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Xiang M, Yuan S, Zhang Q, Liu X, Li Q, Leng Z, Sha J, Anderson CT, Xiao C. Galactosylation of xyloglucan is essential for the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane system through the proper assembly of cell walls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5104-5123. [PMID: 37386914 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan, a major hemicellulose, interacts with cellulose and pectin to assemble primary cell walls in plants. Loss of the xyloglucan galactosyltransferase MURUS3 (MUR3) leads to the deficiency of galactosylated xyloglucan and perturbs plant growth. However, it is unclear whether defects in xyloglucan galactosylation influence the synthesis of other wall polysaccharides, cell wall integrity, cytoskeleton behaviour, and endomembrane homeostasis. Here, we found that in mur3-7 etiolated seedlings cellulose was reduced, CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) genes were down-regulated, the density and mobility of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) were decreased, and cellulose microfibrils become discontinuous. Pectin, rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII), and boron contents were reduced in mur3-7 plants, and B-RGII cross-linking was abnormal. Wall porosity and thickness were significantly increased in mur3-7 seedlings. Endomembrane aggregation was also apparent in the mur3-7 mutant. Furthermore, mutant seedlings and their actin filaments were more sensitive to Latrunculin A (LatA) treatment. However, all defects in mur3-7 mutants were substantially restored by exogenous boric acid application. Our study reveals the importance of MUR3-mediated xyloglucan galactosylation for cell wall structural assembly and homeostasis, which is required for the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton and the endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qingyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhengmei Leng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jingjing Sha
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Galletti R, Verger S, Hamant O, Ingram GC. Developing a 'thick skin': a paradoxical role for mechanical tension in maintaining epidermal integrity? Development 2017; 143:3249-58. [PMID: 27624830 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plant aerial epidermal tissues, like animal epithelia, act as load-bearing layers and hence play pivotal roles in development. The presence of tension in the epidermis has morphogenetic implications for organ shapes but it also constantly threatens the integrity of this tissue. Here, we explore the multi-scale relationship between tension and cell adhesion in the plant epidermis, and we examine how tensile stress perception may act as a regulatory input to preserve epidermal tissue integrity and thus normal morphogenesis. From this, we identify parallels between plant epidermal and animal epithelial tissues and highlight a list of unexplored questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Galletti
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon F-69342, France
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon F-69342, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon F-69342, France
| | - Gwyneth C Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon F-69342, France
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3
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Tolmie F, Poulet A, McKenna J, Sassmann S, Graumann K, Deeks M, Runions J. The cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana influences actin network dynamics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4517-4527. [PMID: 28981774 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, molecular connections link the cell wall-plasma membrane-actin cytoskeleton to form a continuum. It is hypothesized that the cell wall provides stable anchor points around which the actin cytoskeleton remodels. Here we use live cell imaging of fluorescently labelled marker proteins to quantify the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and to determine the impact of disrupting connections within the continuum. Labelling of the actin cytoskeleton with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fimbrin actin-binding domain 2 (FABD2) resulted in a network composed of fine filaments and thicker bundles that appeared as a highly dynamic remodelling meshwork. This differed substantially from the GFP-Lifeact-labelled network that appeared much more sparse with thick bundles that underwent 'simple movement', in which the bundles slightly change position, but in such a manner that the structure of the network was not substantially altered during the time of observation. Label-dependent differences in actin network morphology and remodelling necessitated development of two new image analysis techniques. The first of these, 'pairwise image subtraction', was applied to measurement of the more rapidly remodelling actin network labelled with GFP-FABD2, while the second, 'cumulative fluorescence intensity', was used to measure bulk remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton when labelled with GFP-Lifeact. In each case, these analysis techniques show that the actin cytoskeleton has a decreased rate of bulk remodelling when the cell wall-plasma membrane-actin continuum is disrupted either by plasmolysis or with isoxaben, a drug that specifically inhibits cellulose deposition. Changes in the rate of actin remodelling also affect its functionality, as observed by alteration in Golgi body motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Tolmie
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Axel Poulet
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Joseph McKenna
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Stefan Sassmann
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Katja Graumann
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Michael Deeks
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - John Runions
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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4
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Luczak M, Krzeszowiec-Jeleń W, Konopka-Postupolska D, Wojtaszek P. Collagenase as a useful tool for the analysis of plant cellular peripheries. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:195-209. [PMID: 25435175 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A technique for the selective loosening of the cell wall structure and the isolation of proteins permanently knotted in the cell walls was elaborated. Following treatment with collagenase, some proteins, such as calreticulin (CRT) and auxin binding protein 1 (ABP1) were released from purified cell walls, most probably through destruction of respective interacting proteins. The results were confirmed by the immunolocalization of the ABP1 and CRT with confocal and electron microscopy. On the other hand, potential substrates of collagenase, among them annexin 1 have been recognized. Mass spectra of annexin 1 obtained after collagenase digestion and results from analysis of potential cleavage sites suggested that the mechanism of enzyme cleavage might not depend on the amino acid sequence. Summarizing, collagenase was found to be a very useful tool for exploring molecules involved in the functioning of cellular peripheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Luczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | | | | | - Przemysław Wojtaszek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
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Lang I, Sassmann S, Schmidt B, Komis G. Plasmolysis: Loss of Turgor and Beyond. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 3:583-93. [PMID: 27135521 PMCID: PMC4844282 DOI: 10.3390/plants3040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmolysis is a typical response of plant cells exposed to hyperosmotic stress. The loss of turgor causes the violent detachment of the living protoplast from the cell wall. The plasmolytic process is mainly driven by the vacuole. Plasmolysis is reversible (deplasmolysis) and characteristic to living plant cells. Obviously, dramatic structural changes are required to fulfill a plasmolytic cycle. In the present paper, the fate of cortical microtubules and actin microfilaments is documented throughout a plasmolytic cycle in living cells of green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged Arabidopsis lines. While the microtubules became wavy and highly bundled during plasmolysis, cortical filamentous actin remained in close vicinity to the plasma membrane lining the sites of concave plasmolysis and adjusting readily to the diminished size of the protoplast. During deplasmolysis, cortical microtubule re-organization progressed slowly and required up to 24 h to complete the restoration of the original pre-plasmolytic pattern. Actin microfilaments, again, recovered faster and organelle movement remained intact throughout the whole process. In summary, the hydrostatic skeleton resulting from the osmotic state of the plant vacuole "overrules" the stabilization by cortical cytoskeletal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Lang
- Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Sassmann
- Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Brigitte Schmidt
- Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - George Komis
- CR-Hana, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 586/11, 783 71 Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic.
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Formela M, Samardakiewicz S, Marczak Ł, Nowak W, Narożna D, Bednarski W, Kasprowicz-Maluśki A, Morkunas I. Effects of endogenous signals and Fusarium oxysporum on the mechanism regulating genistein synthesis and accumulation in yellow lupine and their impact on plant cell cytoskeleton. Molecules 2014; 19:13392-421. [PMID: 25178062 PMCID: PMC6271453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine cross-talk interactions of soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and infection caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lupini on the synthesis of genistein in embryo axes of Lupinus luteus L.cv. Juno. Genistein is a free aglycone, highly reactive and with the potential to inhibit fungal infection and development of plant diseases. As signal molecules, sugars strongly stimulated accumulation of isoflavones, including genistein, and the expression of the isoflavonoid biosynthetic genes. Infection significantly enhanced the synthesis of genistein and other isoflavone aglycones in cells of embryo axes of yellow lupine with high endogenous sugar levels. The activity of β-glucosidase, the enzyme that releases free aglycones from their glucoside bindings, was higher in the infected tissues than in the control ones. At the same time, a very strong generation of the superoxide anion radical was observed in tissues with high sugar contents already in the initial stage of infection. During later stages after inoculation, a strong generation of semiquinone radicals was observed, which level was relatively higher in tissues deficient in sugars than in those with high sugar levels. Observations of actin and tubulin cytoskeletons in cells of infected embryo axes cultured on the medium with sucrose, as well as the medium without sugar, showed significant differences in their organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Formela
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, Poznań 60-637, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Samardakiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, Poznań 60-614, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznań 61-704, Poland.
| | - Witold Nowak
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Techniques, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, Poznań 60-614, Poland.
| | - Dorota Narożna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, Poznań 60-632, Poland.
| | - Waldemar Bednarski
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, Poznań 60-179, Poland.
| | - Anna Kasprowicz-Maluśki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, Poznań 60-614, Poland.
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, Poznań 60-637, Poland.
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Jacques E, Lewandowski M, Buytaert J, Fierens Y, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. MicroFilament Analyzer identifies actin network organizations in epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24821. [PMID: 23656865 PMCID: PMC3909063 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in the cells' growth and development during different developmental stages and it undergoes many rearrangements. In order to describe the arrangements of the F-actin cytoskeleton in root epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana, the recently developed software MicroFilament Analyzer (MFA) was exploited. This software enables high-throughput identification and quantification of the orientation of filamentous structures on digital images in a highly standardized and fast way. Using confocal microscopy and transgenic GFP-FABD2-GFP plants the actin cytoskeleton was visualized in the root epidermis. MFA analysis revealed that during the early stages of cell development F-actin is organized in a mainly random pattern. As the cells grow, they preferentially adopt a longitudinal organization, a pattern that is also preserved in the largest cells. In the evolution from young to old cells, an approximately even distribution of transverse, oblique or combined orientations is always present besides the switch from random to a longitudinal oriented actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Jacques
- University of Antwerp; Biology Department; Plant Growth and Development; Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Michal Lewandowski
- University of Antwerp; Biology Department; Plant Growth and Development; Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jan Buytaert
- University of Antwerp; Physics Department; Research group Laboratory of Biomedical Physics and Optics; Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Verbelen
- University of Antwerp; Biology Department; Plant Growth and Development; Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- University of Antwerp; Biology Department; Plant Growth and Development; Antwerpen, Belgium
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Lü B, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang H, Liang J, Zhang J. AT14A mediates the cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum in Arabidopsis thaliana cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4061-9. [PMID: 22456678 PMCID: PMC3398443 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
AT14A has a small domain that has sequence similarities to integrins from animals. Integrins serve as a transmembrane linker between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton, which play critical roles in a variety of biological processes. Because the function of AT14A is unknown, Arabidopsis thaliana AT14A, which is a transmembrane receptor for cell adhesion molecules and a middle member of the cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum in plants, has been described. AT14A, co-expressed with green fluorescent protein (GFP), was found to localize mainly to the plasma membrane. The mutant Arabidopsis at14a-1 cells exhibit various phenotypes with cell shape, cell cluster size, thickness, and cellulose content of cell wall, the adhesion between cells, and the adhesion of plasma membrane to cell wall varied by plasmolysis. Using direct staining of filamentous actin and indirect immunofluorescence staining of microtubules, cortical actin filaments and microtubules arrays were significantly altered in cells, either where AT14A was absent or over-expressed. It is concluded that AT14A may be a substantial middle member of the cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum and play an important role in the continuum by regulating cell wall and cortical cytoskeleton organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Lü
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiansheng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Wan Y, Ash WM, Fan L, Hao H, Kim MK, Lin J. Variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of intact cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT METHODS 2011; 7:27. [PMID: 21943324 PMCID: PMC3219692 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-7-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) is a powerful tool for observing fluorescently labeled molecules on the plasma membrane surface of animal cells. However, the utility of TIRFM in plant cell studies has been limited by the fact that plants have cell walls, thick peripheral layers surrounding the plasma membrane. Recently, a new technique known as variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy (VAEM) was developed to circumvent this problem. However, the lack of a detailed analysis of the optical principles underlying VAEM has limited its applications in plant-cell biology. RESULTS Here, we present theoretical and experimental evidence supporting the use of variable-angle TIRFM in observations of intact plant cells. We show that when total internal reflection occurs at the cell wall/cytosol interface with an appropriate angle of incidence, an evanescent wave field of constant depth is produced inside the cytosol. Results of experimental TIRFM observations of the dynamic behaviors of phototropin 1 (a membrane receptor protein) and clathrin light chain (a vesicle coat protein) support our theoretical analysis. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that variable-angle TIRFM is appropriate for quantitative live imaging of cells in intact tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - William M Ash
- Digital Holography and Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Lusheng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Gradual School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huaiqin Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Myung K Kim
- Digital Holography and Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Shi L, Wang B, Gong W, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Yang X. Actin filaments and microtubules of Arabidopsis suspension cells show different responses to changing turgor pressure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 405:632-7. [PMID: 21277286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Past decades have brought great advances in understanding the relationship between turgor pressure and plant cell growth. New studies have provided evidence that turgor pressure acts as a stimulus for cell growth, and is also a developmental cue for post-embryonic organogenesis. However, the subcellular mechanisms underlying plant cell turgor pressure sensing remain unclear. Here, using the relatively simple undifferentiated cells from suspension cultures, we report real-time in vivo observations of the reorganization of microtubules and actin microfilaments induced by turgor pressure changes. We found that these two cytoskeletal elements differed in their reorganization patterns. Our results will be useful in the understanding of the relationship between the cytoskeleton, turgor pressure, and stress in plant cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanchun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
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Kasprowicz A, Smolarkiewicz M, Wierzchowiecka M, Michalak M, Wojtaszek P. Introduction: Tensegral World of Plants. MECHANICAL INTEGRATION OF PLANT CELLS AND PLANTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19091-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Azri W, Chambon C, Herbette S, Brunel N, Coutand C, Leplé JC, Ben Rejeb I, Ammar S, Julien JL, Roeckel-Drevet P. Proteome analysis of apical and basal regions of poplar stems under gravitropic stimulation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 136:193-208. [PMID: 19453506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gravity is a constant force guiding the direction of plant growth. In young poplar stem, reorientation of the apical region is mainly obtained by differential growth of elongating primary tissues. At the base, where elongation is achieved but where the cambium is active, reorientation is due to asymmetrical formation of reaction wood. After 45 min of gravistimulation, the stem showed no reorientation, but 1 week later, reaction wood was observed at the base of the stem. To determine the molecular mechanisms taking place at the top and base of the stem, after 45 min or 1 week of inclination, the changes induced in protein accumulation were studied by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and quantitatively analyzed using image analysis software. Around 300 protein spots were reproducibly detected and analyzed. Forty percent of these proteins showed significant changes after inclination. Mass spectrometry analysis of 135 spots led to the identification of 60 proteins involved in a wide range of activities and metabolisms. Very different patterns of protein expression were obtained according to conditions tested, highlighting the complexity of gravitropic responses. Our results suggest that primary and secondary tissues present specific mechanisms to sense reorientation and to respond to inclination. Some selected proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Azri
- Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, 24 av des Landais, F-63177 Aubière, France
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Kasprowicz A, Szuba A, Volkmann D, Baluška F, Wojtaszek P. Nitric oxide modulates dynamic actin cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking in a cell type-specific manner in root apices. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:1605-17. [PMID: 19261922 PMCID: PMC2671617 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
NO is an important regulatory molecule in eukaryotes. Much of its effect is ascribed to the action of NO as a signalling molecule. However, NO can also directly modify proteins thus affecting their activities. Although the signalling functions of NO are relatively well recognized in plants, very little is known about its potential influence on the structural integrity of plant cells. In this study, the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, and the recycling of wall polysaccharides in plants via the endocytic pathway in the presence of NO or NO-modulating substances were analysed. The actin cytoskeleton and endocytosis in maize (Zea mays) root apices were visualized with fluorescence immunocytochemistry. The organization of the actin cytoskeleton is modulated via NO levels and the extent of such modulation is cell-type specific. In endodermis cells, actin cables change their orientation from longitudinal to oblique and cellular cross-wall domains become actin-depleted/depolymerized. The reaction is reversible and depends on the type of NO donor. Actin-dependent vesicle trafficking is also affected. This was demonstrated through the analysis of recycled wall material transported to newly-formed cell plates and BFA compartments. Therefore, it is concluded that, in plant cells, NO affects the functioning of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-dependent processes. Mechanisms for the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton are cell-type specific, and such rearrangements might selectively impinge on the functioning of various cellular domains. Thus, the dynamic actin cytoskeleton could be considered as a downstream effector of NO signalling in cells of root apices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kasprowicz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szuba
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dieter Volkmann
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Przemysław Wojtaszek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
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Rodakowska E, Derba-Maceluch M, Kasprowicz A, Zawadzki P, Szuba A, Kierzkowski D, Wojtaszek P. Signaling and Cell Walls. SIGNALING IN PLANTS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89228-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Bernal AJ, Yoo CM, Mutwil M, Jensen JK, Hou G, Blaukopf C, Sørensen I, Blancaflor EB, Scheller HV, Willats WGT. Functional analysis of the cellulose synthase-like genes CSLD1, CSLD2, and CSLD4 in tip-growing Arabidopsis cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 148:1238-53. [PMID: 18768911 PMCID: PMC2577265 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A reverse genetic approach was used to investigate the functions of three members of the cellulose synthase superfamily in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE D1 (CSLD1), CSLD2, and CSLD4. CSLD2 is required for normal root hair growth but has a different role from that previously described for CSLD3 (KOJAK). CSLD2 is required during a later stage of hair development than CSLD3, and CSLD2 mutants produce root hairs with a range of abnormalities, with many root hairs rupturing late in development. Remarkably, though, it was often the case that in CSLD2 mutants, tip growth would resume after rupturing of root hairs. In silico, semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and promoter-reporter construct analyses indicated that the expression of both CSLD2 and CSLD3 is elevated at reduced temperatures, and the phenotypes of mutants homozygous for insertions in these genes were partially rescued by reduced temperature growth. However, this was not the case for a double mutant homozygous for insertions in both CSLD2 and CSLD3, suggesting that there may be partial redundancy in the functions of these genes. Mutants in CSLD1 and CSLD4 had a defect in male transmission, and plants heterozygous for insertions in CSLD1 or CSLD4 were defective in their ability to produce pollen tubes, although the number and morphology of pollen grains was normal. We propose that the CSLD family of putative glycosyltransferases synthesize a polysaccharide that has a specialized structural role in the cell walls of tip-growing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana J Bernal
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocentre, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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