1
|
Gupta S, Parveen S. Potential role of microRNAs in personalized medicine against hepatitis: a futuristic approach. Arch Virol 2024; 169:33. [PMID: 38245876 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05955-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been the subject of extensive research for many years, primarily in the context of diseases such as cancer. However, our appreciation of their significance in viral infections, particularly in hepatitis, has increased due to the discovery of their association with both the host and the virus. Hepatitis is a major global health concern and can be caused by various viruses, including hepatitis A to E. This review highlights the key factors associated with miRNAs and their involvement in infections with various viruses that cause hepatitis. The review not only emphasizes the expression profiles of miRNAs in hepatitis but also puts a spotlight on their potential for diagnostics and therapeutic interventions. Ongoing extensive studies are propelling the therapeutic application of miRNAs, addressing both current limitations and potential strategies for the future of miRNAs in personalized medicine. Here, we discuss the potential of miRNAs to influence future medical research and an attempt to provide a thorough understanding of their diverse roles in hepatitis and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Gupta
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shama Parveen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar M, Sahoo GC, Das VNR, Singh K, Pandey K. A Review of miRNA Regulation in Japanese Encephalitis (JEV) Virus Infection. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:521-533. [PMID: 37888811 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010241606231003102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne disease that causes neuronal damage and inflammation of microglia, and in severe cases, it can be fatal. JE infection can resist cellular immune responses and survive in host cells. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infects macrophages and peripheral blood lymphocytes. In addition to regulating biological signaling pathways, microRNAs in cells also influence virus-host interactions. Under certain circumstances, viruses can change microRNA production. These changes affect the replication and spread of the virus. Host miRNAs can contain viral pathogenicity by downregulating the antiviral immune response pathways. Simultaneous profiling of miRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) could help us detect pathogenic factors, and dual RNA detection is possible. This work highlights important miRNAs involved in human JE infection. In this study, we have shown the important miRNAs that play significant roles in JEV infection. We found that during JEV infection, miRNA-155, miRNA-29b, miRNA-15b, miRNA-146a, miRNA-125b-5p, miRNA-30la, miRNA-19b-3p, and miRNA-124, cause upregulation of human genes whereas miRNA-432, miRNA-370, miRNA- 33a-5p, and miRNA-466d-3p are responsible for downregulation of human genes respectively. Further, these miRNAs are also responsible for the inflammatory effects. Although several other miRNAs critical to the JEV life cycle are yet unknown, there is currently no evidence for the role of miRNAs in persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Kumar
- Department of Virology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- Department of Virology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Vidya Nand Rabi Das
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Kamal Singh
- Department of Virology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meng X, Eslami Y, Derafsh E, Saihood A, Emtiazi N, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O, Pecho RDC. The roles of different microRNAs in the regulation of cholesterol in viral hepatitis. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:231. [PMID: 37710249 PMCID: PMC10500852 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol plays a significant role in stabilizing lipid or membrane rafts, which are specific cellular membrane structures. Cholesterol is involved in numerous cellular processes, including regulating virus entry into the host cell. Multiple viruses have been shown to rely on cholesterol for virus entry and/or morphogenesis. Research indicates that reprogramming of the host's lipid metabolism is associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in the progression to severe liver disease for viruses that cause chronic hepatitis. Moreover, knowing the precise mode of viral interaction with target cells sheds light on viral pathogenesis and aids in the development of vaccines and therapeutic targets. As a result, the area of cholesterol-lowering therapy is quickly evolving and has many novel antiviral targets and medications. It has been shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) either directly or indirectly target the viral genome, preventing viral replication. Moreover, miRNAs have recently been shown to be strong post-transcriptional regulators of the genes involved in lipid metabolism, particularly those involved in cholesterol homeostasis. As important regulators of lipid homeostasis in several viral infections, miRNAs have recently come to light. In addition, multiple studies demonstrated that during viral infection, miRNAs modulate several enzymes in the mevalonate/cholesterol pathway. As cholesterol metabolism is essential to the life cycle of viral hepatitis and other viruses, a sophisticated understanding of miRNA regulation may contribute to the development of a novel anti-HCV treatment. The mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of miRNAs as cholesterol regulators against viral hepatitis are explored in this review. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Meng
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002 China
| | - Yeganeh Eslami
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Windsor University, School of Medicine, St. Kitts, Canada
| | - Anwar Saihood
- Department of Microbiology, college of medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Baqubah, Iraq
| | - Nikoo Emtiazi
- Department of Pathology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Gholizadeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen D, Ji Q, Liu J, Cheng F, Zheng J, Ma Y, He Y, Zhang J, Song T. MicroRNAs in the Regulation of RIG-I-like Receptor Signaling Pathway: Possible Strategy for Viral Infection and Cancer. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1344. [PMID: 37759744 PMCID: PMC10526236 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) play a crucial role as pattern-recognition receptors within the innate immune system. These receptors, present in various cell and tissue types, serve as essential sensors for viral infections, enhancing the immune system's capacity to combat infections through the induction of type I interferons (IFN-I) and inflammatory cytokines. RLRs are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. An increasing body of research has examined the possibility of RLRs or microRNAs as therapeutic targets for antiviral infections and malignancies, despite the fact that few studies have focused on the regulatory function of microRNAs on RLR signaling. Consequently, our main emphasis in this review is on elucidating the role of microRNAs in modulating the signaling pathways of RLRs in the context of cancer and viral infections. The aim is to establish a robust knowledge base that can serve as a basis for future comprehensive investigations into the interplay between microRNAs and RIG-I, while also facilitating the advancement of therapeutic drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dengwang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China; (D.C.); (J.L.); (F.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Qinglu Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China; (Q.J.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China; (D.C.); (J.L.); (F.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China; (D.C.); (J.L.); (F.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Jishan Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China; (D.C.); (J.L.); (F.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yunyan Ma
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China; (D.C.); (J.L.); (F.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yuqi He
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China; (Q.J.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jidong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China; (D.C.); (J.L.); (F.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.M.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China; (D.C.); (J.L.); (F.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.M.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563002, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Riederer S, Del Canizo A, Navas J, Peter MG, Link EK, Sutter G, Rojas JJ. Improving poxvirus-mediated antitumor immune responses by deleting viral cGAMP-specific nuclease. Cancer Gene Ther 2023:10.1038/s41417-023-00610-5. [PMID: 37016144 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
cGAMP-specific nucleases (poxins) are a recently described family of proteins dedicated to obstructing cyclic GMP-AMP synthase signaling (cGAS), an important sensor triggered by cytoplasmic viral replication that activates type I interferon (IFN) production. The B2R gene of vaccinia viruses (VACV) codes for one of these nucleases. Here, we evaluated the effects of inactivating the VACV B2 nuclease in the context of an oncolytic VACV. VACV are widely used as anti-cancer vectors due to their capacity to activate immune responses directed against tumor antigens. We aimed to elicit robust antitumor immunity by preventing viral inactivation of the cGAS/STING/IRF3 pathway after infection of cancer cells. Activation of such a pathway is associated with a dominant T helper 1 (Th1) cell differentiation of the response, which benefits antitumor outcomes. Deletion of the B2R gene resulted in enhanced IRF3 phosphorylation and type I IFN expression after infection of tumor cells, while effective VACV replication remained unimpaired, both in vitro and in vivo. In syngeneic mouse tumor models, the absence of the VACV cGAMP-specific nuclease translated into improved antitumor activity, which was associated with antitumor immunity directed against tumor epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Riederer
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ana Del Canizo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Navas
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marlowe G Peter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ellen K Link
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Juan J Rojas
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona-UB, Barcelona, Spain.
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Z, Song Y, Wang M, Shen R, Qin K, Zhang Y, Jiang T, Chi Y. m6A regulator-mediated RNA methylation modification patterns are involved in immune microenvironment regulation of coronary heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:905737. [PMID: 36093132 PMCID: PMC9453453 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.905737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the roles of m6A modification in the immune responses to human diseases have been increasingly revealed, their roles in immune microenvironment regulation in coronary heart disease (CHD) are poorly understood. Methods The GSE20680 and GSE20681 datasets related to CHD were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. A total of 30 m6A regulators were used to perform LASSO regression to identify the significant genes involved in CHD. Unsupervised clustering analysis was conducted using the m6A regulators to distinguish the m6A RNA methylation patterns in patients with CHD. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and biological characteristics, including GO and KEGG enrichment results, were assessed for the different m6A patterns to analyse the impacts of m6A regulators on CHD. Hub genes were identified, and subsequent microRNAs-mRNAs (miRNAs–mRNAs) and mRNAs-transcriptional factors (mRNA-TFs) interaction networks were constructed by the protein and protein interaction (PPI) network method using Cytoscape software. The infiltrating proportion of immune cells was assessed by ssGSEA and the CIBERSORT algorithm. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the expression of the significant m6A regulators and hub genes. Results Four of 30 m6A regulators (HNRNPC, YTHDC2, YTHDF3, and ZC3H13) were identified to be significant in the development of CHD. Two m6A RNA methylation clusters were distinguished by unsupervised clustering analysis based on the expression of the 30 m6A regulators. A total of 491 genes were identified as DEGs between the two clusters. A PPI network including 308 mRNAs corresponding to proteins was constructed, and 30 genes were identified as hub genes that were enriched in the bioprocesses of peptide cross-linking, keratinocyte differentiation. Twenty-seven hub genes were found to be related to miRNAs, and seven hub genes were found to be related to TFs. Moreover, among the 30 hub genes, eight genes were found to be upregulated in CHD, and three were found to be downregulated in CHD compared to the normal people. The high m6A modification pattern was associated with a higher infiltrated abundance of immune cells. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that m6A modification plays crucial roles in the diversity and complexity of the immune microenvironment in CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshui Li
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Heart Center Department, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanjie Song
- Heart Center Department, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Heart Center Department, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruxin Shen
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Qin
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Heart Center Department, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Ting Jiang
| | - Yifan Chi
- Heart Center Department, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Yifan Chi
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hong Y, Truong AD, Vu TH, Lee S, Heo J, Kang S, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Profiling and analysis of exosomal miRNAs derived from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1-infected White Leghorn chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102123. [PMID: 36087445 PMCID: PMC9468452 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small cell membrane-derived vesicles; they play important roles as mediators of cell-to-cell communication via delivery of their contents, such as proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs). In particular, exosomal miRNAs regulate the gene expression of recipient cells by inhibiting the expression of target mRNAs. In this study, we investigated the miRNA expression profiles of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1-infected White Leghorn chickens and analyzed the functions of their target genes. After 3 d of infection with A/chicken/Vietnam/NA-01/2019 (H5N1), exosomes were isolated from the blood serum of White Leghorn chickens for small RNA sequencing. We accordingly identified 10 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs; 5 upregulated and 5 downregulated) by comparing the exosomes derived from infected and noninfected chickens. The target genes of DE miRNAs were predicted using miRDB and TargetScan for Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. A majority of the target genes was found to be associated with the MAPK signaling pathway; several immune-related genes were identified as being regulated by these DE miRNAs. Moreover, we predicted DE miRNA binding sites in HPAIV RNA segments using the RNAhybrid algorithm. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for gaining insights into the regulatory mechanisms of exosomal miRNAs in response to HPAIV H5N1 infection and the identification of novel vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hao Vu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeon Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jubi Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Kang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhong C, Liao Z, Zhang B, Xiao L, Li J, Zhu X. Bta-miR-677 contribute to interferon pathway affecting the proliferation of caprine parainfluenza virus type 3. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105642. [PMID: 35710089 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Caprine parainfluenza virus type 3 (CPIV3), a new strain of virus, was isolated from the goats in 2014 in China. Studies have shown that viral infection can induce changes in the expression profile of host miRNAs, which modulate natural immune responses and viral infection. In this study, we report that bta-miR-677 suppressed CPIV3 replication in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and guinea pigs. Bta-miR-677 overexpression promoted type I interferon (IFN-I) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) production, thereby inhibiting CPIV3 replication, while bta-miR-677 inhibitor suppressed the antiviral innate immune response to promoted viral replication in MDBK cells. We showed that bta-miR-677 suppresses CPIV3 replication via directly targeted the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) thus enhancing IFN pathway in MDBK cells. We also demonstrated that bta-miR-677 agomir could inhibit CPIV3 proliferation in guinea pigs, with much lower viral RNA levels in lung and trachea. Guinea pigs showed no obvious pathological changes and less severe lung lesions in bta-miR-677 agomir treated group at 7 dpi. This study contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying CPIV3 pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhong
- Biological Engineering Department, Southwest Guizhou Vocational and Technical College for Nationalitie, Xingyi, 562400, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zheng Liao
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Baotai Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Li Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xing Zhu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu C, Chen J, Chen X. Host Innate Immunity Against Hepatitis Viruses and Viral Immune Evasion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:740464. [PMID: 34803956 PMCID: PMC8598044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.740464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses are primary causative agents of hepatitis and represent a major source of public health problems in the world. The host innate immune system forms the first line of defense against hepatitis viruses. Hepatitis viruses are sensed by specific pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that subsequently trigger the innate immune response and interferon (IFN) production. However, hepatitis viruses evade host immune surveillance via multiple strategies, which help compromise the innate immune response and create a favorable environment for viral replication. Therefore, this article reviews published findings regarding host innate immune sensing and response against hepatitis viruses. Furthermore, we also focus on how hepatitis viruses abrogate the antiviral effects of the host innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chonghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Riederer S, Fux R, Lehmann MH, Volz A, Sutter G, Rojas JJ. Activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 by replication-competent vaccinia viruses improves antitumor efficacy mediated by T cell responses. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 22:399-409. [PMID: 34553028 PMCID: PMC8430050 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, oncolytic vaccinia viruses (VACVs) have shown their potential to provide for clinically effective cancer treatments. The reason for this clinical usefulness is not only the direct destruction of infected cancer cells but also activation of immune responses directed against tumor antigens. For eliciting a robust antitumor immunity, a dominant T helper 1 (Th1) cell differentiation of the response is preferred, and such polarization can be achieved by activating the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) signaling pathway. However, current VACVs used as oncolytic viruses to date still encode several immune evasion proteins involved in the inhibition of this signaling pathway. By inactivating genes of selected regulatory virus proteins, we aimed for a candidate virus with increased potency to activate cellular antitumor immunity but at the same time with a fully maintained replicative capacity in cancer cells. The removal of up to three key genes (C10L, N2L, and C6L) from VACV did not reduce the strength of viral replication, both in vitro and in vivo, but resulted in the rescue of IRF3 phosphorylation upon infection of cancer cells. In syngeneic mouse tumor models, this activation translated to enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses directed against tumor-associated antigens and neo-epitopes and improved antitumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Riederer
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael H Lehmann
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Juan J Rojas
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pogue AI, Lukiw WJ. microRNA-146a-5p, Neurotropic Viral Infection and Prion Disease (PrD). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179198. [PMID: 34502105 PMCID: PMC8431499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain and central nervous system (CNS) harbor a select sub-group of potentially pathogenic microRNAs (miRNAs), including a well-characterized NF-kB-sensitive Homo sapiens microRNA hsa-miRNA-146a-5p (miRNA-146a). miRNA-146a is significantly over-expressed in progressive and often lethal viral- and prion-mediated and related neurological syndromes associated with progressive inflammatory neurodegeneration. These include ~18 different viral-induced encephalopathies for which data are available, at least ~10 known prion diseases (PrD) of animals and humans, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other sporadic and progressive age-related neurological disorders. Despite the apparent lack of nucleic acids in prions, both DNA- and RNA-containing viruses along with prions significantly induce miRNA-146a in the infected host, but whether this represents part of the host’s adaptive immunity, innate-immune response or a mechanism to enable the invading prion or virus a successful infection is not well understood. Current findings suggest an early and highly interactive role for miRNA-146a: (i) as a major small noncoding RNA (sncRNA) regulator of innate-immune responses and inflammatory signaling in cells of the human brain and CNS; (ii) as a critical component of the complement system and immune-related neurological dysfunction; (iii) as an inducible sncRNA of the brain and CNS that lies at a critical intersection of several important neurobiological adaptive immune response processes with highly interactive associations involving complement factor H (CFH), Toll-like receptor pathways, the innate-immunity, cytokine production, apoptosis and neural cell decline; and (iv) as a potential biomarker for viral infection, TSE and AD and other neurological diseases in both animals and humans. In this report, we review the recent data supporting the idea that miRNA-146a may represent a novel and unique sncRNA-based biomarker for inflammatory neurodegeneration in multiple species. This paper further reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the nature and mechanism of miRNA-146a in viral and prion infection of the human brain and CNS with reference to AD wherever possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Knockdown of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 3 Negatively Regulates Hepatitis A Virus Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147420. [PMID: 34299039 PMCID: PMC8303476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc chloride is known to be effective in combatting hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, and zinc ions seem to be especially involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways. In the present study, we examined this involvement in human hepatoma cell lines using a human TLR signaling target RT-PCR array. We also observed that zinc chloride inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MAP2K3) expression, which could downregulate HAV replication in human hepatocytes. It is possible that zinc chloride may inhibit HAV replication in association with its inhibition of MAP2K3. In that regard, this study set out to determine whether MAP2K3 could be considered a modulating factor in the development of the HAV pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and its triggering of interferon-β production. Because MAP2K3 seems to play a role in antiviral immunity against HAV infection, it is a promising target for drug development. The inhibition of MAP2K3 may also prevent HAV patients from developing a severe hepatitis A infection.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kanda T, Sasaki R, Masuzaki R, Moriyama M. Artificial intelligence and machine learning could support drug development for hepatitis A virus internal ribosomal entry sites. Artif Intell Gastroenterol 2021; 2:1-9. [DOI: 10.35712/aig.v2.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is still an important health issue worldwide. Although several effective HAV vaccines are available, it is difficult to perform universal vaccination in certain countries. Therefore, it may be better to develop antivirals against HAV for the prevention of severe hepatitis A. We found that several drugs potentially inhibit HAV internal ribosomal entry site-dependent translation and HAV replication. Artificial intelligence and machine learning could also support screening of anti-HAV drugs, using drug repositioning and drug rescue approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku 173-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reina Sasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku 173-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Masuzaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku 173-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku 173-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|