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Ayala-Marin YM, Grant AH, Rodriguez G, Kirken RA. Quadruple and Truncated MEK3 Mutants Identified from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Promote Degradation and Enhance Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12210. [PMID: 34830095 PMCID: PMC8618549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to other ethnicities, Hispanic children incur the highest rates of leukemia, and most cases are diagnosed as Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Despite improved treatment and survival for ALL, disproportionate health outcomes in Hispanics persist. Thus, it is essential to identify oncogenic mutations within this demographic to aid in the development of new strategies to diagnose and treat ALL. Using whole-exome sequencing, five single nucleotide polymorphisms within mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAP2K3) were identified in an ALL cancer patient library from the U.S./Mexico border. MAP2K3 R26T and P11T are located near the substrate-binding site, while R65L and R67W localized to the kinase domain. Truncated-MAP2K3 mutant Q73* was also identified. Transfection in HEK293 cells showed that the quadruple-MEK3 mutant (4M-MEK3) impacted protein stability, inducing degradation and reducing expression. The expression of 4M-MEK3 could be rescued by cysteine/serine protease inhibition, and proteasomal degradation of truncated-MEK3 occurred in a ubiquitin-independent manner. MEK3 mutants displayed reduced auto-phosphorylation and enzymatic activity, as seen by decreases in p38 phosphorylation. Furthermore, uncoupling of the MEK3/p38 signaling pathway resulted in less suppressive activity on HEK293 cell viability. Thus, disruption of MEK3 activation may promote proliferative signals in ALL. These findings suggest that MEK3 represents a potential therapeutic target for treating ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert A. Kirken
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (Y.M.A.-M.); (A.H.G.); (G.R.)
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Kanda T, Sasaki-Tanaka R, Masuzaki R, Matsumoto N, Okamoto H, Moriyama M. Knockdown of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 3 Negatively Regulates Hepatitis A Virus Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7420. [PMID: 34299039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc chloride is known to be effective in combatting hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, and zinc ions seem to be especially involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways. In the present study, we examined this involvement in human hepatoma cell lines using a human TLR signaling target RT-PCR array. We also observed that zinc chloride inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MAP2K3) expression, which could downregulate HAV replication in human hepatocytes. It is possible that zinc chloride may inhibit HAV replication in association with its inhibition of MAP2K3. In that regard, this study set out to determine whether MAP2K3 could be considered a modulating factor in the development of the HAV pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and its triggering of interferon-β production. Because MAP2K3 seems to play a role in antiviral immunity against HAV infection, it is a promising target for drug development. The inhibition of MAP2K3 may also prevent HAV patients from developing a severe hepatitis A infection.
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Chen F, Han J, Li X, Zhang Z, Wang D. Identification of the biological function of miR-9 in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11440. [PMID: 34035993 PMCID: PMC8126262 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord ischemia–reperfusion injury (SCII) is still a serious problem, and the mechanism is not fully elaborated. In the rat SCII model, qRT-PCR was applied to explore the altered expression of miR-9 (miR-9a-5p) after SCII. The biological function of miR-9 and its potential target genes based on bioinformatics analysis and experiment validation in SCII were explored next. Before the surgical procedure of SCII, miR-9 mimic and inhibitor were intrathecally infused. miR-9 mimic improved neurological function. In addition, miR-9 mimic reduced blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption, inhibited apoptosis and decreased the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β after SCII. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis demonstrated that the potential target genes of miR-9 were notably enriched in several biological processes, such as “central nervous system development”, “regulation of growth” and “response to cytokine”. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the potential target genes of miR-9 were significantly enriched in several signaling pathways, including “Notch signaling pathway”, “MAPK signaling pathway”, “Focal adhesion” and “Prolactin signaling pathway”. We further found that the protein expression of MAP2K3 and Notch2 were upregulated after SCII while miR-9 mimic reduced the increase of MAP2K3 and Notch2 protein. miR-9 mimic or MAP2K3 inhibitor reduced the release of IL-6 and IL-1β. miR-9 mimic or si-Notch2 reduced the increase of cleaved-caspase3. Moreover, MAP2K3 inhibitor and si-Notch2 reversed the effects of miR-9 inhibitor. In conclusion, overexpression of miR-9 improves neurological outcomes after SCII and might inhibit BSCB disruption, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis through MAP2K3-, or Notch2-mediated signaling pathway in SCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshou Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zaili Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Zhang Y, Lu W, Chen Y, Lin Y, Yang X, Wang H, Liu Z. The miR-19b-3p- MAP2K3-STAT3 feedback loop regulates cell proliferation and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:1566-1583. [PMID: 33660414 PMCID: PMC8096789 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most refractory malignancies worldwide. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAP2K3) has a contradictory role in tumor progression, and the function and expression patterns of MAP2K3 in ESCC remain to be determined. We found that MAP2K3 expression to be downregulated in ESCC, and MAP2K3 downregulation correlated with clinically poor survival. MAP2K3 inhibited ESCC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo. MAP2K3 suppressed STAT3 expression and activation. Mechanistically, MAPSK3 interacted with MDM2 to promote STAT3 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Furthermore, exosomal miR-19b-3p derived from the plasma of patients with ESCC could suppress MAP2K3 expression to promote ESCC tumorigenesis. STAT3 was found to bind to the MIR19B promoter and increased the expression of miR-19b-3p in ESCC cells. In summary, our results demonstrated that the miR-19b-3p-MAP2K3-STAT3 feedback loop regulates ESCC tumorigenesis and elucidates the potential of therapeutically targeting this pathway in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of PathologySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
- Sun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Weiqing Lu
- Department of OrthopaedicsFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yelong Chen
- Department of OrthopaedicsFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Youbin Lin
- Department of OrthopaedicsFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Xia Yang
- Sun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of OrthopaedicsFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Zhaoyong Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
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Wang D, Fang B, Wang Z, Li X, Chen F. Sevoflurane pretreatment regulates abnormal expression of MicroRNAs associated with spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Ann Transl Med 2021; 9:752. [PMID: 34268365 PMCID: PMC8246196 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury (SCII) is one of the most serious spinal cord complications that stem from varied spine injuries or thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying the SCII remain unclear. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of sham, SCII 24 h, SCII 72 h, sevoflurane preconditioning SCII 24 h (SCII 24 h+sevo), and sevoflurane preconditioning SCII 72 h (SCII 72 h+sevo) group. We then analyzed the expression of differentially expressed micro RNAs (DEmiRNAs) in these groups and their target genes. Functional enrichment analysis of their target genes was further performed using Metascape software. The microRNA-messenger RNA-pathway (miRNA-mRNA-pathway) network and the sevoflurane-miRNA-mRNA-pathway integrative network were further constructed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying SCII and neuroprotective effects of sevoflurane against SCII. Molecular docking was also performed to evaluate the interactions between hub targets and sevoflurane. Finally, the expression levels of miR-21-5p and its target genes [mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 and protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3B (MAP2K3 and PPP1R3B)] were measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses. Results We found that sevoflurane alters several miRNA expression following SCII at 24 and 72 h after reperfusion. It was shown that miR-221-3p, miR-181a-1-3p, and miR-21-5p were upregulated both at 24 and 72 h in the sevoflurane pre-treatment reperfusion groups. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that target genes for the above co-DEmiRNAs at 24 and 72 h in the SCII group with sevoflurane pretreatment participated in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), ErbB, apoptosis, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathways. Both MAP2K3 and PPP1R3B were found to be common targets for sevoflurane and miRNA-mRNA-pathway (rno-miR-21-5p). It was shown that MAP2K3 regulates the MAPK signaling and the T cell receptor signaling pathways, whereas PPP1R3B regulates the ErbB signaling pathway. Molecular docking further revealed that sevoflurane strongly binds the MAP2K3 and PPP1R3B proteins. Compared to the sham group, SCII induced significant under-expression of miR-21-5p but upregulated PPP1R3B and MAP2K3 proteins; sevoflurane pretreatment increased the expression of miR-21-5p but decreased those of PPP1R3B and MAP2K3 proteins. Conclusions In general, sevoflurane regulates the expression of several miRNAs following SCII. In particular, sevoflurane might protect against SCII via regulating the expression of miR-21-5p, its target genes (MAP2K3 and PPP1R3B), and related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhilin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fengshou Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Qi A, Wang T, Li W, Wang Y, Chai Y. The effect of miR-21-5p on the MAP2K3 expressions and cellular apoptosis in the lung tissues of neonatal rats with hyperoxia-induced lung injuries. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:2784-2793. [PMID: 34017441 PMCID: PMC8129236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of miR-21-5p on the MAP2K3 expressions and cellular apoptosis in the lung tissues of neonatal rats with hyperoxia-induced lung injuries (HILI). METHODS Twenty Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats were assigned to the normal group, and 120 rats were used to create a HILI model and were divided into the following six groups of 20 rats each: the model group, the miR-21-5p NC group, the miR-21-5p agomir group, the oe-NC group (MAP2K3 overexpression NC), the oe-MAP2K3 group, and the miR-21-5p agomir+oe-MAP2K3 group. RESULTS miR-21-5p can target MAP2K3. Compared with the normal rats, the rats with HILI had lower miR-21-5p expression levels and higher MAP2K3 expression levels in the lung tissues (both P<0.05). Unlike the normal group, the other groups all presented different degrees of lung injuries, lower Bcl-2 expression levels, higher cellular apoptosis rates, and higher expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bax, IL-6, and TNF-α (all P<0.05). Compared with the model and the miR-21-5p NC groups, the miR-21-5p agomir group had better results in terms of the aforementioned markers; compared with the oe-NC group, the oe-MAP2K3 group had worse results in terms of these markers (all P<0.05). Moreover, we found that the protective effects of miR-21-5p overexpression on the lung tissues of HILI rats can be partially blocked by MAP2K3 overexpression. CONCLUSION miR-21-5p can inhibit MAP2K3 expression and reduce cellular apoptosis in HILI, thereby exerting protective effects on neonatal rats with HILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlong Qi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin City, China
- Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin City, China
| | - Tong Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of EndocrinologyTianjin City, China
| | - Wang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of EndocrinologyTianjin City, China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin City, China
| | - Yanfen Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin City, China
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Zhou Y, Liu J, Chu L, Dong M, Feng L. Whole-Exome Sequencing Reveals Novel Variations in Patients with Familial Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome. World Neurosurg 2021; 150:e696-e704. [PMID: 33774214 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome is a rare disease that occurs in an autosomal-dominant genetic pattern. Due to the high genetic variability of VHL diseases, current studies have limited clinical value. Moreover, casual genetic variations in patients with VHL syndrome are still unclear. METHODS Here, we performed whole-exome sequencing of 25 individuals to identify reliable disease-related variations. Systemic computational analysis was performed for variant detection, and Sanger sequencing was used to validate detected mutations. RESULTS Most of the known mutations in the VHL gene were observed in the studied population. In addition, a large fragment deletion in VHL exon 2 in the immediate family members of the last family was detected. This had not been reported earlier. Moreover, we identified 3 novel mutation sites in the MAP2K3 gene that may be involved in the occurrence and development of the VHL disease. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that the heterogeneous nature of VHL syndrome and novel mutational signatures may help to improve the diagnostic ability of VHL syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Zhou
- Guizhou Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Guizhou Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China.
| | - Liangzhao Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Luqian Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
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Warr N, Siggers P, Carré GA, Wells S, Greenfield A. Genetic Analyses Reveal Functions for MAP2K3 and MAP2K6 in Mouse Testis Determination. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:103. [PMID: 27009039 PMCID: PMC5842889 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.138057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Testis determination in mammals is initiated by expression of SRY in somatic cells of the embryonic gonad. Genetic analyses in the mouse have revealed a requirement for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in testis determination: targeted loss of the kinases MAP3K4 and p38 MAPK causes complete XY embryonic gonadal sex reversal. These kinases occupy positions at the top and bottom level, respectively, in the canonical threetier MAPK-signaling cascade: MAP3K, MAP2K, MAPK. To date, no role in sex determination has been attributed to a MAP2K, although such a function is predicted to exist. Here, we report roles for the kinases MAP2K3 and MAP2K6 in testis determination. C57BL/6J (B6) embryos lacking MAP2K3 exhibited no significant abnormalities of testis development, whilst those lacking MAP2K6 exhibited a minor delay in testis determination. Compound mutants lacking three out of four functional alleles at the two loci also exhibited delayed testis determination and transient ovotestis formation as a consequence, suggestive of partially redundant roles for these kinases in testis determination. Early lethality of double-knockout embryos precludes analysis of sexual development. To reveal their roles in testis determination more clearly, we generated Map2k mutant B6 embryos using a weaker Sry allele (SryAKR). Loss of Map2k3 on this highly sensitized background exacerbates ovotestis development, whilst loss of Map2k6 results in complete XY gonadal sex reversal associated with reduction of Sry expression at 11.25 days postcoitum. Our data suggest that MAP2K6 functions in mouse testis determination, via positive effects on Sry, and also indicate a minor role for MAP2K3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Warr
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Pam Siggers
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gwenn-Aël Carré
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Wells
- The Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Greenfield
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Liu Y, Shi L, Liu C, Zhu G, Li H, Zhao H, Li S. Effect of combination therapy of propofol and sevoflurane on MAP2K3 level and myocardial apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:6427-6435. [PMID: 26131269 PMCID: PMC4483982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of combination therapy of propofol and sevoflurane on MAP2K3 level and myocardial apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in rat. A total of 30 SD rats were randomly separated into 3 groups: normal, IR (ligation of left coronary artery), and IR+ propofol and sevoflurane (IR+P+S). Different methods were used to detect the serum index associated IR injury. TUNEL assay was used to analyze the apoptotic cells of rat heart tissues. qRT-PCR was used to analyze the mRNA levels of cell apoptosis related proteins such as Bcl-2, Bax, and MAP2K3. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, MAP2K3, and Caspase-3 of heart tissues. Compared with normal group, serum LDH, cTnI, and CK-MB levels in IR group were significantly increased with time increasing (P<0.05), while that in IR+P+S group were significantly decreased compared with that in IR group (P<0.05). The percentage of apoptotic cells of heart tissue in IR+P+S group was larger than that in IR group (P<0.05). Compared with IR group, mRNA expression of MAP2K3 and Bax were significantly decreased with Bcl-2 was significantly increased in IR+P+S group (P<0.05). Also, expression of MAP2K3, Caspase-3, and Bcl-2 in IR+P+S group were statistically lower while Bax was statistically higher than that in IR group (P<0.05). Our study suggested that combination therapy of propofol and sevoflurane may protect myocardial cells from damage during IR through decreasing MAP2K3 level and reducing cell apoptosis via Bcl-2/Bax pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital of Hebei ProvenceHebei Provence, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital of Hebei ProvenceHebei Provence, China
| | - Chunyi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital of Hebei ProvenceHebei Provence, China
| | - Guiyun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Chest Hospital of Hebei ProvenceHebei Provence, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital of Hebei ProvenceHebei Provence, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital of Hebei ProvenceHebei Provence, China
| | - Suling Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital of Hebei ProvenceHebei Provence, China
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Banh S, Hales BF. Hydroxyurea exposure triggers tissue-specific activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and the DNA damage response in organogenesis-stage mouse embryos. Toxicol Sci 2013; 133:298-308. [PMID: 23492809 PMCID: PMC3663560 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyurea (HU) is commonly used to treat myeloproliferative diseases and sickle cell anemia. The administration of HU to gestation day 9 CD1 mice causes predominantly hindlimb, tail, and neural tube defects. HU induces oxidative stress and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in embryos. HU also inactivates ribonucleotide reductase, leading to DNA replication stress and DNA damage response signaling. We hypothesize that HU exposure induces p38 MAPK activation and DNA damage response signaling during organogenesis preferentially in malformation-sensitive tissues. HU treatment (400 or 600mg/kg) induced the activation of MEK3/6, upstream MAP2K3 kinases, within 30min; phospho-MEK3/6 immunoreactivity was increased throughout the embryo. Activation of the downstream p38 MAPK peaked 3h post-HU treatment. At this time, phospho-p38 MAPK immunoreactivity was enhanced in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells in the rostral and caudal neuroepithelium and neural tube; significant increases in p38 MAPK signaling were not observed in the somites or heart. Interestingly, the DNA damage response, as assessed by the formation of γH2AX foci, was increased at 3h in HU-exposed embryos in all tissues examined, including the somites and heart. Increases in pyknotic nuclei and cell fragmentation were observed in all tissues except the heart, an organ that is relatively resistant to HU-induced malformations. Thus, although HU induces a widespread DNA damage response, the activation of p38 MAPK is localized to the rostral and caudal neuroepithelium and neural tube, suggesting that p38 MAPK pathways may play a role in mediating the specific malformations observed after HU exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Banh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
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