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Li Y, Ruan Y, Zhai X, Ye J, Xiao Y, Liang J, Zhu N. Frontiers and hotspots in hand, foot, and mouth disease research during 2006 to 2023: A bibliometric and visual analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38550. [PMID: 38875391 PMCID: PMC11175905 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses-infected hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) seriously threatens human health. This study aimed to analyze the research status, hotspots, and frontiers of HFMD. METHODS Publications on HFMD between January 1, 2006, and January 31, 2023, were retrieved from the Web of Science Core database. Bibliometric tools, including CiteSpace, VOSviewer, R package "Bibiometrix," SCImago Graphica, and Charticulator, were utilized to analyze and visualize the data. RESULTS A total of 1860 articles from 424 journals, involving 8815 authors from 64 countries and 1797 institutions were analyzed. The number of studies on HFMD has shown an increasing trend over the past 18 years, with an annual increase observed since 2006, which is particularly prominent after 2010. Research in this field has centered on the Asian region. Notably, the research hotspots were mainly focused on vaccines, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of HFMD. Among the researchers in this field, Zhang Yong emerged as the most prolific author, while Xu Wenbo had the most significant influence. The Chinese Academy of Sciences was the most productive institution, and China was the most productive country for HFMD research. CONCLUSION By bibliometric analysis, researchers in the HMFD field can efficiently identify and visually represent their research focus and limitations. In the future, it is crucial to maintain ongoing surveillance of HFMD outbreaks and their pathogenic changes. Additionally, future research should extensively explore the molecular mechanisms underlying Enteroviruses-induced HFMD with a focus on developing vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Related Diseases and One Health, School of Basic Medicine Sciences/School of Pharmacy/National Demonstration Center for Experimental (General Practice) Education, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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Gaume L, Chabrolles H, Bisseux M, Lopez-Coqueiro I, Dehouck L, Mirand A, Henquell C, Gosselet F, Archimbaud C, Bailly JL. Enterovirus A71 crosses a human blood-brain barrier model through infected immune cells. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0069024. [PMID: 38752731 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00690-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is associated with neurological conditions such as acute meningitis and encephalitis. The virus is detected in the bloodstream, and high blood viral loads are associated with central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. We used an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model made up of human brain-like endothelial cells (hBLECs) and brain pericytes grown in transwell systems to investigate whether three genetically distinct EV-A71 strains (subgenogroups C1, C1-like, and C4) can cross the human BBB. EV-A71 poorly replicated in hBLECs, which released moderate amounts of infectious viruses from their luminal side and trace amounts of infectious viruses from their basolateral side. The barrier properties of hBLECs were not impaired by EV-A71 infection. We investigated the passage through hBLECs of EV-A71-infected white blood cells. EV-A71 strains efficiently replicated in immune cells, including monocytes, neutrophils, and NK/T cells. Attachment to hBLECs of immune cells infected with the C1-like virus was higher than attachment of cells infected with C1-06. EV-A71 infection did not impair the transmigration of immune cells through hBLECs. Overall, EV-A71 targets different white blood cell populations that have the potential to be used as a Trojan horse to cross hBLECs more efficiently than cell-free EV-A71 particles.IMPORTANCEEnterovirus A71 (EV-A71) was first reported in the USA, and numerous outbreaks have since occurred in Asia and Europe. EV-A71 re-emerged as a new multirecombinant strain in 2015 in Europe and is now widespread. The virus causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease in young children and is involved in nervous system infections. How the virus spreads to the nervous system is unclear. We investigated whether white blood cells could be infected by EV-A71 and transmit it across human endothelial cells mimicking the blood-brain barrier protecting the brain from adverse effects. We found that endothelial cells provide a strong roadblock to prevent the passage of free virus particles but allow the migration of infected immune cells, including monocytes, neutrophils, and NK/T cells. Our data are consistent with the potential role of immune cells in the pathogenesis of EV-A71 infections by spreading the virus in the blood and across the human blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Gaume
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Auvergne Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Chabrolles
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Auvergne Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maxime Bisseux
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Auvergne Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Igor Lopez-Coqueiro
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Auvergne Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lucie Dehouck
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Université d'Artois, Lens, France
| | - Audrey Mirand
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Auvergne Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cécile Henquell
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Auvergne Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Université d'Artois, Lens, France
| | - Christine Archimbaud
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Auvergne Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Bailly
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Auvergne Université, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Laksono BM, Sooksawasdi Na Ayudhya S, Aguilar-Bretones M, Embregts CWE, van Nierop GP, van Riel D. Human B cells and dendritic cells are susceptible and permissive to enterovirus D68 infection. mSphere 2024; 9:e0052623. [PMID: 38259063 PMCID: PMC10900886 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00526-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is predominantly associated with mild respiratory infections, but can also cause severe respiratory disease and extra-respiratory complications, including acute flaccid myelitis. Systemic dissemination of EV-D68 is crucial for the development of extra-respiratory diseases, but it is currently unclear how EV-D68 spreads systemically (viremia). We hypothesize that immune cells contribute to the systemic dissemination of EV-D68, as this is a mechanism commonly used by other enteroviruses. Therefore, we investigated the susceptibility and permissiveness of human primary immune cells for different EV-D68 isolates. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells inoculated with EV-D68, only B cells were susceptible but virus replication was limited. However, in B cell-rich cultures, such as Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell line (BLCL) and primary lentivirus-transduced B cells, which better represent lymphoid B cells, were productively infected. Subsequently, we showed that dendritic cells (DCs), particularly immature DCs, are susceptible and permissive for EV-D68 infection and that they can spread EV-D68 to autologous BLCL. Altogether, our findings suggest that immune cells, especially B cells and DCs, could play an important role in the pathogenesis of EV-D68 infection. Infection of these cells may contribute to systemic dissemination of EV-D68, which is an essential step toward the development of extra-respiratory complications.IMPORTANCEEnterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging respiratory virus that has caused outbreaks worldwide since 2014. EV-D68 infects primarily respiratory epithelial cells resulting in mild respiratory diseases. However, EV-D68 infection is also associated with extra-respiratory complications, including polio-like paralysis. It is unclear how EV-D68 spreads systemically and infects other organs. We hypothesized that immune cells could play a role in the extra-respiratory spread of EV-D68. We showed that EV-D68 can infect and replicate in specific immune cells, that is, B cells and dendritic cells (DCs), and that virus could be transferred from DCs to B cells. Our data reveal a potential role of immune cells in the pathogenesis of EV-D68 infection. Intervention strategies that prevent EV-D68 infection of immune cells will therefore potentially prevent systemic spread of virus and thereby severe extra-respiratory complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Lee YP, Yu CK, Wong TW, Chen LC, Huang BM. Cordycepin Inhibits Enterovirus A71 Replication and Protects Host Cell from Virus-Induced Cytotoxicity through Adenosine Action Pathway. Viruses 2024; 16:352. [PMID: 38543718 PMCID: PMC10974990 DOI: 10.3390/v16030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection typically causes mild illnesses, such as hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), but occasionally leads to severe or fatal neurological complications in infants and young children. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment available for EV-A71 infection. Thus, the development of an effective anti-EV-A71 drug is required urgently. Cordycepin, a major bioactive compound found in Cordyceps fungus, has been reported to possess antiviral activity. However, its specific activity against EV-A71 is unknown. In this study, the potency and role of cordycepin treatment on EV-A71 infection were investigated. Results demonstrated that cordycepin treatment significantly reduced the viral load and viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) level in EV-A71-infected Vero cells. In addition, EV-A71-mediated cytotoxicity was significantly inhibited in the presence of cordycepin in a dose-dependent manner. The protective effect can also be extended to Caco-2 intestinal cells, as evidenced by the higher median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) values in the cordycepin-treated groups. Furthermore, cordycepin inhibited EV-A71 replication by acting on the adenosine pathway at the post-infection stage. Taken together, our findings reveal that cordycepin could be a potential antiviral candidate for the treatment of EV-A71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Keung Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Chen
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Wei Y, Liu H, Hu D, He Q, Yao C, Li H, Hu K, Wang J. Recent Advances in Enterovirus A71 Infection and Antiviral Agents. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100298. [PMID: 38008182 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that majorly affects children. Most of the time, HFMD is a mild disease but can progress to severe complications, such as meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. HFMD caused by EV-A71 has emerged as an acutely infectious disease of highly pathogenic potential in the Asia-Pacific region. In this review, we introduced the properties and life cycle of EV-A71, and the pathogenesis and the pathophysiology of EV-A71 infection, including tissue tropism and host range of virus infection, the diseases caused by the virus, as well as the genes and host cell immune mechanisms of major diseases caused by enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection, such as encephalitis and neurologic pulmonary edema. At the same time, clinicopathologic characteristics of EV-A71 infection were introduced. There is currently no specific medication for EV-A71 infection, highlighting the urgency and significance of developing suitable anti-EV-A71 agents. This overview also summarizes the targets of existing anti-EV-A71 agents, including virus entry, translation, polyprotein processing, replication, assembly and release; interferons; interleukins; the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and protein kinase B signaling pathways; the oxidative stress pathway; the ubiquitin-proteasome system; and so on. Furthermore, it overviews the effects of natural products, monoclonal antibodies, and RNA interference against EV-A71. It also discusses issues limiting the research of antiviral drugs. This review is a systematic and comprehensive summary of the mechanism and pathological characteristics of EV-A71 infection, the latest progress of existing anti-EV-A71 agents. It would provide better understanding and guidance for the research and application of EV-A71 infection and antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun He
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenguang Yao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanluo Li
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Volle R, Luo L, Razafindratsimandresy R, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Gouandjika-Valisache I, Horwood P, Duong V, Buchy P, Joffret ML, Huang Z, Duizer E, Martin J, Chakrabarti LA, Dussart P, Jouvenet N, Delpeyroux F, Bessaud M. Neutralization of African enterovirus A71 genogroups by antibodies to canonical genogroups. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37909282 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a major public health problem, causing a range of illnesses from hand-foot-and-mouth disease to severe neurological manifestations. EV-A71 strains have been phylogenetically classified into eight genogroups (A to H), based on their capsid-coding genomic region. Genogroups B and C have caused large outbreaks worldwide and represent the two canonical circulating EV-A71 subtypes. Little is known about the antigenic diversity of new genogroups as compared to the canonical ones. Here, we compared the antigenic features of EV-A71 strains that belong to the canonical B and C genogroups and to genogroups E and F, which circulate in Africa. Analysis of the peptide sequences of EV-A71 strains belonging to different genogroups revealed a high level of conservation of the capsid residues involved in known linear and conformational neutralization antigenic sites. Using a published crystal structure of the EV-A71 capsid as a model, we found that most of the residues that are seemingly specific to some genogroups were mapped outside known antigenic sites or external loops. These observations suggest a cross-neutralization activity of anti-genogroup B or C antibodies against strains of genogroups E and F. Neutralization assays were performed with diverse rabbit and mouse anti-EV-A71 sera, anti-EV-A71 human standards and a monoclonal neutralizing antibody. All the batches of antibodies that were tested successfully neutralized all available isolates, indicating an overall broad cross-neutralization between the canonical genogroups B and C and genogroups E and F. A panel constituted of more than 80 individual human serum samples from Cambodia with neutralizing antibodies against EV-A71 subgenogroup C4 showed quite similar cross-neutralization activities between isolates of genogroups C4, E and F. Our results thus indicate that the genetic drift underlying the separation of EV-A71 strains into genogroups A, B, C, E and F does not correlate with the emergence of antigenically distinct variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Volle
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
- Present address: Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lingjie Luo
- Present address: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, PR China
- Institut Pasteur, Control of Chronic Viral Infections (CIVIC) Group, Virus and Immunity Unit, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Serge Alain Sadeuh-Mba
- Present address: Maryland Department of Agriculture, Salisbury Animal Health Laboratory, Salisbury, USA
- Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Paul Horwood
- Present address: James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Institut Pasteur of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Marie-Line Joffret
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Zhong Huang
- Present address: Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Erwin Duizer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Javier Martin
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, UK
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Institut Pasteur, Control of Chronic Viral Infections (CIVIC) Group, Virus and Immunity Unit, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Maël Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
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How the Competition for Cysteine May Promote Infection of SARS-CoV-2 by Triggering Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020483. [PMID: 36830041 PMCID: PMC9952211 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 induces a broad range of clinical manifestations. Besides the main receptor, ACE2, other putative receptors and co-receptors have been described and could become genuinely relevant to explain the different tropism manifested by new variants. In this study, we propose a biochemical model envisaging the competition for cysteine as a key mechanism promoting the infection and the selection of host receptors. The SARS-CoV-2 infection produces ROS and triggers a massive biosynthesis of proteins rich in cysteine; if this amino acid becomes limiting, glutathione levels are depleted and cannot control oxidative stress. Hence, infection succeeds. A receptor should be recognized as a marker of suitable intracellular conditions, namely the full availability of amino acids except for low cysteine. First, we carried out a comparative investigation of SARS-CoV-2 proteins and human ACE2. Then, using hierarchical cluster protein analysis, we searched for similarities between all human proteins and spike produced by the latest variant, Omicron BA.1. We found 32 human proteins very close to spike in terms of amino acid content. Most of these potential SARS-CoV-2 receptors have less cysteine than spike. We suggest that these proteins could signal an intracellular shortage of cysteine, predicting a burst of oxidative stress when used as viral entry mediators.
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Zhang Q, Zhang F, Chang X, Hu J, Zhang Z, Cui X, Zheng X, Wang X. A Neonatal Murine Model for Caprine Enterovirus Infection and the Viral Tissue Tropism. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020475. [PMID: 36851688 PMCID: PMC9962493 DOI: 10.3390/v15020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As the first caprine enterovirus identified from goat herds characterized by severe diarrhea with a high morbidity and mortality rate, the underlying pathogenesis and tissue tropism for CEV-JL14 remains largely unknown. Here, we reported the establishment of a neonatal murine model for caprine enterovirus and the unveiling of the tissue tropism and underlying pathogenesis for CEV-JL14 enterovirus. Susceptible murine strains, the infective dose, the infective routes, viral loads, and tissue tropism for CEV-JL14 infection were determined. The findings showed that ICR mice were susceptible to CEV-JL14 infection via all infection routes. Tissue viral load analysis showed that CEV-JL14 was detected in almost all tissues including the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, intestine, brain, and muscle, with significantly higher viral loads in the heart, liver, lung, kidney, and intestine. These results revealed the pattern of viral load and tropism for CEV-JL14 and provided a model system for elucidating the pathogenesis of CEV-JL14 viruses.
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