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Abreu C, Ortega C, Olivero-Deibe N, Carrión F, Gaete-Argel A, Valiente-Echeverría F, Soto-Rifo R, Milan Bonotto R, Marcello A, Pantano S. Customizably designed multibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in a variant-insensitive manner. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1226880. [PMID: 37638023 PMCID: PMC10447908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1226880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic evolves constantly, requiring adaptable solutions to combat emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. To address this, we created a pentameric scaffold based on a mammalian protein, which can be customized with up to 10 protein binding modules. This molecular scaffold spans roughly 20 nm and can simultaneously neutralize SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins from one or multiple viral particles. Using only two different modules targeting the Spike's RBD domain, this construct outcompetes human antibodies from vaccinated individuals' serum and blocks in vitro cell attachment and pseudotyped virus entry. Additionally, the multibodies inhibit viral replication at low picomolar concentrations, regardless of the variant. This customizable multibody can be easily produced in procaryote systems, providing a new avenue for therapeutic development and detection devices, and contributing to preparedness against rapidly evolving pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aracelly Gaete-Argel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafaela Milan Bonotto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
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2
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Harne R, Williams B, Abdelaal HFM, Baldwin SL, Coler RN. SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune responses. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:245-276. [PMID: 37091818 PMCID: PMC10113164 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to be an enormous global challenge faced by the healthcare sector. Availability of new vaccines and drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 and sequelae of COVID-19 has given the world hope in ending the pandemic. However, the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome every couple of months in different parts of world is a persistent danger to public health. Currently there is no single treatment to eradicate the risk of COVID-19. The widespread transmission of SARS-CoV-2 due to the Omicron variant necessitates continued work on the development and implementation of effective vaccines. Moreover, there is evidence that mutations in the receptor domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein led to the decrease in current vaccine efficacy by escaping antibody recognition. Therefore, it is essential to actively identify the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 evades the host immune system, study the long-lasting effects of COVID-19 and develop therapeutics targeting SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans and preclinical models. In this review, we describe the pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the innate and adaptive host immune responses to infection. We address the ongoing need to develop effective vaccines that provide protection against different variants of SARS-CoV-2, as well as validated endpoint assays to evaluate the immunogenicity of vaccines in the pipeline, medications, anti-viral drug therapies and public health measures, that will be required to successfully end the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Harne
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brittany Williams
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hazem F. M. Abdelaal
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan L. Baldwin
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Reutovich AA, Srivastava AK, Arosio P, Bou-Abdallah F. Ferritin nanocages as efficient nanocarriers and promising platforms for COVID-19 and other vaccines development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130288. [PMID: 36470367 PMCID: PMC9721431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of safe and effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses with high antigenic drift is of crucial importance to public health. Ferritin is a well characterized and ubiquitous iron storage protein that has emerged not only as a useful nanoreactor and nanocarrier, but more recently as an efficient platform for vaccine development. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses ferritin structure-function properties, self-assembly, and novel bioengineering strategies such as interior cavity and exterior surface modifications for cargo encapsulation and delivery. It also discusses the use of ferritin as a scaffold for biomedical applications, especially for vaccine development against influenza, Epstein-Barr, HIV, hepatitis-C, Lyme disease, and respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. The use of ferritin for the synthesis of mosaic vaccines to deliver a cocktail of antigens that elicit broad immune protection against different viral variants is also explored. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The remarkable stability, biocompatibility, surface functionalization, and self-assembly properties of ferritin nanoparticles make them very attractive platforms for a wide range of biomedical applications, including the development of vaccines. Strong immune responses have been observed in pre-clinical studies against a wide range of pathogens and have led to the exploration of ferritin nanoparticles-based vaccines in multiple phase I clinical trials. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The broad protective antibody response of ferritin nanoparticles-based vaccines demonstrates the usefulness of ferritin as a highly promising and effective approaches for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayush K Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA.
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4
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Navish AA, Uthayakumar R. A comparative study on structural proteins of viruses that belong to the identical family. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. SPECIAL TOPICS 2023; 232:1-10. [PMID: 36846473 PMCID: PMC9936937 DOI: 10.1140/epjs/s11734-023-00791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have focused on the similarity between SARS Cov-2 and various viruses from the Coronaviridae family (such as MERS Cov, SARS Cov and Bat Cov RaTG13) to uncover the mystery of SARS Cov-2. Specifically, some studies identified that the SARS Cov-2 is closely related to Bat Cov RaTG13 (a SARS-related coronavirus found in bats) rather than the other viruses in that family. These studies are mainly focusing on the biological techniques to show the similarity between the SARS Cov-2 and other viruses. Examining proteins is not easy for common researchers unless for biologists. To rectify this flaw, we have to convert the protein to one of the known formats, which are easy to understand. Consequently, this study uses viral structural proteins to analyse the relationship between SARS Cov-2 and the rest of the coronavirus with the help of mathematical and statistical parameters and explores the various graph representations of MERS Cov, SARS Cov, Bat Cov RaTG13 and SARS Cov-2 structural proteins, such as zig-zag curve, Protein Contact Map ( PCM ) and Chaos Game Representation ( CGR ). Though these graph interpretations are visually similar, a slight variation between the graphs reflects their structural and functional differences. Thus, we use an elegant parameter known as the fractal dimension to observe their minor changes. According to the nature of the graph, we employ different types of fractal dimensions, namely mass dimension and box dimension. Furthermore, we perform the similarity tests with normalized cross-correlation and cosine similarity to assess the comparability of the PCM and CGR graphs. The acquired C C n values are near the sequence identity between SARS Cov-2 and MERS Cov, SARS Cov, Bat Cov RaTG13.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Navish
- Department of Mathematics, The Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed to be University, Gandhigram, Dindigul, 624 302 Tamil Nadu India
| | - R. Uthayakumar
- Department of Mathematics, The Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed to be University, Gandhigram, Dindigul, 624 302 Tamil Nadu India
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5
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Mokhtary P, Pourhashem Z, Mehrizi AA, Sala C, Rappuoli R. Recent Progress in the Discovery and Development of Monoclonal Antibodies against Viral Infections. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081861. [PMID: 36009408 PMCID: PMC9405509 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the new revolutionary class of medications, are fast becoming tools against various diseases thanks to a unique structure and function that allow them to bind highly specific targets or receptors. These specialized proteins can be produced in large quantities via the hybridoma technique introduced in 1975 or by means of modern technologies. Additional methods have been developed to generate mAbs with new biological properties such as humanized, chimeric, or murine. The inclusion of mAbs in therapeutic regimens is a major medical advance and will hopefully lead to significant improvements in infectious disease management. Since the first therapeutic mAb, muromonab-CD3, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, the list of approved mAbs and their clinical indications and applications have been proliferating. New technologies have been developed to modify the structure of mAbs, thereby increasing efficacy and improving delivery routes. Gene delivery technologies, such as non-viral synthetic plasmid DNA and messenger RNA vectors (DMabs or mRNA-encoded mAbs), built to express tailored mAb genes, might help overcome some of the challenges of mAb therapy, including production restrictions, cold-chain storage, transportation requirements, and expensive manufacturing and distribution processes. This paper reviews some of the recent developments in mAb discovery against viral infections and illustrates how mAbs can help to combat viral diseases and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Mokhtary
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Zeinab Pourhashem
- Student Research Committee, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Akram Abouei Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Claudia Sala
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.R.)
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Amini R, Zhang Z, Li J, Gu J, Brennan J, Li Y. Aptamers for SARS-CoV-2: Isolation, Characterization, and Diagnostic and Therapeutic Developments. ANALYSIS & SENSING 2022; 2:e202200012. [PMID: 35574520 PMCID: PMC9082509 DOI: 10.1002/anse.202200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The SARS‐CoV‐2 virus and COVID‐19 pandemic continue to demand effective diagnostic and therapeutic solutions. Finding these solutions requires highly functional molecular recognition elements. Nucleic acid aptamers represent a possible solution. Characterized by their high affinity and specificity, aptamers can be rapidly identified from random‐sequence nucleic acid libraries. Over the past two years, many labs around the world have rushed to create diverse aptamers that target two important structural proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2: the spike (S) protein and nucleocapsid (N) protein. These have led to the identification of many aptamers that show real promise for the development of diagnostic tests and therapeutic agents for SARS‐CoV‐2. Herein we review all these developments, with a special focus on the development of diverse aptasensors for detecting SARS‐CoV‐2. These include electrochemical and optical sensors, lateral flow devices, and aptamer‐linked immobilized sorbent assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Amini
- McMaster University Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences CANADA
| | - Zijie Zhang
- McMaster University Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences CANADA
| | - Jiuxing Li
- McMaster University Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences CANADA
| | - Jimmy Gu
- McMaster University Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences CANADA
| | - John Brennan
- McMaster University Biointerfaces Institute CANADA
| | - Yingfu Li
- McMaster University Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences 1280 Main Street West L8S4K1 Hamilton CANADA
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7
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Ahan RE, Hanifehnezhad A, Kehribar EŞ, Oguzoglu TC, Földes K, Özçelik CE, Filazi N, Öztop S, Palaz F, Önder S, Bozkurt EU, Ergünay K, Özkul A, Şeker UÖŞ. A Highly Potent SARS-CoV-2 Blocking Lectin Protein. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1253-1264. [PMID: 35426678 PMCID: PMC9017247 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The COVID-19 (coronavirus
disease-19) pandemic affected more than
180 million people around the globe, causing more than five million
deaths as of January 2022. SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2), the new coronavirus, has been identified as the primary
cause of the infection. The number of vaccinated people is increasing;
however, prophylactic drugs are highly demanded to ensure secure social
contact. A number of drug molecules have been repurposed to fight
against SARS-CoV-2, and some of them have been proven to be effective
in preventing hospitalization or ICU admissions. Here, we demonstrated
griffithsin (GRFT), a lectin protein, to block the entry of SARS-CoV-2
and its variants, Delta and Omicron, into the Vero E6 cell lines and
IFNAR–/– mouse models by attaching to the
spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Given the current mutation frequency
of SARS-CoV-2, we believe that GRFT protein-based drugs will have
a high impact in preventing the transmission of both the Wuhan strain
as well as any other emerging variants, including Delta and Omicron
variants, causing the high-speed spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep E. Ahan
- UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Alireza Hanifehnezhad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Ebru Ş. Kehribar
- UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Tuba C. Oguzoglu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Katalin Földes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Cemile E. Özçelik
- UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Nazlican Filazi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Sıdıka Öztop
- Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Medical and Research Center, Department of Immunology, Baskent University, Adana 01250, Turkey
| | - Fahreddin Palaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Sevgen Önder
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pathology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Eray U. Bozkurt
- UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Koray Ergünay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Aykut Özkul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara 06135, Turkey
| | - Urartu Özgür Şafak Şeker
- UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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8
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Tenchov R, Zhou QA. Intrinsically Disordered Proteins: Perspective on COVID-19 Infection and Drug Discovery. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:422-432. [PMID: 35196007 PMCID: PMC8887652 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, millions of patients have been diagnosed and many of them have died from the disease worldwide. The identification of novel therapeutic targets are of utmost significance for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus with a 30 kb genome packaged into a membrane-enveloped virion, transcribing several tens of proteins. The belief that the amino acid sequence of proteins determines their 3D structure which, in turn, determines their function has been a central principle of molecular biology for a long time. Recently, it has been increasingly realized, however, that there is a large group of proteins that lack a fixed or ordered 3D structure, yet they exhibit important biological activities─so-called intrinsically disordered proteins and protein regions (IDPs/IDRs). Disordered regions in viral proteins are generally associated with viral infectivity and pathogenicity because they endow the viral proteins the ability to easily and promiscuously bind to host proteins; therefore, the proteome of SARS-CoV-2 has been thoroughly examined for intrinsic disorder. It has been recognized that, in fact, the SARS-CoV-2 proteome exhibits significant levels of structural order, with only the nucleocapsid (N) structural protein and two of the nonstructural proteins being highly disordered. The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 exhibits significant levels of structural order, yet its predicted percentage of intrinsic disorder is still higher than that of the spike protein of SARS-CoV. Noteworthy, however, even though IDPs/IDRs are not common in the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, the existing ones play major roles in the functioning and virulence of the virus and are thus promising drug targets for rational antiviral drug design. Presented here is a COVID-19 perspective on the intrinsically disordered proteins, summarizing recent results on the SARS-CoV-2 proteome disorder features, their physiological and pathological relevance, and their prominence as prospective drug target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society,
Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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9
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Abstract
Proteins play a key role in living organisms. The study of proteins and their dynamics provides information about their functionality, catalysis and potential alterations towards pathological diseases. Several techniques are used for studying protein dynamics, e.g., magnetic resonance, fluorescence imaging techniques, mid-infrared spectroscopy and biochemical assays. Spectroscopic analysis, based on the use of terahertz (THz) radiation with frequencies between 0.1 and 15 THz (3–500 cm−1), was underestimated by the biochemical community. In recent years, however, the potential of THz spectroscopy in the analysis of both simple structures, such as polypeptide molecules, and complex structures, such as protein complexes, has been demonstrated. The THz absorption spectrum provides some information on proteins: for small molecules the THz spectrum is dominated by individual modes related to the presence of hydrogen bonds. For peptides, the spectral information concerns their secondary structure, while for complex proteins such as globular proteins and viral glycoproteins, spectra also provide information on collective modes. In this short review, we discuss the results obtained by THz spectroscopy in the protein dynamics investigations. In particular, we will illustrate advantages and applications of THz spectroscopy, pointing out the complementary information it may provide.
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10
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Gusev E, Sarapultsev A, Solomatina L, Chereshnev V. SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1716. [PMID: 35163638 PMCID: PMC8835786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The review aims to consolidate research findings on the molecular mechanisms and virulence and pathogenicity characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and their relevance to four typical stages in the development of acute viral infection. These four stages are invasion; primary blockade of antiviral innate immunity; engagement of the virus's protection mechanisms against the factors of adaptive immunity; and acute, long-term complications of COVID-19. The invasion stage entails the recognition of the spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 target cell receptors, namely, the main receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2), its coreceptors, and potential alternative receptors. The presence of a diverse repertoire of receptors allows SARS-CoV-2 to infect various types of cells, including those not expressing ACE2. During the second stage, the majority of the polyfunctional structural, non-structural, and extra proteins SARS-CoV-2 synthesizes in infected cells are involved in the primary blockage of antiviral innate immunity. A high degree of redundancy and systemic action characterizing these pathogenic factors allows SARS-CoV-2 to overcome antiviral mechanisms at the initial stages of invasion. The third stage includes passive and active protection of the virus from factors of adaptive immunity, overcoming of the barrier function at the focus of inflammation, and generalization of SARS-CoV-2 in the body. The fourth stage is associated with the deployment of variants of acute and long-term complications of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2's ability to induce autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathways of tissue invasion and development of both immunosuppressive and hyperergic mechanisms of systemic inflammation is critical at this stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Gusev
- Laboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Laboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Liliya Solomatina
- Laboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valeriy Chereshnev
- Laboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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11
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Kefir as a Functional Beverage Gaining Momentum towards Its Health Promoting Attributes. BEVERAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages7030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of fermented foods posing health-promoting attributes is a rising global trend. In this manner, fermented dairy products represent a significant subcategory of functional foods with established positive health benefits. Likewise, kefir—a fermented milk product manufactured from kefir grains—has been reported by many studies to be a probiotic drink with great potential in health promotion. Existing research data link regular kefir consumption with a wide range of health-promoting attributes, and more recent findings support the link between kefir’s probiotic strains and its bio-functional metabolites in the enhancement of the immune system, providing significant antiviral effects. Although it has been consumed for thousands of years, kefir has recently gained popularity in relation to novel biotechnological applications, with different fermentation substrates being tested as non-dairy functional beverages. The present review focuses on the microbiological composition of kefir and highlights novel applications associated with its fermentation capacity. Future prospects relating to kefir’s capacity for disease prevention are also addressed and discussed.
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12
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Joyce MG, King HAD, Naouar IE, Ahmed A, Peachman KK, Cincotta CM, Subra C, Chen RE, Thomas PV, Chen WH, Sankhala RS, Hajduczki A, Martinez EJ, Peterson CE, Chang WC, Choe M, Smith C, Lee PJ, Headley JA, Taddese MG, Elyard HA, Cook A, Anderson A, McGuckin-Wuertz K, Dong M, Swafford I, Case JB, Currier JR, Lal KG, O'Connell RJ, Molnar S, Nair MS, Dussupt V, Daye SP, Zeng X, Barkei EK, Staples HM, Alfson K, Carrion R, Krebs SJ, Paquin-Proulx D, Karasavva N, Polonis VR, Jagodzinski LL, Amare MF, Vasan S, Scott PT, Huang Y, Ho DD, de Val N, Diamond MS, Lewis MG, Rao M, Matyas GR, Gromowski GD, Peel SA, Michael NL, Bolton DL, Modjarrad K. Efficacy of a Broadly Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Ferritin Nanoparticle Vaccine in Nonhuman Primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33791694 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.24.436523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants stresses the continued need for next-generation vaccines that confer broad protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We developed and evaluated an adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 Spike Ferritin Nanoparticle (SpFN) vaccine in nonhuman primates (NHPs). High-dose (50 µ g) SpFN vaccine, given twice within a 28 day interval, induced a Th1-biased CD4 T cell helper response and a peak neutralizing antibody geometric mean titer of 52,773 against wild-type virus, with activity against SARS-CoV-1 and minimal decrement against variants of concern. Vaccinated animals mounted an anamnestic response upon high-dose SARS-CoV-2 respiratory challenge that translated into rapid elimination of replicating virus in their upper and lower airways and lung parenchyma. SpFN's potent and broad immunogenicity profile and resulting efficacy in NHPs supports its utility as a candidate platform for SARS-like betacoronaviruses. One-Sentence Summary A SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein ferritin nanoparticle vaccine, co-formulated with a liposomal adjuvant, elicits broad neutralizing antibody responses that exceed those observed for other major vaccines and rapidly protects against respiratory infection and disease in the upper and lower airways and lung tissue of nonhuman primates.
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