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Fang Q, Luo Y, Liang T, Liao R, Yu X, Zheng J, Yin D, Yu X. Development of an indirect ELISA for the immunoprotection evaluation of E2 antibodies against classical swine fever virus. J Virol Methods 2024; 329:114999. [PMID: 39025132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The Chinese government's reclassification of Classical Swine Fever (CSF) from a class Ⅰ to a class Ⅱ animal infectious disease, now also including CSF under the disease eradication program, reflects the significant progress made through extensive immunization with CSF vaccines. In light of this advancement, there is an imperative need for an expedient and accurate method to assess the levels of immunoprotection against classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in vaccinated pigs, a critical component in the campaign to eradicate the disease. This study develops an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) based on a highly glycosylated E2 protein stable expressed in CHO-K1 mammalian cells. Statistical analysis revealed strong positive correlations between the iELISA and VNT results (r = 0.9063, p < 0.0001) that were much greater than those between the IDEXX ELISA and VNT results (r = 0.8126, p < 0.0001). Taking the VNT data as the standard, the consistency of the iELISA (κ =0.880) was greater than that of the IDEXX ELISA (κ =0.699). In summary, the iELISA provides a more efficient and precise method for assessing CSFV immunity in pigs. Its reliable detection of immunoprotection levels against CSFV makes it an essential tool for optimizing CSF vaccination strategies. Consequently, its application can significantly support the ongoing efforts to eradicate CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Molecular and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ye Luo
- Hunan ComBetter Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Tongtong Liang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Molecular and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rongli Liao
- Hunan ComBetter Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohang Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Molecular and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Hunan ComBetter Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Deming Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Molecular and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Xinglong Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Molecular and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Robert E, Goonewardene K, Lamboo L, Perez O, Goolia M, Lewis C, Erdelyan CNG, Lung O, Handel K, Moffat E, Embury-Hyatt C, Amaya NN, Parra CPC, Rueda DCG, Monroy MAR, Clavijo A, Ambagala A. Molecular and Pathological Characterization of Classical Swine Fever Virus Genotype 2 Strains Responsible for the 2013-2018 Outbreak in Colombia. Viruses 2023; 15:2308. [PMID: 38140549 PMCID: PMC10747092 DOI: 10.3390/v15122308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease of domestic and wild pigs. Despite mass vaccination and continuous eradication programs, CSF remains endemic in Asia, some countries in Europe, the Caribbean and South America. Since June 2013, Northern Colombia has reported 137 CSF outbreaks, mostly in backyard production systems with low vaccination coverage. The purpose of this study was to characterize the virus responsible for the outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length E2 sequence shows that the virus is closely related to CSF virus (CSFV) genotype 2.6 strains circulating in Southeast Asia. The pathotyping experiment suggests that the virus responsible is a moderately virulent strain. The 190 nucleotide stretch of the E2 hypervariable region of these isolates also shows high similarity to the CSFV isolates from Colombia in 2005 and 2006, suggesting a common origin for the CSF outbreaks caused by genotype 2.6 strains. The emergence of genotype 2.6 in Colombia suggests a potential transboundary spread of CSFV from Asia to the Americas, complicating the ongoing CSF eradication efforts in the Americas, and emphasizes the need for continuous surveillance in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Robert
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Kalhari Goonewardene
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Lindsey Lamboo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Orlando Perez
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Melissa Goolia
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Charles Lewis
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Cassidy N. G. Erdelyan
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Oliver Lung
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Katherine Handel
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Estella Moffat
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Carissa Embury-Hyatt
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Nancy Naranjo Amaya
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogota 110911, DC, Colombia; (N.N.A.); (C.P.C.P.); (D.C.G.R.); (M.A.R.M.)
| | - Claudia Patricia Calderón Parra
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogota 110911, DC, Colombia; (N.N.A.); (C.P.C.P.); (D.C.G.R.); (M.A.R.M.)
| | - Diana Cristina Gómez Rueda
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogota 110911, DC, Colombia; (N.N.A.); (C.P.C.P.); (D.C.G.R.); (M.A.R.M.)
| | - Maria Antonia Rincón Monroy
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogota 110911, DC, Colombia; (N.N.A.); (C.P.C.P.); (D.C.G.R.); (M.A.R.M.)
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Chang CY, Tsai KJ, Deng MC, Wang FI, Liu HM, Tsai SH, Tu YC, Lin NN, Huang YL. Transmission of Classical Swine Fever Virus in Cohabitating Piglets with Various Immune Statuses Following Attenuated Live Vaccine. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030368. [PMID: 36766258 PMCID: PMC9913813 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a systemic hemorrhagic disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boars. The modified live vaccine (MLV) induces quick and solid protection against CSF virus (CSFV) infection. Maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) via colostrum could interfere with the MLV's efficacy, leading to incomplete protection against CSFV infection for pigs. This study investigated CSFV transmission among experimental piglets with various post-MLV immune statuses. Nineteen piglets, 18 with MDAs and 1 specific-pathogen-free piglet infected with CSFV that served as the CSFV donor, were cohabited with piglets that had or had not been administered the MLV. Five-sixths of the piglets with MDAs that had been administered one dose of MLV were fully protected from contact transmission from the CSFV donor and did not transmit CSFV to the piglets secondarily exposed through cohabitation. Cell-mediated immunity, represented by the anti-CSFV-specific interferon-γ-secreting cells, was key to viral clearance and recovery. After cohabitation with a CSFV donor, the unvaccinated piglets with low MDA levels exhibited CSFV infection and spread CSFV to other piglets through contact; those with high MDA levels recovered but acted as asymptomatic carriers. In conclusion, MLV still induces solid immunity in commercial herds under MDA interference and blocks CSFV transmission within these herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yi Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jung Tsai
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Fun-In Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Meng Liu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Tsai
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Tu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Nong Lin
- Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 9F., No. 100, Sec. 2, Heping-West Road, Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei 10060, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Huang
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2621-2111 (ext. 306)
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Xia YJ, Xu L, Zhao JJ, Li YX, Wu RZ, Song XP, Zhao QZ, Liu YB, Wang Q, Zhang QY. Development of a quadruple PCR-based gene microarray for detection of vaccine and wild-type classical swine fever virus, African swine fever virus and atypical porcine pestivirus. Virol J 2022; 19:201. [PMID: 36447230 PMCID: PMC9708128 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical swine fever (CSF), African swine fever (ASF), and atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) are acute, virulent, and contagious viral diseases currently hampering the pig industry in China, which result in mummification or stillbirths in piglets and mortality in pigs. Diagnostic assays for the differentiation of infection and vaccination of CSFV, in addition to the detection of ASFV and APPV, are urgently required for better prevention, control, and elimination of these viral diseases in China. METHODS A quadruple PCR-based gene microarray assay was developed in this study to simultaneously detect wild-type and vaccine CSFV strains, ASFV and APPV according to their conserved regions. Forty-two laboratory-confirmed samples, including positive samples of 10 other swine viral diseases, were tested using this assay to confirm its high specificity. RESULTS This assay's limit of detections (LODs) for the wild-type and vaccine CSFV were 6.98 and 6.92 copies/µL. LODs for ASFV and APPV were 2.56 × 10 and 1.80 × 10 copies/µL, respectively. When compared with standard RT-PCR or qPCR for CSFV (GB/T 26875-2018), ASFV (MARR issue No.172), or APPV (CN108611442A) using 219 clinical samples, the coincidence was 100%. The results showed that this assay with high sensitivity could specifically distinguish ASFV, APPV, and CSFV, including CSFV infection and immunization. CONCLUSION This assay provides a practical, simple, economic, and reliable test for the rapid detection and accurate diagnosis of the three viruses and may have good prospects for application in an epidemiological investigation, prevention, and control and elimination of these three diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-ju Xia
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Xu
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-jie Zhao
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-xi Li
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-zhi Wu
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-peng Song
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi-zu Zhao
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye-bing Liu
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian-yi Zhang
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
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Liu Y, Bahoussi AN, Wang PH, Wu C, Xing L. Complete genome sequences of classical swine fever virus: Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1021734. [PMID: 36225377 PMCID: PMC9549409 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1021734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical swine fever virus (CSFV) outbreaks cause colossal losses of pigs and drastic economic impacts. The current phylogenetic CSFV groups were determined mainly based on the partial genome. Herein, 203 complete genomic sequences of CSFVs collected worldwide between 1998 and 2018 available on the GenBank database were retrieved for re-genotyping and recombination analysis. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree determined two main groups, GI and GII, with multiple sub-genotypes. The “strain 39” (GenBank ID: AF407339), previously identified as belonging to sub-genotypes 1.1 or 2.2 based on the partial sequences, is found to be genetically distinct and independent, forming a new lineage depicted as GI-2.2b. Ten potential natural recombination events were identified, seven of which were collected in China and found involved in the genetic diversity of CSFVs. Importantly, the vaccine strains and highly virulent strains were all involved in the recombination events, which would induce extra challenges to vaccine development. These findings alarm that attenuated vaccines should be applied with discretion and recommend using subunit vaccines in parallel with other preventive strategies for better management of CSFVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Pei-Hua Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Xing
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Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of classical swine fever virus envelope protein genes E2 and E rns circulating in Vietnam from 2017 to 2019. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105140. [PMID: 34781037 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is an RNA virus that incurs severe economic costs to swine industries worldwide. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity among CSFV strains circulating in Vietnam, with a focus on their genetic variants relative to four vaccine strains. Samples from clinical cases were collected from different provinces of Central and Southern Vietnam from 2017 to 2019. 21 CSFV-positive samples were selected for amplification and sequencing of the full-length Erns and E2 genes. Phylogenetic analyses of these two genes showed that most CSFV strains circulating in Central and Southern Vietnam from 2017 to 2019 belong to subgroup 2.1c, whereas the remaining strains cluster into subgroup 2.2. All CSFV field strains in this study were genetically distant from group 1 strains. Analysis of the E2 and Erns genes indicated that all CSFV field strains have low sequence identity with the vaccine strains (80-83.5% and 82.3-86% sequence identity for E2 and Erns, respectively). Likewise, amino acid-level sequence analysis showed 87.3-91.1% and 87.6-91.6% sequence identity for E2 and Erns, respectively. Together, our findings indicate that CSFV strains circulating in Vietnam belong to subtypes 2.2 and 2.1c, and we also provide novel insights into the epidemiology, molecular characteristics, genetic diversity, and evolution of these circulating CSFV strains.
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