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Parrish K, Kirkland P, Horwood P, Chessman B, Ruming S, McGilvray G, Rose K, Hall J, Skerratt L. Delving into the Aftermath of a Disease-Associated Near-Extinction Event: A Five-Year Study of a Serpentovirus (Nidovirus) in a Critically Endangered Turtle Population. Viruses 2024; 16:653. [PMID: 38675993 PMCID: PMC11055124 DOI: 10.3390/v16040653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bellinger River virus (BRV) is a serpentovirus (nidovirus) that was likely responsible for the catastrophic mortality of the Australian freshwater turtle Myuchelys georgesi in February 2015. From November 2015 to November 2020, swabs were collected from turtles during repeated river surveys to estimate the prevalence of BRV RNA, identify risk factors associated with BRV infection, and refine sample collection. BRV RNA prevalence at first capture was significantly higher in M. georgesi (10.8%) than in a coexisting turtle, Emydura macquarii (1.0%). For M. georgesi, various risk factors were identified depending on the analysis method, but a positive BRV result was consistently associated with a larger body size. All turtles were asymptomatic when sampled and conjunctival swabs were inferred to be optimal for ongoing monitoring. Although the absence of disease and recent BRV detections suggests a reduced ongoing threat, the potential for the virus to persist in an endemic focus or resurge in cyclical epidemics cannot be excluded. Therefore, BRV is an ongoing potential threat to the conservation of M. georgesi, and strict adherence to biosecurity principles is essential to minimise the risk of reintroduction or spread of BRV or other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Parrish
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Peter Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Paul Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | | | - Shane Ruming
- Biodiversity Conservation and Science, New South Wales Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia
| | - Gerry McGilvray
- Biodiversity Conservation and Science, New South Wales Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Jane Hall
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Lee Skerratt
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
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2
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Adamu AM, Onoja AB, Ugbodu VE, Bala RS, Maina M, Salisu US, Pewan SB, David E, Malgwi A, Adamu C, Adeiza A, Herbert M, Horwood P, Adegboye O. Investigating Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus seropositivity in camels and human behavioural risks in an abattoir in Nigeria. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e29. [PMID: 38299329 PMCID: PMC10894886 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268824000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an emerging viral pathogen with pandemic potential that is often misdiagnosed. Case fatality in low-resource settings could be up to 40% due to close contact between animals and humans. A two-year cross-sectional study was conducted in Fagge abattoir, Kano State, Nigeria, to estimate the seropositivity of CCHFV in camels using a commercial multi-species competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A closed-ended questionnaire was administered to the abattoir workers to assess their awareness, mitigation, and behavioural practices associated with CCHF. Of the 184 camels tested, 179 (97%) were seropositive for CCHFV (95% confidence interval (CI): 93.77, 99.11). The median (interquartile range (IQR)) age of respondents was 41 (35-52), with 62% having no education. Respondents had little knowledge about CCHFV and the concept of zoonotic disease. In this study, the high estimated prevalence of antibodies to CCHFV in camels highlights the heightened risk of transmission of CCHFV in Nigeria. Similarly, a concerning lack of knowledge and inadequate preventive practices, alongside a prevalence of high-risk behaviours associated with CCHF among abattoir workers, were noted in this study. Thus, there is an urgent need for comprehensive public health education and collaborative One Health strategies to avert the threats of spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Musa Adamu
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Victoria Ehinor Ugbodu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Meshach Maina
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Usman Shehu Salisu
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel David
- Nigerian Field and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Arhyel Malgwi
- Nigerian Field and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Cornelius Adamu
- One Health (Man-Imal) Nantes College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Abdulrahman Adeiza
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Megan Herbert
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Paul Horwood
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Oyelola Adegboye
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory Australia
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3
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Volle R, Luo L, Razafindratsimandresy R, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Gouandjika-Valisache I, Horwood P, Duong V, Buchy P, Joffret ML, Huang Z, Duizer E, Martin J, Chakrabarti LA, Dussart P, Jouvenet N, Delpeyroux F, Bessaud M. Neutralization of African enterovirus A71 genogroups by antibodies to canonical genogroups. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37909282 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a major public health problem, causing a range of illnesses from hand-foot-and-mouth disease to severe neurological manifestations. EV-A71 strains have been phylogenetically classified into eight genogroups (A to H), based on their capsid-coding genomic region. Genogroups B and C have caused large outbreaks worldwide and represent the two canonical circulating EV-A71 subtypes. Little is known about the antigenic diversity of new genogroups as compared to the canonical ones. Here, we compared the antigenic features of EV-A71 strains that belong to the canonical B and C genogroups and to genogroups E and F, which circulate in Africa. Analysis of the peptide sequences of EV-A71 strains belonging to different genogroups revealed a high level of conservation of the capsid residues involved in known linear and conformational neutralization antigenic sites. Using a published crystal structure of the EV-A71 capsid as a model, we found that most of the residues that are seemingly specific to some genogroups were mapped outside known antigenic sites or external loops. These observations suggest a cross-neutralization activity of anti-genogroup B or C antibodies against strains of genogroups E and F. Neutralization assays were performed with diverse rabbit and mouse anti-EV-A71 sera, anti-EV-A71 human standards and a monoclonal neutralizing antibody. All the batches of antibodies that were tested successfully neutralized all available isolates, indicating an overall broad cross-neutralization between the canonical genogroups B and C and genogroups E and F. A panel constituted of more than 80 individual human serum samples from Cambodia with neutralizing antibodies against EV-A71 subgenogroup C4 showed quite similar cross-neutralization activities between isolates of genogroups C4, E and F. Our results thus indicate that the genetic drift underlying the separation of EV-A71 strains into genogroups A, B, C, E and F does not correlate with the emergence of antigenically distinct variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Volle
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
- Present address: Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lingjie Luo
- Present address: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, PR China
- Institut Pasteur, Control of Chronic Viral Infections (CIVIC) Group, Virus and Immunity Unit, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Serge Alain Sadeuh-Mba
- Present address: Maryland Department of Agriculture, Salisbury Animal Health Laboratory, Salisbury, USA
- Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Paul Horwood
- Present address: James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Institut Pasteur of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Marie-Line Joffret
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Zhong Huang
- Present address: Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Erwin Duizer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Javier Martin
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, UK
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Institut Pasteur, Control of Chronic Viral Infections (CIVIC) Group, Virus and Immunity Unit, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Maël Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
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4
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Furlong M, Adamu A, Hickson RI, Horwood P, Golchin M, Hoskins A, Russell T. Estimating the Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Vectors in Australia Using Ecological Niche Modelling. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7120393. [PMID: 36548648 PMCID: PMC9782987 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) outbreaks in southeastern Australia have sparked interest into epidemiological factors surrounding the virus' novel emergence in this region. Here, the geographic distribution of mosquito species known to be competent JEV vectors in the country was estimated by combining known mosquito occurrences and ecological drivers of distribution to reveal insights into communities at highest risk of infectious disease transmission. Species distribution models predicted that Culex annulirostris and Culex sitiens presence was mostly likely along Australia's eastern and northern coastline, while Culex quinquefasciatus presence was estimated to be most likely near inland regions of southern Australia as well as coastal regions of Western Australia. While Culex annulirostris is considered the dominant JEV vector in Australia, our ecological niche models emphasise the need for further entomological surveillance and JEV research within Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Furlong
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (P.H.)
| | - Andrew Adamu
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Roslyn I. Hickson
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Paul Horwood
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (P.H.)
| | - Maryam Golchin
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Andrew Hoskins
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Tanya Russell
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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5
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Steinig E, Duchêne S, Aglua I, Greenhill A, Ford R, Yoannes M, Jaworski J, Drekore J, Urakoko B, Poka H, Wurr C, Ebos E, Nangen D, Manning L, Laman M, Firth C, Smith S, Pomat W, Tong SYC, Coin L, McBryde E, Horwood P. Phylodynamic inference of bacterial outbreak parameters using nanopore sequencing. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6529399. [PMID: 35171290 PMCID: PMC8963328 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanopore sequencing and phylodynamic modeling have been used to reconstruct the transmission dynamics of viral epidemics, but their application to bacterial pathogens has remained challenging. Cost-effective bacterial genome sequencing and variant calling on nanopore platforms would greatly enhance surveillance and outbreak response in communities without access to sequencing infrastructure. Here, we adapt random forest models for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) polishing developed by Sanderson and colleagues (2020. High precision Neisseria gonorrhoeae variant and antimicrobial resistance calling from metagenomic nanopore sequencing. Genome Res. 30(9):1354–1363) to estimate divergence and effective reproduction numbers (Re) of two methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) outbreaks from remote communities in Far North Queensland and Papua New Guinea (PNG; n = 159). Successive barcoded panels of S. aureus isolates (2 × 12 per MinION) sequenced at low coverage (>5× to 10×) provided sufficient data to accurately infer genotypes with high recall when compared with Illumina references. Random forest models achieved high resolution on ST93 outbreak sequence types (>90% accuracy and precision) and enabled phylodynamic inference of epidemiological parameters using birth–death skyline models. Our method reproduced phylogenetic topology, origin of the outbreaks, and indications of epidemic growth (Re > 1). Nextflow pipelines implement SNP polisher training, evaluation, and outbreak alignments, enabling reconstruction of within-lineage transmission dynamics for infection control of bacterial disease outbreaks on portable nanopore platforms. Our study shows that nanopore technology can be used for bacterial outbreak reconstruction at competitive costs, providing opportunities for infection control in hospitals and communities without access to sequencing infrastructure, such as in remote northern Australia and PNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Steinig
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville and Cairns, Australia
| | - Sebastián Duchêne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Izzard Aglua
- Joseph Nombri Memorial-Kundiawa General Hospital, Kundiawa, Simbu Province, Sir, Papua New Guinea
| | - Andrew Greenhill
- New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka, Papua, Papua New Guinea
| | - Rebecca Ford
- New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka, Papua, Papua New Guinea
| | - Mition Yoannes
- New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka, Papua, Papua New Guinea
| | - Jan Jaworski
- Joseph Nombri Memorial-Kundiawa General Hospital, Kundiawa, Simbu Province, Sir, Papua New Guinea
| | - Jimmy Drekore
- Simbu Children's Foundation, Kundiawa, Simbu Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Bohu Urakoko
- Joseph Nombri Memorial-Kundiawa General Hospital, Kundiawa, Simbu Province, Sir, Papua New Guinea
| | - Harry Poka
- Joseph Nombri Memorial-Kundiawa General Hospital, Kundiawa, Simbu Province, Sir, Papua New Guinea
| | - Clive Wurr
- Surgical Department, Goroka General Hospital, Eastern Highlands Province Goroka
| | - Eri Ebos
- Surgical Department, Goroka General Hospital, Eastern Highlands Province Goroka
| | - David Nangen
- Surgical Department, Goroka General Hospital, Eastern Highlands Province Goroka
| | - Laurens Manning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Research Institute, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - Moses Laman
- New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka, Papua, Papua New Guinea
| | - Cadhla Firth
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville and Cairns, Australia
| | - Simon Smith
- Cairns Hospital and Hinterland Health Service, Queensland Health, Cairns, Australia
| | - William Pomat
- New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka, Papua, Papua New Guinea
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lachlan Coin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma McBryde
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville and Cairns, Australia
| | - Paul Horwood
- New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka, Papua, Papua New Guinea.,College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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6
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Officer K, Pruvot M, Horwood P, Denk D, Warren K, Hul V, Thy N, Broadis N, Dussart P, Jackson B. Epidemiology and pathological progression of erythematous lip lesions in captive sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243180. [PMID: 33259561 PMCID: PMC7707555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the occurrence of erythematous lip lesions in a captive sun bear population in Cambodia, including the progression of cheilitis to squamous cell carcinoma, and the presence of Ursid gammaherpesvirus 1. Visual assessment conducted in 2015 and 2016 recorded the prevalence and severity of lesions. Opportunistic sampling for disease testing was conducted on a subset of 39 sun bears, with histopathological examination of lip and tongue biopsies and PCR testing of oral swabs and tissue biopsies collected during health examinations. Lip lesions were similarly prevalent in 2015 (66.0%) and 2016 (68.3%). Degradation of lip lesion severity was seen between 2015 and 2016, and the odds of having lip lesions, having more severe lip lesions, and having lip lesion degradation over time, all increased with age. Cheilitis was found in all lip lesion biopsies, with histological confirmation of squamous cell carcinoma in 64.5% of cases. Single biopsies frequently showed progression from dysplasia to neoplasia. Eighteen of 31 sun bears (58.1%) had at least one sample positive for Ursid gammaherpesvirus 1. The virus was detected in sun bears with and without lip lesions, however due to case selection being strongly biased towards those showing lip lesions it was not possible to test for association between Ursid gammaherpesvirus 1 and lip squamous cell carcinoma. Given gammaherpesviruses can play a role in cancer development under certain conditions in other species, we believe further investigation into Ursid gammaherpesvirus 1 as one of a number of possible co-factors in the progression of lip lesions to squamous cell carcinoma is warranted. This study highlights the progressively neoplastic nature of this lip lesion syndrome in sun bears which has consequences for captive and re-release management. Similarly, the detection of Ursid gammaherpesvirus 1 should be considered in pre-release risk analyses, at least until data is available on the prevalence of the virus in wild sun bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Officer
- Free the Bears, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mathieu Pruvot
- Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul Horwood
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Daniela Denk
- International Zoo Veterinary Group, Keighley, United Kingdom
| | - Kris Warren
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vibol Hul
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Nhim Thy
- Forestry Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Bethany Jackson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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7
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Pruvot M, Khammavong K, Milavong P, Philavong C, Reinharz D, Mayxay M, Rattanavong S, Horwood P, Dussart P, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Fine AE, Olson SH, Robinson M, Newton P. Toward a quantification of risks at the nexus of conservation and health: The case of bushmeat markets in Lao PDR. Sci Total Environ 2019; 676:732-745. [PMID: 31054417 PMCID: PMC7112076 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Trade of bushmeat and other wildlife for human consumption presents a unique set of challenges to policy-makers who are confronted with multiple trade-offs between conservation, food security, food safety, culture and tradition. In the face of these complex issues, risk assessments supported by quantitative information would facilitate evidence-based decision making. We propose a conceptual model for disease transmission risk analysis, inclusive of these multiple other facets. To quantify several processes included in this conceptual model we conducted questionnaire surveys with wildlife consumers and vendors in semi-urban centers in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR, Laos) and direct observations of consumer behaviors. Direct observation of market stalls indicated an estimated average of 10 kg bushmeat biomass per stall per hour. The socio-demographic data suggested that consumption of bushmeat in urban areas was not for subsistence but rather driven by dietary preference and tradition. Consumer behavioral observations indicated that each animal receives an average of 7 contacts per hour. We provide other key parameters to estimate the risk of disease transmission from bushmeat consumption and illustrate their use in assessing the total public health and socio-economic impact of bushmeat consumption. Pursuing integrative approaches to the study of bushmeat consumption is essential to develop effective and balanced policies that support conservation, public health, and rural development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Pruvot
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.
| | - Kongsy Khammavong
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Lao PDR Program, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic
| | - Phonesavanh Milavong
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Lao PDR Program, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic
| | | | - Daniel Reinharz
- Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic; Département de Médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sayapeth Rattanavong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic
| | - Paul Horwood
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia; Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic
| | - Amanda E Fine
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Sarah H Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Matthew Robinson
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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8
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Tarantola A, Horwood P, Richard V, Quintana-Murci L. Host and viral genetic diversity can help explain mortality during the 1918-21 influenza pandemic in the Pacific region. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 18:833-834. [PMID: 30064670 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Tarantola
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, New Caledonia.
| | - Paul Horwood
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Vincent Richard
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, New Caledonia
| | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Pruvot M, Cappelle J, Furey N, Hul V, Heng HS, Duong V, Dussart P, Horwood P. Extreme temperature event and mass mortality of insectivorous bats. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019; 65:41. [PMID: 32214949 PMCID: PMC7088037 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A mass mortality event involving Chaerephon plicatus and Taphozous theobaldi bats occurred during a heat wave in April 2016 in Cambodia. This was investigated to clarify the causes of the die-off and assess the risk to public health. Field evidences, clinical signs, and gross pathology findings were consistent with a heat stress hypothesis. However, the detection of a novel bat paramyxovirus raises questions about its role as a contributing factor or a coincidental finding. Systematic documentation of bat die-offs related to extreme weather events is necessary to improve understanding of the effect of changing weather patterns on bat populations and the ecosystem services they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Pruvot
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 1474 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1474 USA
| | - Julien Cappelle
- Centre International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Montpellier, France
| | - Neil Furey
- Fauna & Flora International Cambodia Programme, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vibol Hul
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Paul Horwood
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Cairns, Australia
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10
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Ly S, Horwood P, Chan M, Rith S, Sorn S, Oeung K, Nguon K, Chan S, Y P, Parry A, Tsuyuoka R, Ly S, Richner B, Laurent D, Vong S, Dussart P, Buchy P, Tarantola A. Seroprevalence and Transmission of Human Influenza A(H5N1) Virus before and after Virus Reassortment, Cambodia, 2006-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:300-303. [PMID: 28098551 PMCID: PMC5324818 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five human influenza A(H5N1) cases were reported in Cambodia during 2013–2014 after emergence of a clade 1.1.2 reassortant virus. We tested 881 villagers and found 2 cases of pauci- or asymptomatic infection. Seroprevalence after emergence of the reassortant strain (0.2%) was lower than the aggregate seroprevalence of 1.3% reported in earlier studies.
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Ly S, Arashiro T, Ieng V, Tsuyuoka R, Parry A, Horwood P, Heng S, Hamid S, Vandemaele K, Chin S, Sar B, Arima Y. Establishing seasonal and alert influenza thresholds in Cambodia using the WHO method: implications for effective utilization of influenza surveillance in the tropics and subtropics. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2017; 8:22-32. [PMID: 28409056 PMCID: PMC5375096 DOI: 10.5365/wpsar.2017.8.1.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish seasonal and alert thresholds and transmission intensity categories for influenza to provide timely triggers for preventive measures or upscaling control measures in Cambodia. METHODS Using Cambodia's influenza-like illness (ILI) and laboratory-confirmed influenza surveillance data from 2009 to 2015, three parameters were assessed to monitor influenza activity: the proportion of ILI patients among all outpatients, proportion of ILI samples positive for influenza and the product of the two. With these parameters, four threshold levels (seasonal, moderate, high and alert) were established and transmission intensity was categorized based on a World Health Organization alignment method. Parameters were compared against their respective thresholds. RESULTS Distinct seasonality was observed using the two parameters that incorporated laboratory data. Thresholds established using the composite parameter, combining syndromic and laboratory data, had the least number of false alarms in declaring season onset and were most useful in monitoring intensity. Unlike in temperate regions, the syndromic parameter was less useful in monitoring influenza activity or for setting thresholds. CONCLUSION Influenza thresholds based on appropriate parameters have the potential to provide timely triggers for public health measures in a tropical country where monitoring and assessing influenza activity has been challenging. Based on these findings, the Ministry of Health plans to raise general awareness regarding influenza among the medical community and the general public. Our findings have important implications for countries in the tropics/subtropics and in resource-limited settings, and categorized transmission intensity can be used to assess severity of potential pandemic influenza as well as seasonal influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovann Ly
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Takeshi Arashiro
- WHO Representative Office in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vanra Ieng
- WHO Representative Office in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Reiko Tsuyuoka
- WHO Representative Office in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Amy Parry
- WHO Representative Office in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul Horwood
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Seng Heng
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sarah Hamid
- Emerging Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Savuth Chin
- National Public Health Laboratory, National Institution of Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Borann Sar
- Influenza Program, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yuzo Arima
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Andries AC, Duong V, Ong S, Ros S, Sakuntabhai A, Horwood P, Dussart P, Buchy P. Evaluation of the performances of six commercial kits designed for dengue NS1 and anti-dengue IgM, IgG and IgA detection in urine and saliva clinical specimens. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:201. [PMID: 27184801 PMCID: PMC4867535 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been commercialized in order to help physicians in dengue diagnosis. Until recently, only blood samples were used for those tests but it has been shown in several studies that urine and saliva can also be employed for dengue diagnosis. RDTs for the detection of NS1 antigen and anti-dengue IgG, IgM and IgA in urine and saliva specimens have thus been developed by Standard Diagnostics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performances these new commercial assays. Methods Two panels of clinical specimens were used: one for the evaluation of the NS1-detection devices and the second for the evaluation of the antibody-detection kits. Each panel consisted of urine and saliva specimens collected sequentially from 86 patients with a confirmed dengue infection. A total of 291 saliva and 440 urine samples were included in the NS1-evaluation panel and 530 saliva and 528 urine specimens constituted the antibody-evaluation panel. All samples were tested in parallel by in-house ELISAs and by the commercial RDTs. Results The RDTs demonstrated an overall sensitivity of 15.5 %/27.9 %/10.7 % for NS1/IgG/IgA detection in urine samples and 20.4 %/ 34.8 %/11 %/6.2 % for NS1/IgG/IgM/IgA detection in saliva samples. Compared to the in-house NS1 ELISA, the results obtained with the NS1 RDT demonstrated a good correlation with urine samples (kappa coefficient: 0.88) but not with saliva specimens (kappa coefficient: 0.28). RDTs designed for antibody detection in saliva and urine were extremely specific (100 %), but less sensitive than the in-house ELISAs (i.e., reduction of the overall sensitivity by 12.2 % for the RDT designed for IgG detection in urine and by 23.7 % for the RDT detecting anti-DENV IgM in saliva). IgM were not detected in urine, either by RDT or ELISA. Conclusions Although the RDTs evaluated here offer an apparently attractive approach for dengue diagnosis, this study suggests that these new commercial kits would require further improvement to increase the sensitivity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1551-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Andries
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, International Network of Pasteur Institutes, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, International Network of Pasteur Institutes, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sivuth Ong
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, International Network of Pasteur Institutes, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sopheaktra Ros
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, International Network of Pasteur Institutes, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
| | - Paul Horwood
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, International Network of Pasteur Institutes, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, International Network of Pasteur Institutes, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, International Network of Pasteur Institutes, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. .,GlaxoSmithKline, Vaccines R&D, Singapore, Singapore.
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Andries AC, Duong V, Ly S, Cappelle J, Kim KS, Lorn Try P, Ros S, Ong S, Huy R, Horwood P, Flamand M, Sakuntabhai A, Tarantola A, Buchy P. Value of Routine Dengue Diagnostic Tests in Urine and Saliva Specimens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004100. [PMID: 26406240 PMCID: PMC4583371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue laboratory diagnosis is essentially based on detection of the virus, its components or antibodies directed against the virus in blood samples. Blood, however, may be difficult to draw in some patients, especially in children, and sampling during outbreak investigations or epidemiological studies may face logistical challenges or limited compliance to invasive procedures from subjects. The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of using saliva and urine samples instead of blood for dengue diagnosis. Methodology/Principal Findings Serial plasma, urine and saliva samples were collected at several time-points between the day of admission to hospital until three months after the onset of fever in children with confirmed dengue disease. Quantitative RT-PCR, NS1 antigen capture and ELISA serology for anti-DENV antibody (IgG, IgM and IgA) detection were performed in parallel on the three body fluids. RT-PCR and NS1 tests demonstrated an overall sensitivity of 85.4%/63.4%, 41.6%/14.5% and 39%/28.3%, in plasma, urine and saliva specimens, respectively. When urine and saliva samples were collected at the same time-points and tested concurrently, the diagnostic sensitivity of RNA and NS1 detection assays was 69.1% and 34.4%, respectively. IgG/IgA detection assays had an overall sensitivity of 54.4%/37.4%, 38.5%/26.8% and 52.9%/28.6% in plasma, urine and saliva specimens, respectively. IgM were detected in 38.1% and 36% of the plasma and saliva samples but never in urine. Conclusions Although the performances of the different diagnostic methods were not as good in saliva and urine as in plasma specimens, the results obtained by qRT-PCR and by anti-DENV antibody ELISA could well justify the use of these two body fluids to detect dengue infection in situations when the collection of blood specimens is not possible. Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne disease affecting humans and represents a huge public health burden in affected countries. Symptoms are often non-specific hence the need for an early, sensitive and specific diagnosis of dengue for appropriate management as well as for early epidemic detection. Currently, almost all laboratory diagnostic methods require a blood specimen that may be sometimes be difficult or inconvenient to obtain. In this study, we assessed the possibility to use saliva and urine samples as alternatives to blood specimens in dengue diagnosis. We demonstrated that the performances of the different diagnostic methods (RT-PCR, NS1 antigen detection and anti-DENV IgM/IgG/IgA ELISAs) were in general not as good in saliva and urine as in plasma, but that the use of these body fluids obtained by non-invasive methods could be of value in certain circumstances such as outbreak investigations or in young children (once they are old enough to comply to instructions), in addition to the situations when blood cannot be easily collected (e.g., lack of phlebotomist, refusal of the procedure, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sowath Ly
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Julien Cappelle
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité AGIRs, Montpellier, France
| | - Kim Srorn Kim
- Kampong Cham Provincial Hospital, Pediatric Department, Kampong Cham, Cambodia
| | - Patrich Lorn Try
- Kampong Cham Provincial Hospital, Pediatric Department, Kampong Cham, Cambodia
| | - Sopheaktra Ros
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sivuth Ong
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rekol Huy
- Ministry of Health, Centre National de Malariologie, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul Horwood
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Marie Flamand
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Virology Unit & CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Tarantola
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Vaccine Value and Health Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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14
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Johnson MA, Owers J, Horwood P. Air transport of infants in Newfoundland and Labrador. Can Med Assoc J 1978; 119:127-34. [PMID: 679112 PMCID: PMC1818077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Air transportation of 33 infants in small unpressurized aircraft over long distances is described. Twenty-six of the infants were transported more than 320 km in environmental temperatures varying from -35 to +21 degrees C. A commercially available incubator was used. Although more than half the infants had a rectal temperature within the normal range at the time of arrival at hospital, 12 infants had rectal temperatures above 37.5 degrees C as a result of efforts to diminish heat loss. Adequate oxygenation of infants at 3000 m in unpressurized aircraft can be difficult. Cold and vibration can affect equipment, and at high altitudes the readings from oxygen analysers may not be true. The use of an expanded transport team, which includes experienced nonmedical personnel, is particularly important in these cases.
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