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Parvin MK, Sadekuzzaman M, Haque ME, Haque MA, Kamal MM, Hayat S, Rahman MT, Siddique MP, Nahar SS, Khasruzzaman AKM, Hossain MT, Islam MA. Characterization of predominant genotype (QX) of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolated from layer chickens in Bangladesh. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103992. [PMID: 38996739 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis (AIB) is a highly transmissible infection that affects the poultry industry globally. This study aims to isolate and characterize emerging strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) from field samples of layer chickens in Bangladesh. A total of 108 samples (trachea, lung, and kidney) were taken from dead and sick layer chickens from 18 farms in 4 areas detecting outbreaks in Bangladesh. The samples were processed and inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) and finally screened by the trypsin-induced hemagglutination (THA) test. Using various techniques such as hemagglutination inhibition (HI), agar gel immuno-diffusion (AGID), virus neutralization test (VNT), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and nucleotide sequencing, we were able to identify and confirm the isolated IBV viruses. The study also determined the hemagglutination (HA) pattern of isolated virus using avian and mammalian red blood cells. The pathogenicity of the isolated IBV was determined using embryonated chicken eggs and day-old chicks. The study found that 8 samples were positive for IBV using ECEs, and 4 were positive by the THA test. These isolates were confirmed using HI, AGID, and VN tests. S1 gene-based RT-PCR confirmed all four isolates as IBV, with the recent isolates belonging to the genotype-QX and being similar to IBV isolates from Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and India. The HA pattern of the recent isolates showed that the isolated IBV was virulent. The pathogenicity test also revealed that the four isolates were highly pathogenic. The study indicated that the prevalent genotype (QX) of the IBV strain is present in the layer chicken population of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst Kohinoor Parvin
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sadekuzzaman
- Department of Livestock Services, Central Disease Investigation Laboratory, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Enamul Haque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sheikh Hasina University of Science and Technology, Bhairab 2350, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Aynul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mostofa Kamal
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sajedul Hayat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubul Pratik Siddique
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sham Soun Nahar
- Livestock Research Institute, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - A K M Khasruzzaman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Alimul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
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Xiong T, Xie H, Li L, Liang S, Huang M, Yu C, Zhuang T, Liang X, Liu D, Chen R. Prevalence, Genotype Diversity, and Distinct Pathogenicity of 205 Gammacoronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolates in China during 2019-2023. Viruses 2024; 16:930. [PMID: 38932222 PMCID: PMC11209364 DOI: 10.3390/v16060930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a highly contagious disease in chickens and seriously endangers the poultry industry. The emergence and co-circulation of diverse IBV serotypes and genotypes with distinct pathogenicity worldwide pose a serious challenge to the development of effective intervention measures. In this study, we report the epidemic trends of IBV in China from 2019 to 2023 and a comparative analysis on the antigenic characteristics and pathogenicity of isolates among major prevalent lineages. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses based on the nucleotide sequences of the spike (S) 1 gene clustered a total of 205 isolates into twelve distinct lineages, with GI-19 as a predominant lineage (61.77 ± 4.56%) exhibiting an overall increasing trend over the past five years, and demonstrated that a majority of the variants were derived from gene recombination events. Further characterization of the growth and pathogenic properties of six representative isolates from different lineages classified four out of the six isolates as nephropathogenic types with mortality rates in one-day-old SPF chickens varying from 20-60%, one as a respiratory type with weak virulence, and one as a naturally occurring avirulent strain. Taken together, our findings illuminate the epidemic trends, prevalence, recombination, and pathogenicity of current IBV strains in China, providing key information for further strengthening the surveillance and pathogenicity studies of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Hangao Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Manufacture Technology of Veterinary Bioproducts, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Shijin Liang
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Meizhen Huang
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Chuanzhao Yu
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Tingting Zhuang
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Xuejing Liang
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Dingxiang Liu
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruiai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
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3
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Chen H, Shi W, Feng S, Yuan L, Jin M, Liang S, Wang X, Si H, Li G, Ou C. A novel highly virulent nephropathogenic QX-like infectious bronchitis virus originating from recombination of GI-13 and GI-19 genotype strains in China. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103881. [PMID: 38865766 PMCID: PMC11223121 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most widely spread RNA viruses, causing respiratory, renal, and intestinal damage, as well as decreased reproductive performance in hens, leading to significant economic losses in the poultry industry. In this study, a new IBV strain designated as CK/CH/GX/LA/071423 was successfully isolated from the 60-day-old Three-Yellow chicken vaccinated with H120 and QXL87 vaccines. The complete genome sequence analysis revealed that the CK/CH/GX/LA/071423 strain shared a high similarity of 96.7% with the YX10 strain belonging to the GI-19 genotype. Genetic evolution analysis based on the IBV S1 gene showed that the CK/CH/GX/LA/071423 isolate belonged to the GI-19 genotype. Recombination analysis of the virus genome using RDP and Simplot software indicated that CK/CH/GX/LA/071423 was derived from recombination events between the YX10 and 4/91 vaccine strains, which was supported by phylogenetic analysis using gene sequences from the 3 regions. Furthermore, the S1 protein tertiary structure differences were observed between the CK/CH/GX/LA/071423 and the QXL87 and H120 vaccine strains. Pathogenicity studies revealed that the CK/CH/GX/LA/071423 caused death and led to pale and enlarged kidneys with abundant urate deposits, indicative of a nephropathogenic IBV strain. High virus titers were detected in the trachea, kidneys, and cecal tonsils, demonstrating broad tissue tropism. Throughout the experimental period, the virus positive rate in throat swabs of the infected group reached to 100%. These findings highlight the continued predominance of the QX genotype IBV in Guangxi of China and the ongoing evolution of different genotypes through genetic recombination, raising concerns about the efficacy of current IBV vaccines in providing effective protection to poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Shufeng Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Liuyang Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Mengyun Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Si Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Gonghe Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Changbo Ou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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Falchieri M, Coward VJ, Reid SM, Lewis T, Banyard AC. Infectious bronchitis virus: an overview of the "chicken coronavirus". J Med Microbiol 2024; 73:001828. [PMID: 38771617 PMCID: PMC11184965 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious avian Gammacoronavirus that affects mainly chickens (Gallus gallus) but can circulate in other avian species. IBV constitutes a significant threat to the poultry industry, causing reduced egg yield, growth and mortality levels that can vary in impact. The virus can be transmitted horizontally by inhalation or direct/indirect contact with infected birds or contaminated fomites, vehicles, farm personnel and litter (Figure 1). The error-prone viral polymerase and recombination mechanisms mean diverse viral population results, with multiple genotypes, serotypes, pathotypes and protectotypes. This significantly complicates control and mitigation strategies based on vigilance in biosecurity and the deployment of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Falchieri
- Avian Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Vivien J. Coward
- Avian Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott M. Reid
- Avian Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Tom Lewis
- Avian Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Avian Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, West Sussex, UK
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5
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Saleem W, Vereecke N, Zaman MG, Afzal F, Reman I, Khan SUH, Nauwynck H. Genotyping and phylogeography of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from Pakistan show unique linkage to GI-24 lineage. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103236. [PMID: 37980750 PMCID: PMC10685022 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is prevalent in Pakistan causing enormous economic losses. To date no clear data are available on circulating genotypes and phylogeographic spread of the virus. Hence current study assessed these parameters for all available IBV Pakistani isolates, based on the 9 new sequences, with respect to other Asian and non-Asian countries. Results indicated that all Pakistani isolates belonged to genotype I (GI), with more than half of them (16/27) belonging to the GI-24 lineage, against which no vaccine is available. Three possible introduction events of the GI-13 IBV lineage into Pakistan, based on the estimated IBV population using isolates from this study, were observed possibly from Afghanistan, China, and/or Egypt. These events were further analyzed on the S1 amino acid level which showed unique alterations (S250H, T270K, and Q298S) in 1 isolate (IBV4, GI-13) when compared to GI-1 lineage. Both GI-1 and GI-13 Pakistani strains showed close homology with homologous vaccine strains that are used in Pakistan. For GI-24 strains, none of the used vaccines showed substantial homology, necessitating the need for further exploration of this lineage and vaccine design. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of genomic surveillance to support phylogeographical studies on IBV in genotyping and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Saleem
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Pathosense BV, Lier 2500, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Goher Zaman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 54770 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Afzal
- Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Poultry Research Institute, 46000 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Reman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 54770 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ul-Hasan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 54770 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Pathosense BV, Lier 2500, Belgium
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6
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Bhuiyan MSA, Sarker S, Amin Z, Rodrigues KF, Bakar AMSA, Saallah S, Md. Shaarani S, Siddiquee S. Seroprevalence and molecular characterisation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in broiler farms in Sabah, Malaysia. Vet Med Sci 2023; 10:e1153. [PMID: 38151844 PMCID: PMC10807952 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is classified as a highly contagious viral agent that causes acute respiratory, reproductive and renal system pathology in affected poultry farms. Molecular and serological investigations are crucial for the accurate diagnosis and management of IBV. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of IBV and to characterise the circulating IBV in poultry farms in Sabah Province, Malaysia. METHODS To determine IBV antibodies, a total of 138 blood samples and 50 organ samples were collected from 10 commercial broiler flocks in 3 different farms by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (IDEXX Kit) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequencing. RESULTS A total of 94.2% (130/138) of the samples were seropositive for IBV in the vaccinated flock, and 38% (52/138) of the birds was the IBV titre for infection. The selected seropositive samples for IBV were confirmed by RT-PCR, with 22% (11/50) being IBV positive amplified and sequenced by targeted highly conserved partial nucleocapsid (N) genes. Subsequently, phylogenetic analysis constructed using amplified sequences again exposed the presence of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Chinese QX variants circulating in poultry farms in Sabah, Malaysia. CONCLUSIONS The unexpectedly increasing mean titres in serology indicated that post infection of IBV and highly prevalent IBV in selected farms in this study. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of multiple IBV variants circulating in Malaysian chicken farms in Sabah, which further monitoring of genetic variation are needed to better understand the genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of MicrobiologyAnatomyPhysiology and PharmacologySchool of AgricultureBiomedicine and EnvironmentLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Zarina Amin
- Biotechnology Research InstituteUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluSabahMalaysia
| | | | | | - Suryani Saallah
- Biotechnology Research InstituteUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluSabahMalaysia
| | - Sharifudin Md. Shaarani
- Food Biotechnology ProgramFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversitiSains Islam MalaysiaNilaiSembilanMalaysia
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Ikuta N, Kipper D, Freitas DSSD, Fonseca ASK, Lunge VR. Evolution and Epidemic Spread of the Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) GI-23 in Brazil. Viruses 2023; 15:1229. [PMID: 37376528 DOI: 10.3390/v15061229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a pathogen affecting poultry flocks worldwide. GI-23 is an IBV lineage with a rapid spread into different continents of the world, and it was reported for the first time in South American/Brazilian broiler farms last year. This study aimed to investigate the recent introduction and epidemic spread of IBV GI-23 in Brazil. Ninety-four broiler flocks infected with this lineage were evaluated from October 2021 to January 2023. IBV GI-23 was detected using real-time RT-qPCR, and the S1 gene hypervariable regions 1 and 2 (HVR1/2) were sequenced. S1 complete and HVR1/2 nucleotide sequence datasets were used to carry out phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses. Brazilian IBV GI-23 strains clustered into two specific subclades (SA.1 and SA.2), both in tree branches with IBV GI-23 from Eastern European poultry-producing countries, suggesting two independent and recent introductions (around 2018). Viral phylodynamic analysis showed that the IBV GI-23 population increased from 2020 to 2021, remaining constant for one year and declining in 2022. S1 amino acid sequences from Brazilian IBV GI-23 presented specific and characteristic substitutions in the HVR1/2 for subclades IBV GI-23 SA.1 and SA.2. This study brings new insights into the introduction and recent epidemiology of IBV GI-23 in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, RS, Brazil
| | - Diéssy Kipper
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostic, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas 92425-900, RS, Brazil
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, RS, Brazil
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8
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Trevisol IM, Caron L, Mores MAZ, Voss-Rech D, da Silva Zani G, Back A, Marchesi JAP, Esteves PA. Pathogenicity of GI-23 Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain Isolated in Brazil. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051200. [PMID: 37243283 DOI: 10.3390/v15051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IBV variants belonging to the GI-23 lineage have circulated since 1998 in the Middle East and have spread to several countries over time. In Brazil, the first report of GI-23 occurred in 2022. The study aimed to evaluate the in vivo pathogenicity of exotic variant GI-23 isolates. Biological samples were screening by real-time RT-PCR and classified in to GI-1 or G1-11 lineages. Interestingly, 47.77% were not classified in these lineages. Nine of the unclassified strains were sequenced and showed a high similarity to the GI-23 strain. All nine were isolated and three, were studied for pathogenicity. At necropsy, the main observations were the presence of mucus in the trachea and congestion in the tracheal mucosa. In addition, lesions on the tracheas showed marked ciliostasis, and the ciliary activity confirmed the high pathogenicity of isolates. This variant is highly pathogenic to the upper respiratory tract and can cause severe kidney lesions. This study confirm a circulation of GI-23 strain in the country and report, to first time, the isolation of an exotic variant of IBV in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel da Silva Zani
- Department of Veterinary Preventive, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Alberto Back
- MercoLab Laboratórios, Cascavel 85816-280, PR, Brazil
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Marchenko V, Danilenko A, Kolosova N, Bragina M, Molchanova M, Bulanovich Y, Gorodov V, Leonov S, Gudymo A, Onkhonova G, Svyatchenko S, Ryzhikov A. Diversity of gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses in wild birds and poultry in Russia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19412. [PMID: 36371465 PMCID: PMC9653423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses of the genera Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus are globally widespread and circulate primarily in wild and domestic birds. Prior studies have established frequently occurring crossover events from avian to mammalian reservoirs. However, there is limited understanding of the diversity and geographical distribution of coronaviruses among birds. In this study, the surveillance of coronaviruses in birds in Russia during 2020 revealed the presence of coronaviruses in 12% of samples from birds. Targeted NGS approach was used for the evaluation of genetic diversity based on RdRp gene. While gammacoronviruses were found in both wild birds and poultry, deltacoronaviruses were found in wild birds only and represent the first detections for Russia. A number of cases with the simultaneous detection of gamma- and deltacoronaviruses in one bird was reported. The results of this study highlight the importance of further research concerning the spread and diversity of coronaviruses among birds within and migrating throughout the territory of Russia across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Marchenko
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Alexey Danilenko
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Natalia Kolosova
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Maria Bragina
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Marina Molchanova
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Yuliya Bulanovich
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Vladimir Gorodov
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies, RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Leonov
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies, RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Gudymo
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Galina Onkhonova
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Svetlana Svyatchenko
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Alexander Ryzhikov
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
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Legnardi M, Cecchinato M, Homonnay Z, Dauphin G, Koutoulis KC, Tucciarone CM, Franzo G. Viral subpopulation variability in different batches of Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines based on GI-23 lineage: Implications for the field. Virus Res 2022; 319:198877. [PMID: 35872282 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The control of infectious bronchitis (IB) is largely based on routine vaccine administration, often using live-attenuated vaccines. However, their capability to replicate and be transmitted among animals and farms implies significant risks. The detection of strains genetically related to vaccines complicates the diagnostic process and understanding of the viral molecular epidemiology. Moreover, reversion to virulence and associated clinical outbreaks can occur although the underlying mechanism are often unknown. In the present study, three vaccine vials, based on IBV GI-23 lineage (also known as Variant2) were deep sequenced through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to investigate the presence and features of viral subpopulations. To elucidate the consequences in the field and identify potential markers suitable for a DIVA strategy, the S1 sequences of strains originating from farms in different countries were sequenced and classified based on the knowledge of their vaccination history and similarity with the applied vaccine. Although all considered vaccine batches shared the same consensus sequence, different subpopulations were identified suggesting independent and poorly constrained evolutionary processes. When compared with strains sampled from farms, the vaccine consensus sequences and the respective subpopulations clustered with vaccine strains and no genetic features were consistently shared with field strains. Therefore, if vaccine-induced outbreaks occur, they are more likely to originate from in vivo evolution rather than selection of already present subpopulations. Although some amino acid residues were most commonly detected in field or vaccine strains, no consistent marker could be identified. The occurrence of subpopulations within IBV GI-23-based vaccines and variability featuring different production batches was demonstrated. Being such a phenomenon apparently driven by random genetic drift rather than directional selection, the differentiation between field and vaccine-derived strains appears extremely challenging based on sequence analysis alone. The knowledge of farm management and vaccination history should thus be considered for a proper epidemiological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | | | - Gwenaelle Dauphin
- Ceva Santé animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - Konstantinos C Koutoulis
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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11
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Yuan S, Cheng Q, Guo J, Li Z, Yang J, Wang C, Liang Z, Zhang X, Yu H, Li Y, Huang S, Wen F. Detection and genetic characterization of novel infectious bronchitis viruses from recent outbreaks in broiler and layer chicken flocks in southern China, 2021. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102082. [PMID: 36041395 PMCID: PMC9449664 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a prevalent RNA virus that causes respiratory distress, nephritis, salpingitis, and egg production decline in chickens, resulting in significant economic loss. IBV is composed of complex genotypes and serotypes, which poses a great challenge for disease control. The current study reports 2 IBV outbreaks which were characterized by respiratory symptoms in IBV vaccinated commercial broilers and layers in Guangdong, China, in 2021. Two IBV strains, ZH01 and HH09, were identified via a RT-PCR assay through targeting the N gene and further characterization through full-length spike (S) gene sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of S1 gene revealed that both ZH01 and HH09 belonged to the GI-19 lineage but contained a certain genetic distance from the GI-19 strain. Of note, the ZH01 and HH09 strains share a low homology of 70 and 86%, respectively, with common vaccine strains (H120), resulting in low vaccine protection. Further recombination analysis based on the S1 sequence suggested the newly identified IBV strains emerged through an intragroup recombination events between CK/CH/SCDY2003-2 and I0305/19 from G1-19 lineage. In addition, a number of novel mutations such as T273I, T292A, and S331K were found in the emerging IBV strains. Taken together, this study reports the genetic characteristics of 2 recent IBV outbreaks in southern China and emphasizes the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and development of novel vaccines for the control of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Congying Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhipeng Liang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.
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12
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de Wit JJS, Herdt PD, Cook JKA, Andreopoulou M, Jorna I, Koopman HCR. The inactivated Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) vaccine used as booster in layer hens influences the breadth of protection against challenge with IBV variants. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:244-256. [PMID: 35137663 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2040731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS IBV vaccination is essential as an aid in protecting laying hens against IBV infectionLive priming is a beneficial part of the IBV vaccination programmeIBV inactivated vaccine improves IBV protectionHeterologous IBV protection is confirmed in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Sjaak de Wit
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter De Herdt
- MSD Animal Health Belgium, Lynx Binnenhof 5, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jane K A Cook
- 138, Hartford Road, Huntingdon, Cambs., United Kingdom
| | | | | | - H C Rik Koopman
- MSD Animal Health/Intervet International BV, Boxmeer, 5831 AN Netherlands
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13
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The modulatory effect of carvacrol on viral shedding titer and acute phase response in broiler chickens experimentally infected with infectious bronchitis virus. Microb Pathog 2022; 163:105410. [PMID: 35041974 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the major respiratory diseases of broiler causing huge economic losses. The inability to control IBV using different vaccination programs owing to the high mutation rate and recombination ability of the RNA genome generates IBV variants. This study was designed to give a specific perspective of carvacrol effect on early immune response, viral shedding titer, oxidative stress, serum biochemical parameters and clinical consequences in broilers experimentally infected by IBV. One hundred and twenty-one-day old commercial broiler chicks were equally divided into 4 groups. First group was considered as control. Second group was given carvacrol, third group was infected with IBV and fourth group was given carvacrol and infected with IBV. Infection with variant IBV induced significant upregulation of chicken interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (chIFITM3) gene in trachea, elevations in serum levels of Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (α1-AGP) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6), total leucocytic count (TLC), heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio and oxidative stress in lung and kidney tissues. Beside, histopathological changes in trachea, lung and kidney induced by IBV, elevation of kidney function tests was detected. The pretreatment with carvacrol significantly reduced viral shedding titer, chIFITM3 gene expression, IL-6 and α1-AGP levels, leucocytic response and H/L ratio with minimization of clinical signs intensity. Also, carvacrol relieved oxidative stress, ameliorated the increased uric acid level and histopathological alterations in kidney and lung caused by viral infection.
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14
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Ghetas AM. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Genotypes in the Middle East. Avian Dis 2021; 65:647-651. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-21-00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Ghetas
- Poultry Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
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15
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de Wit JJ, de Wit MK, Cook JKA. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Types Affecting European Countries—A Review. Avian Dis 2021; 65:643-648. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. de Wit
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - M. K. de Wit
- Demetris, Impact 14, 6921 RZ, Duiven, the Netherlands
| | - J. K. A Cook
- 138 Hartford Road, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE29 1XQ, United Kingdom
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16
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Houta MH, Hassan KE, Legnardi M, Tucciarone CM, Abdel-Moneim AS, Cecchinato M, El-Sawah AA, Ali A, Franzo G. Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113182. [PMID: 34827914 PMCID: PMC8614413 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the main infectious agents affecting the avian industry. The remarkable evolutionary rate of this virus represents an often unsurmountable challenge to its control, leading to the emergence of different lineages featured by different biological properties and limited cross-protection. In the present study, the origin, spreading and evolution of GI-23, one of the most important IBV emerging lineages, has been reconstructed using a phylodynamic approach. To this purpose, the broadest available collection of complete and partial S1 sequences was downloaded from GenBank and merged with specifically sequenced European strains. After a likely ancient origin, GI-23 circulated undetected in the Middle East for a considerable time, thereafter emerging as a threat in parallel with the intensification of the poultry industry and its introduction in other countries. An intensive viral circulation affecting mainly neighbouring countries or those with strong economic and political relationships was demonstrated, even though some nations appear to play a major role as a “bridge” among less related locations. Of note, a big recombinant cluster, likely originating in the Middle East but spreading thereafter, especially to Europe through Turkey, demonstrated a much-marked increase in viral population size, and potentially fitness, compared to previously circulating variants. Abstract Infectious bronchitis virus GI-23 lineage, although described approximately two decades ago in the Middle East, has recently drawn remarkable attention and is considered an “emerging” lineage due to its current spread to several other regions, including Europe. Despite the relevance, no comprehensive studies are available investigating its epidemiologic and evolutionary pattern. The present phylodynamic study was designed to fill this gap, benefitting from a collection of freely available GI-23 sequences and ad-hoc generated European ones. After a relatively ancient origin in the Middle East, likely in the first half of the previous century, GI-23 circulated largely undetected or underdiagnosed for a long time in this region, likely causing little damage, potentially because of low virulence coupled with limited development of avian industry in the considered years and regions and insufficient diagnostic activity. The following development of the poultry industry and spread to other countries led to a progressive but slow increase of viral population size between the late ‘90s and 2010. An increase in viral virulence could also be hypothesized. Of note, a big recombinant cluster, likely originating in the Middle East but spreading thereafter, especially to Europe through Turkey, demonstrated a much-marked increase in viral population size compared to previously circulating variants. The extensive available GI-23 sequence datasets allowed to demonstrate several potential epidemiological links among African, Asian, and European countries, not described for other IBV lineages. However, differently from previously investigated IBV lineages, its spread appears to primarily involve neighbouring countries and those with strong economic and political relationships. It could thus be speculated that frequent effective contacts among locations are necessary for efficient strain transmission. Some countries appear to play a major role as a “bridge” among less related locations, being Turkey the most relevant example. The role of vaccination in controlling the viral population was also tentatively evaluated. However, despite some evidence suggesting such an effect, the bias in sequence and data availability and the variability in the applied vaccination protocols prevent robust conclusions and warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H. Houta
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (M.H.H.); (K.E.H.); (A.A.E.-S.)
| | - Kareem E. Hassan
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (M.H.H.); (K.E.H.); (A.A.E.-S.)
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudia M. Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim
- Microbiology Department, Virology Division, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Azza A. El-Sawah
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (M.H.H.); (K.E.H.); (A.A.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (M.H.H.); (K.E.H.); (A.A.E.-S.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (G.F.)
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