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Haas GD, Schmitz KS, Azarm KD, Johnson KN, Klain WR, Freiberg AN, Cox RM, Plemper RK, Lee B. Tetracistronic Minigenomes Elucidate a Functional Promoter for Ghana Virus and Unveils Cedar Virus Replicase Promiscuity for all Henipaviruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.16.589704. [PMID: 38659760 PMCID: PMC11042316 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.16.589704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Batborne henipaviruses, such as Nipah virus and Hendra virus, represent a major threat to global health due to their propensity for spillover, severe pathogenicity, and high mortality rate in human hosts. Coupled with the absence of approved vaccines or therapeutics, work with the prototypical species and uncharacterized, emergent species is restricted to high biocontainment facilities. There is a scarcity of such specialized spaces for research, and often the scope and capacity of research which can be conducted at BSL-4 is limited. Therefore, there is a pressing need for innovative life-cycle modeling systems to enable comprehensive research within lower biocontainment settings. This work showcases tetracistronic, transcription and replication competent minigenomes for Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Cedar virus, and Ghana virus, which encode viral proteins facilitating budding, fusion, and receptor binding. We validate the functionality of all encoded viral proteins and demonstrate a variety of applications to interrogate the viral life cycle. Notably, we found that the Cedar virus replicase exhibits remarkable promiscuity, efficiently rescuing minigenomes from all tested henipaviruses. We also apply this technology to GhV, an emergent species which has so far not been isolated in culture. We demonstrate that the reported sequence of GhV is incomplete, but that this missing sequence can be substituted with analogous sequences from other henipaviruses. Use of our GhV system establishes the functionality of the GhV replicase and identifies two antivirals which are highly efficacious against the GhV polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin D. Haas
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Kristopher D. Azarm
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kendra N. Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - William R. Klain
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Robert M. Cox
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard K. Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Zhou L, Kang H, Xu S, Chen J, Wang X, Long H, Li G, Xu P, He B. Tailam paramyxovirus C protein inhibits viral replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0165423. [PMID: 38169290 PMCID: PMC10804977 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01654-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Jeilongviruses are emerging single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses in the Paramyxoviridae family. Tailam paramyxovirus (TlmPV) is a Jeilongvirus that was identified in 2011. Very little is known about the mechanisms that regulate viral replication in these newly emerging viruses. Among the non-structural viral proteins of TlmPV, the C protein is predicted to be translated from an open reading frame within the phosphoprotein gene through alternative translation initiation. Though the regulatory roles of C proteins in virus replication of other paramyxoviruses have been reported before, the function of the TlmPV C protein and the relevant molecular mechanisms have not been reported. Here, we show that the C protein is expressed in TlmPV-infected cells and negatively modulates viral RNA replication. The TlmPV C protein interacts with the P protein, negatively impacting the interaction between N and P, resulting in inhibition of viral RNA replication. Deletion mutagenesis studies indicate that the 50 amino-terminal amino acid residues of the C protein are dispensable for its inhibition of virus RNA replication and interaction with the P protein.IMPORTANCETailam paramyxovirus (TlmPV) is a newly identified paramyxovirus belonging to the Jeilongvirus genus, of which little is known. In this work, we confirmed the expression of the C protein in TlmPV-infected cells, assessed its function, and defined a potential mechanism of action. This is the first time that the existence of a Jeilongvirus C protein has been confirmed and its role in viral replication has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou CyanVaccine Biotechnology Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixian Kang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou CyanVaccine Biotechnology Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuya Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou CyanVaccine Biotechnology Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbi Chen
- Guangzhou CyanVaccine Biotechnology Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyang Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haishang Long
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geng Li
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Xu
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Biao He
- Guangzhou CyanVaccine Biotechnology Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
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Weber MN, da Silva MS. Corona- and Paramyxoviruses in Bats from Brazil: A Matter of Concern? Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:88. [PMID: 38200819 PMCID: PMC10778288 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chiroptera are one of the most diverse mammal orders. They are considered reservoirs of main human pathogens, where coronaviruses (CoVs) and paramyxoviruses (PMVs) may be highlighted. Moreover, the growing number of publications on CoVs and PMVs in wildlife reinforces the scientific community's interest in eco-vigilance, especially because of the emergence of important human pathogens such as the SARS-CoV-2 and Nipha viruses. Considering that Brazil presents continental dimensions, is biologically rich containing one of the most diverse continental biotas and presents a rich biodiversity of animals classified in the order Chiroptera, the mapping of CoV and PMV genetics related to human pathogens is important and the aim of the present work. CoVs can be classified into four genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus and Gammacoronavirus. Delta- and gammacoronaviruses infect mainly birds, while alpha- and betacoronaviruses contain important animal and human pathogens. Almost 60% of alpha- and betacoronaviruses are related to bats, which are considered natural hosts of these viral genera members. The studies on CoV presence in bats from Brazil have mainly assayed phyllostomid, molossid and vespertilionid bats in the South, Southeast and North territories. Despite Brazil not hosting rhinophilid or pteropodid bats, which are natural reservoirs of SARS-related CoVs and henipaviruses, respectively, CoVs and PMVs reported in Brazilian bats are genetically closely related to some human pathogens. Most works performed with Brazilian bats reported alpha-CoVs that were closely related to other bat-CoVs, despite a few reports of beta-CoVs grouped in the Merbecovirus and Embecovirus subgenera. The family Paramyxoviridae includes four subfamilies (Avulavirinae, Metaparamyxovirinae, Orthoparamyxovirinae and Rubulavirinae), and bats are significant drivers of PMV cross-species viral transmission. Additionally, the studies that have evaluated PMV presence in Brazilian bats have mainly found sequences classified in the Jeilongvirus and Morbillivirus genera that belong to the Orthoparamyxovirinae subfamily. Despite the increasing amount of research on Brazilian bats, studies analyzing these samples are still scarce. When surveying the representativeness of the CoVs and PMVs found and the available genomic sequences, it can be perceived that there may be gaps in the knowledge. The continuous monitoring of viral sequences that are closely related to human pathogens may be helpful in mapping and predicting future hotspots in the emergence of zoonotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade FEEVALE, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil;
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Wrobel ER, Jackson J, Abraham M, He B. Regulation of host gene expression by J paramyxovirus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294173. [PMID: 37963152 PMCID: PMC10645344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that are associated with numerous diseases in humans and animals. J paramyxovirus (JPV) was first isolated from moribund mice (Mus musculus) with hemorrhagic lung lesions in Australia in 1972. In 2016, JPV was classified into the newly established genus Jeilongvirus. Novel jeilongviruses are being discovered worldwide in wildlife populations. However, the effects of jeilongvirus infection on host gene expression remains uncharacterized. To address this, cellular RNA from JPV-infected mouse fibroblasts was collected at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 48 hours post-infection (hpi) and were sequenced using single-end 75 base pairs (SE75) sequencing chemistry on an Illumina NextSeq platform. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the virus-infected replicates and mock replicates at each timepoint were identified using the Tophat2-Cufflinks-Cuffdiff protocol. At 2 hpi, 11 DEGs were identified in JPV-infected cells, while 1,837 DEGs were detected at 48 hpi. A GO analysis determined that the genes at the earlier timepoints were involved in interferon responses, while there was a shift towards genes that are involved in antigen processing and presentation processes at the later timepoints. At 48 hpi, a KEGG analysis revealed that many of the DEGs detected were involved in pathways that are important for immune responses. qRT-PCR verified that Rtp4, Ifit3, Mx2, and Stat2 were all upregulated during JPV infection, while G0s2 was downregulated. After JPV infection, the expression of inflammatory and antiviral factors in mouse fibroblasts changes significantly. This study provides crucial insight into the different arms of host immunity that mediate Jeilongvirus infection. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of Jeilongvirus will lead to better strategies for the prevention and control of potential diseases that may arise from this group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Wrobel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jared Jackson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mathew Abraham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Horemans M, Van Bets J, Joly Maes T, Maes P, Vanmechelen B. Discovery and genome characterization of six new orthoparamyxoviruses in small Belgian mammals. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead065. [PMID: 38034864 PMCID: PMC10684267 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the future, zoonotic spillover events are expected to occur more frequently. Consequences of such events have clearly been demonstrated by recent outbreaks of monkeypox, Ebola virus, and the well-known severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Virus discovery has proven to be an important tool in the preparation against viral outbreaks, generating data concerning the diversity, quantity, and ecology of the vertebrate virome. Orthoparamyxoviruses, a subfamily within the Paramyxoviridae, are important biosurveillance targets, since they include several known animal, human, and zoonotic pathogens such as Nipah virus, measles virus, and Hendra virus. During this study, 127 bat samples, thirty-four rodent samples, and seventeen shrew samples originating from Belgium were screened for orthoparamyxovirus presence using nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays and nanopore sequencing. We present here the complete genomes of six putative new viral species, belonging to the genera Jeilongvirus and Henipavirus. Characterization of these genomes revealed significant differences in gene composition and organization, both within viruses of the same genus and between viruses of different genera. Remarkably, a previously undetected gene coding for a protein of unknown function was identified in the genome of a putative new Henipavirus. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of jeilongviruses and henipaviruses reveals a division of both genera into two clades, one consisting of bat-borne viruses and the other consisting of rodent- and shrew-borne viruses, elucidating the need for proper reclassification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Van Bets
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49/Box 1040, Leuven BE3000, Belgium
| | - Tibe Joly Maes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49/Box 1040, Leuven BE3000, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49/Box 1040, Leuven BE3000, Belgium
| | - Bert Vanmechelen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49/Box 1040, Leuven BE3000, Belgium
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Ikegame S, Carmichael JC, Wells H, Furler O'Brien RL, Acklin JA, Chiu HP, Oguntuyo KY, Cox RM, Patel AR, Kowdle S, Stevens CS, Eckley M, Zhan S, Lim JK, Veit EC, Evans MJ, Hashiguchi T, Durigon E, Schountz T, Epstein JH, Plemper RK, Daszak P, Anthony SJ, Lee B. Metagenomics-enabled reverse-genetics assembly and characterization of myotis bat morbillivirus. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1108-1122. [PMID: 37142773 PMCID: PMC11089651 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Morbilliviruses are among the most contagious viral pathogens of mammals. Although previous metagenomic surveys have identified morbillivirus sequences in bats, full-length morbilliviruses from bats are limited. Here we characterize the myotis bat morbillivirus (MBaMV) from a bat surveillance programme in Brazil, whose full genome was recently published. We demonstrate that the fusion and receptor binding protein of MBaMV utilize bat CD150 and not human CD150, as an entry receptor in a mammalian cell line. Using reverse genetics, we produced a clone of MBaMV that infected Vero cells expressing bat CD150. Electron microscopy of MBaMV-infected cells revealed budding of pleomorphic virions, a characteristic morbillivirus feature. MBaMV replication reached 103-105 plaque-forming units ml-1 in human epithelial cell lines and was dependent on nectin-4. Infection of human macrophages also occurred, albeit 2-10-fold less efficiently than measles virus. Importantly, MBaMV is restricted by cross-neutralizing human sera elicited by measles, mumps and rubella vaccination and is inhibited by orally bioavailable polymerase inhibitors in vitro. MBaMV-encoded P/V genes did not antagonize human interferon induction. Finally, we show that MBaMV does not cause disease in Jamaican fruit bats. We conclude that, while zoonotic spillover into humans may theoretically be plausible, MBaMV replication would probably be controlled by the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ikegame
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jillian C Carmichael
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heather Wells
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert L Furler O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua A Acklin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hsin-Ping Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Robert M Cox
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aum R Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shreyas Kowdle
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian S Stevens
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miles Eckley
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Shijun Zhan
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ethan C Veit
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Evans
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takao Hashiguchi
- Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Edison Durigon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tony Schountz
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Simon J Anthony
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Sozzi E, Lelli D, Barbieri I, Chiapponi C, Moreno A, Trogu T, Tosi G, Lavazza A. Isolation and Molecular Characterisation of Respirovirus 3 in Wild Boar. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1815. [PMID: 37889684 PMCID: PMC10252080 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are important pathogens affecting various animals, including humans. In this study, we identified a paramyxovirus in 2004 (180608_2004), isolated from a sample of the femoral marrow bone of a wild boar carcass imported from Australia. Antigenic and morphological characteristics indicated that this virus was similar to members of the family Paramyxoviridae. The complete genome phylogenetic analysis grouped this virus into genotype A of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3), recently renamed bovine respirovirus type 3 (BRV3), which also includes two swine paramyxoviruses (SPMV)-Texas-81 and ISU-92-isolated from encephalitic pigs in the United States in 1982 and 1992, respectively. The wild boar 180608_2004 strain was more closely related to both the BRV3 shipping fever (SF) strain and the SPMV Texas-81 strain at the nucleotide and amino acid levels than the SPMV ISU-92 strain. The high sequence identity to BRV3 suggested that this virus can be transferred from cattle to wild boars. The potential for cross-species transmission in the Respirovirus genus makes it essential for intensified genomic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (D.L.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.M.); (T.T.); (G.T.); (A.L.)
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Haas GD, Lee B. Paramyxoviruses from bats: changes in receptor specificity and their role in host adaptation. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 58:101292. [PMID: 36508860 PMCID: PMC9974588 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global metagenomic surveys have revealed that bats host a diverse array of paramyxoviruses, including species from at least five major genera. An essential determinant of successful spillover is the entry of a virus into a new host. We evaluate the role of receptor usage in the zoonotic potential of bat-borne henipaviruses, morbilliviruses, pararubulaviruses, orthorubulaviruses, and jeilongviruses; successful spillover into humans depends upon compatibility of a respective viral attachment protein with its cognate receptor. We also emphasize the importance of postentry restrictions in preventing spillover. Metagenomics and characterization of newly identified paramyxoviruses have greatly improved our understanding of spillover determinants, allowing for better forecasts of which bat-borne viruses may pose the greatest risk for cross-species transmission into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin D Haas
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA.
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The C-Terminal 300 Amino Acid Residues of the G Protein and Putative Open Reading Frame X of the G Gene of Tailam Paramyxovirus (TlmPV) Are Not Required for Replication in Tissue Culture Cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0180222. [PMID: 36521070 PMCID: PMC9888184 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01802-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailam paramyxovirus (TlmPV) was identified in Sikkim Rats in Hong Kong, China in 2011. Its negative sense RNA genome is similar to J paramyxovirus (JPV) and Beilong paramyxovirus (BeiPV), the prototypes of the recently established genus Jeilongvirus. TlmPV genome is predicted to have eight genes in the order 3'-N-P/V/C-M-F-SH-TM-G/X-L-5'. The predicted size of the TlmPV G protein is 1,052 amino acid (aa) residues and much larger than G proteins of typical paramyxoviruses, which are often less than 800 aa. In addition to G open reading frame (ORF) in the G gene, another ORF, termed ORF-X exists in the G gene transcript. Similar ORF-X exists in JPV and BeiPV G gene, but their expression in virus-infected cells has not been confirmed. In this study, we generated infectious TlmPV using a newly developed reverse genetics system. We have found that the G protein of TlmPV is truncated in cultured cells: stop codons emerged in the G open reading frame, resulting in deletions of amino acid residues beyond residue 732. We have obtained infectious TlmPV lacking the C-terminal 307 aa (rTlmPV-G745) and TlmPV lacking the C-terminal 306 aa and the ORF-X (rTlmPV-GΔ746-X). The recombinant TlmPVs lacking the C-terminal 300 aa reach a higher peak viral titer and have improved genome stability in tissue cultured cells. The work indicates that the C-terminal of the G protein of TlmPV and ORF-X are not required for replication in tissue culture cells, and the deletion of the C-terminal confers a growth advantage in tissue culture cells. IMPORTANCE TlmPV is a member of the recently established genus Jeilongvirus. TlmPV encodes a large G protein and its G gene contains ORF-X. In this work, infectious TlmPV was recovered using reverse genetics. Using this system, we have demonstrated that 300 aa of C-terminal of G and the ORF-X are not required for viral replication in tissue culture cells.
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First Genomic Evidence of a Henipa-like Virus in Brazil. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102167. [PMID: 36298723 PMCID: PMC9608811 DOI: 10.3390/v14102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral genus Henipavirus includes two highly virulent zoonotic viruses of serious public health concern. Hendra henipavirus and Nipah henipavirus outbreaks are restricted to Australia and Southeast Asia, respectively. The Henipavirus genus comprises mostly bat-borne viruses, but exceptions have already been described as novel viruses with rodents and shrews as reservoir animals. In the Americas, scarce evidence supports the circulation of these viruses. In this communication, we report a novel henipa-like virus from opossums (Marmosa demerarae) from a forest fragment area in the Peixe-Boi municipality, Brazil, after which the virus was named the Peixe-Boi virus (PBV). The application of next-generation sequencing and metagenomic approach led us to discover the original evidence of a henipa-like virus genome in Brazil and South America and the original description of a henipa-like virus in marsupial species. These findings emphasize the importance of further studies to characterize PBV and clarify its ecology, impact on public health, and its relationship with didelphid marsupials and henipaviruses.
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