showed better efficacy for acute herpangina in children. It was safe for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zi Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Lan Dou
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Hua Hao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Children's Hospital of Kaifeng City, Kaifeng, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Children's Hospital of Kaifeng City, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ai-Wei Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shao-Ning Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ji-Kui Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Lei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ru-Ping Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Nan Liao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Long
- Department of Pediatrics Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Bi-Quan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Anhui Provincial Children'S Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Anhui Provincial Children'S Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Pediatrics, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Min Nong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei-Li Yan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Hu P, Liu J, Gan L, Chen Y, Su K, Chen Y, Zhang D. Lack of effective home quarantine: The cause of the continuing prevalence of hand, foot, and mouth disease in China? J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:963-969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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He S, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Pang B, Wang L, Sun L, Yu H, Wang J, Li J, Song X, Li H. A Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Spiral Reaction (RT-PSR)-Based Rapid Coxsackievirus A16 Detection Method and Its Application in the Clinical Diagnosis of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:734. [PMID: 32477283 PMCID: PMC7236501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness affecting infants and children that is usually caused by Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA-16). To diagnose HFMD, we developed a method for rapid detection of CVA-16 based on reverse transcription-polymerase spiral reaction (RT-PSR). We used two pairs of primers that specifically recognize the conserved sequences of VP1 coding region of CVA-16, and template RNA was reverse transcribed and amplified in a single tube under isothermal conditions, total reaction time could be reduced to less than 40 min. The detection limit of this method was between 2.4 × 102 and 2.4 × 101 copies/μl with excellent specificity. To test the clinical applicability of the method, 40 clinical stool samples were analyzed using RT-PSR and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and comparison showed that the coincidence rate was 100%. Compared with other similar detection methods, RT-PSR requires less time, simpler operation, and lower cost. These results prove that our novel, simple, and reliable isothermal nucleic acid testing assay has potential application for clinical detection of CVA-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu He
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanzhi Huang
- Research Laboratory, Changchun Children's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Research Laboratory, Changchun Children's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lixue Wang
- Research Laboratory, Changchun Children's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Laboratory, Changchun Children's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Haoyan Yu
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuling Song
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Xu J, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Li W. Cytokine characteristic of cerebrospinal fluid from children with enteroviral meningitis compared to bacterial meningitis. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23198. [PMID: 31912935 PMCID: PMC7246373 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteroviruses are the most common etiological agent for viral encephalitis, but it is uncertain whether the cytokines have the ability to differentiate enteroviral meningitis (EVM) from bacterial meningitis (BM). Methods A retrospective study was performed at the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from August 2016 and August 2019. CSF and/or blood specimens were collected for microbiological culture, viruses, and cytokine detection. Results Forty‐three patients were confirmed with meningitis, 27 patients with EVM, and 16 with BM. Children with EVM were older compared with BM and Control group (P < .001). The most common presenting symptom in children with EVM was fever (96.3%) followed by headache (88.9%) and vomiting (66.7%). The occurrence of seizure was lower in both EVM and BM groups (P < .001). Serum IL‐6 and serum IL‐10 were lower in EVM group than BM (P = .02) and control group (IL‐6, P = .01; IL‐10, P < .001). IL‐6, IL‐10, and IFN‐γ levels showed obviously increase in CSF (P < .001, respectively) in EVM group, while only IL‐6 increased in CSF (P < .001) in BM group. CSF concentrations of cytokines IL‐6, IL‐10, TNF, and IFN‐γ in children with EVM and BM were both higher than Control group (P < .001). But compared EVM group to BM group, CSF IL‐2 (P = .13), IL‐6 (P = .37), IL‐10 (P = .98), TNF (P = .54), and IFN‐γ (P = .53) showed no difference between two groups. Conclusions CSF cytokines elevated in both virus and bacterial meningitis, while serum elevation only occurred in bacterial infection. Still, we could not distinguish enteroviral meningitis from bacterial meningitis with the parameters of CSF cytokines IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐10, TNF, and IFN‐γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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