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Bae Y, Song SJ, Lim CW, Kim CM, Lee SC. Tomato salt-responsive pseudo-response regulator 1, SlSRP1, negatively regulates the high-salt and dehydration stress responses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14082. [PMID: 38148202 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Under severe environmental stress conditions, plants inhibit their growth and development and initiate various defense mechanisms to survive. The pseudo-response regulator (PRRs) genes have been known to be involved in fruit ripening and plant immunity in various plant species, but their role in responses to environmental stresses, especially high salinity and dehydration, remains unclear. Here, we focused on PRRs in tomato plants and identified two PRR2-like genes, SlSRP1 and SlSRP1H, from the leaves of salt-treated tomato plants. After exposure to dehydration and high-salt stresses, expression of SISRP1, but not SlSRP1H, was significantly induced in tomato leaves. Subcellular localization analysis showed that SlSRP1 was predominantly located in the nucleus, while SlSRP1H was equally distributed in the nucleus and cytoplasm. To further investigate the potential role of SlSRP1 in the osmotic stress response, we generated SISRP1-silenced tomato plants. Compared to control plants, SISRP1-silenced tomato plants exhibited enhanced tolerance to high salinity, as evidenced by a high accumulation of proline and reduced chlorosis, ion leakage, and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, SISRP1-silenced tomato plants showed dehydration-tolerant phenotypes with enhanced abscisic acid sensitivity and increased expression of stress-related genes, including SlRD29, SlAREB, and SlDREB2. Overall, our findings suggest that SlSRP1 negatively regulates the osmotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongil Bae
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Jin Song
- Department of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Min Kim
- Department of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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Zhang B, Feng H, Ge W, Wang X, Zhang J, Ji R. BrUFO positively regulates the infection of Chinese cabbage by Plasmodiophora brassicae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1128515. [PMID: 36968418 PMCID: PMC10034201 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1128515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chinese cabbage is one of the most important vegetable crops in China. However, the clubroot disease caused by the infection of Plasmodiophora brassicae (P. brassicae) has seriously affected the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage. In our previous study, BrUFO gene was found to be significantly up-regulated in diseased roots of Chinese cabbage after inoculation with P. brassicae. UFO (UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS) have the properties of substrate recognition during ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. A variety of plant can activate immunity response through the ubiquitination pathway. Therefore, it is very important to study the function of UFO in response to P. brassicae. METHODS In this study, The expression pattern of BrUFO Gene was measured by qRT-PCR and In situ Hybridization (ISH). The expression location of BrUFO in cells was determined by subcellular localization. The function of BrUFO was verified by Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS). proteins interacting with BrUFO protein were screened by yeast two-hybrid. RESULTS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR) and in situ hybridization analysis showed that expression of BrUFO gene in the resistant plants was lower than that in susceptible plants. Subcellular localization analysis showed that BrUFO gene was expressed in the nucleus. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) analysis showed that silencing of BrUFO gene reduced the incidence of clubroot disease. Six proteins interacting with BrUFO protein were screened by Y2H assay. Two of them (Bra038955, a B-cell receptor-associated 31-like protein and Bra021273, a GDSL-motif esterase/acyltransferase/lipase Enzyme) were confirmed to strongly interact with BrUFO protein. DISCUSSION BrUFO gene should be a key gene of chinese cabbage against the infection of P. brassicae. BrUFO gene silencing improves the resistance of plants to clubroot disease. BrUFO protein may interact with CUS2 to induce ubiquitination in PRR-mediated PTI reaction through GDSL lipases, so as to achieve the effect of Chinese cabbage against the infection of P. brassicae.
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Rustgi S, Naveed S, Windham J, Zhang H, Demirer GS. Plant biomacromolecule delivery methods in the 21st century. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:1011934. [PMID: 36311974 PMCID: PMC9614364 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.1011934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 21st century witnessed a boom in plant genomics and gene characterization studies through RNA interference and site-directed mutagenesis. Specifically, the last 15 years marked a rapid increase in discovering and implementing different genome editing techniques. Methods to deliver gene editing reagents have also attempted to keep pace with the discovery and implementation of gene editing tools in plants. As a result, various transient/stable, quick/lengthy, expensive (requiring specialized equipment)/inexpensive, and versatile/specific (species, developmental stage, or tissue) methods were developed. A brief account of these methods with emphasis on recent developments is provided in this review article. Additionally, the strengths and limitations of each method are listed to allow the reader to select the most appropriate method for their specific studies. Finally, a perspective for future developments and needs in this research area is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Health Research, Clemson University Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC, United States,*Correspondence: Sachin Rustgi, ; Gözde S. Demirer,
| | - Salman Naveed
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Health Research, Clemson University Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC, United States
| | - Jonathan Windham
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Health Research, Clemson University Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC, United States
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gözde S. Demirer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Sachin Rustgi, ; Gözde S. Demirer,
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Dolatabadian A, Fernando WGD. Genomic Variations and Mutational Events Associated with Plant-Pathogen Interactions. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:421. [PMID: 35336795 PMCID: PMC8945218 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phytopathologists are actively researching the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions. The mechanisms of responses to pathogens have been studied extensively in model crop plant species and natural populations. Today, with the rapid expansion of genomic technologies such as DNA sequencing, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, as well as the development of new methods and protocols, data analysis, and bioinformatics, it is now possible to assess the role of genetic variation in plant-microbe interactions and to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of plant defense and microbe pathogenicity with ever-greater resolution and accuracy. Genetic variation is an important force in evolution that enables organisms to survive in stressful environments. Moreover, understanding the role of genetic variation and mutational events is essential for crop breeders to produce improved cultivars. This review focuses on genetic variations and mutational events associated with plant-pathogen interactions and discusses how these genome compartments enhance plants' and pathogens' evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Dolatabadian
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
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Singh AK, Ghosh D, Chakraborty S. Optimization of Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV)-Based Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Tomato. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2408:133-145. [PMID: 35325421 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1875-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Unveiling of full genome sequence of tomato demands significant advances of tomato functional genomics. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a well explored functional genomics tool in plant biology that exploits post transcriptional gene silencing to downregulate a desired gene. Although VIGS provides an easy and highly efficient platform to study plant gene function through reverse genetics approach, currently VIGS is more efficient in model plants like Nicotiana benthamiana, which further justifies the urgent need of a highly efficient, reliable, and reproducible VIGS protocol in crop plants such as tomato. In this chapter, we have detailed an optimized Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS protocol in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Singh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Dibyendu Ghosh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Ezawa T, Maruyama H, Kikuchi Y, Yokoyama K, Masuta C. Application of Virus-Induced Gene Silencing to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2146:249-254. [PMID: 32415609 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0603-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Downregulation of AM fungal genes using a plant viral vector is feasible. A partial sequence of a target fungal gene is cloned into the multicloning site of CMV2-A1 vector developed from RNA2 of Cucumber mosaic virus Y strain, and the RNA2, together with RNA1 and RNA3 of the virus, are in vitro-transcribed. Inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana with these viral RNAs results in reconstitution of the virus in the plant, which triggers silencing of the fungal gene. Here, we describe not only the methods but also several tips for successful application of virus-induced gene silencing to AM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Ezawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Hayato Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kaede Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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7
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Chen X, Duan X, Wang S, Wu W, Zhang X. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) for functional analysis of MYB80 gene involved in Solanum lycopersicum cold tolerance. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:409-418. [PMID: 30187341 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a method for transiently silencing genes in dicot and monocot plants. To evaluate the effects of chilling injury on activity of the MYB80 gene in Solanum lycopersicum, an investigation was conducted by VIGS using TRV-GFP (a modified TRV vector) to silence the target gene. During the chilling treatment (4/12 °C, 8/16-h dark/light photoperiod, with 60% humidity), the leaves were collected to analyze the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, soluble sugar content, free proline levels, and relative electric conductivity (REC). Leaves collected 2 weeks after chilling treatment were used to detect the in situ accumulation of superoxide radical (O2-). Additionally, we collected leaves at selected time points for semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis. Eventually, 20 days after chilling treatment, all plants were evaluated at 4 °C for 7 days to assess the chilling injury index. The results validated that the MYB80 gene was related to cold tolerance of tomato plants, and that silencing of the MYB80 gene reduced the cold resistance ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xuefen Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Weiyuan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xichun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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8
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Naqvi RZ, Zaidi SSEA, Mukhtar MS, Amin I, Mishra B, Strickler S, Mueller LA, Asif M, Mansoor S. Transcriptomic analysis of cultivated cotton Gossypium hirsutum provides insights into host responses upon whitefly-mediated transmission of cotton leaf curl disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210011. [PMID: 30730891 PMCID: PMC6366760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton is a commercial and economically important crop that generates billions of dollars in annual revenue worldwide. However, cotton yield is affected by a sap-sucking insect Bemisia tabaci (whitefly), and whitefly-borne cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). The causative agent of devastating CLCuD is led by the viruses belonging to the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae), collectively called cotton leaf curl viruses. Unfortunately, the extensively cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) species are highly susceptible and vulnerable to CLCuD. Yet, the concomitant influence of whitefly and CLCuD on the susceptible G. hirsutum transcriptome has not been interpreted. In the present study we have employed an RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) transcriptomics approach to explore the differential gene expression in susceptible G. hirsutum variety upon infection with viruliferous whiteflies. Comparative RNA-Seq of control and CLCuD infected plants was done using Illumina HiSeq 2500. This study yielded 468 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Among them, we identified 220 up and 248 downregulated DEGs involved in disease responses and pathogen defense. We selected ten genes for downstream RT-qPCR analyses on two cultivars, Karishma and MNH 786 that are susceptible to CLCuD. We observed a similar expression pattern of these genes in both susceptible cultivars that was also consistent with our transcriptome data further implying a wider application of our global transcription study on host susceptibility to CLCuD. We next performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis that revealed six modules. This analysis also identified highly co-expressed genes as well as 55 hub genes that co-express with ≥ 50 genes. Intriguingly, most of these hub genes are shown to be downregulated and enriched in cellular processes. Under-expression of such highly co-expressed genes suggests their roles in favoring the virus and enhancing plant susceptibility to CLCuD. We also discuss the potential mechanisms governing the establishment of disease susceptibility. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive differential gene expression analysis of G. hirsutum under whitefly-mediated CLCuD infection. This vital study will advance the understanding of simultaneous effect of whitefly and virus on their host and aid in identifying important G. hirsutum genes which intricate in its susceptibility to CLCuD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubab Zahra Naqvi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Syed Shan-e-Ali Zaidi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - M. Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Imran Amin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Bharat Mishra
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Susan Strickler
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Lukas A. Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
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Singh B, Kukreja S, Goutam U. Milestones achieved in response to drought stress through reverse genetic approaches. F1000Res 2018; 7:1311. [PMID: 30631439 PMCID: PMC6290974 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15606.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought stress is the most important abiotic stress that constrains crop production and reduces yield drastically. The germplasm of most of the cultivated crops possesses numerous unknown drought stress tolerant genes. Moreover, there are many reports suggesting that the wild species of most of the modern cultivars have abiotic stress tolerant genes. Due to climate change and population booms, food security has become a global issue. To develop drought tolerant crop varieties knowledge of various genes involved in drought stress is required. Different reverse genetic approaches such as virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), clustered regularly interspace short palindromic repeat (CRISPR), targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have been used extensively to study the functionality of different genes involved in response to drought stress. In this review, we described the contributions of different techniques of functional genomics in the study of drought tolerant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljeet Singh
- Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Sarvjeet Kukreja
- Department of Botany, Ch. MRM Memorial College, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, 335804, India
| | - Umesh Goutam
- Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
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Gama F, Saavedra T, Dandlen S, de Varennes A, Correia PJ, Pestana M, Nolasco G. Silencing of the FRO1 gene and its effects on iron partition in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 114:111-118. [PMID: 28285085 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the dynamic role of the ferric-chelate reductase enzyme (FCR) and to identify possible pathways of regulation of its activity in different plant organs an investigation was conducted by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) using tobacco rattle virus (TRV) to silence the ferric reductase oxidase gene (FRO1) that encodes the FCR enzyme. Half of Nicotiana benthamiana plants received the VIGS vector and the rest remained as control. Four treatments were imposed: two levels of Fe in the nutrient solution (0 or 2.5 μM of Fe), each one with silenced or non-silenced (VIGS-0; VIGS-2.5) plants. Plants grown without iron (0; VIGS-0) developed typical symptoms of iron deficiency in the youngest leaves. To prove that FRO1 silencing had occurred, resupply of Fe (R) was done by adding 2.5 μM of Fe to the nutrient solution in a subset of chlorotic plants (0-R; VIGS-R). Twelve days after resupply, 0-R plants had recovered from Fe deficiency while plants containing the VIGS vector (VIGS-R) remained chlorotic and both FRO1 gene expression and FCR activity were considerably reduced, consequently preventing Fe uptake. With the VIGS technique we were able to silence the FRO1 gene in N. benthamiana and point out its importance in chlorophyll synthesis and Fe partition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florinda Gama
- MeditBio - Center for Mediterranean Bioresources and Food, University of Algarve, FCT, Ed8, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Saavedra
- MeditBio - Center for Mediterranean Bioresources and Food, University of Algarve, FCT, Ed8, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Susana Dandlen
- MeditBio - Center for Mediterranean Bioresources and Food, University of Algarve, FCT, Ed8, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Amarilis de Varennes
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro J Correia
- MeditBio - Center for Mediterranean Bioresources and Food, University of Algarve, FCT, Ed8, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Maribela Pestana
- MeditBio - Center for Mediterranean Bioresources and Food, University of Algarve, FCT, Ed8, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Nolasco
- MeditBio - Center for Mediterranean Bioresources and Food, University of Algarve, FCT, Ed8, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Imam J, Singh PK, Shukla P. Plant Microbe Interactions in Post Genomic Era: Perspectives and Applications. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1488. [PMID: 27725809 PMCID: PMC5035750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering plant-microbe interactions is a promising aspect to understand the benefits and the pathogenic effect of microbes and crop improvement. The advancement in sequencing technologies and various 'omics' tool has impressively accelerated the research in biological sciences in this area. The recent and ongoing developments provide a unique approach to describing these intricate interactions and test hypotheses. In the present review, we discuss the role of plant-pathogen interaction in crop improvement. The plant innate immunity has always been an important aspect of research and leads to some interesting information like the adaptation of unique immune mechanisms of plants against pathogens. The development of new techniques in the post - genomic era has greatly enhanced our understanding of the regulation of plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. The present review also provides an overview of beneficial plant-microbe interactions with special reference to Agrobacterium tumefaciens-plant interactions where plant derived signal molecules and plant immune responses are important in pathogenicity and transformation efficiency. The construction of various Genome-scale metabolic models of microorganisms and plants presented a better understanding of all metabolic interactions activated during the interactions. This review also lists the emerging repertoire of phytopathogens and its impact on plant disease resistance. Outline of different aspects of plant-pathogen interactions is presented in this review to bridge the gap between plant microbial ecology and their immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak, India
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Kikuchi Y, Hijikata N, Ohtomo R, Handa Y, Kawaguchi M, Saito K, Masuta C, Ezawa T. Aquaporin-mediated long-distance polyphosphate translocation directed towards the host in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: application of virus-induced gene silencing. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1202-8. [PMID: 27136716 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi translocate polyphosphate through hyphae over a long distance to deliver to the host. More than three decades ago, suppression of host transpiration was found to decelerate phosphate delivery of the fungal symbiont, leading us to hypothesize that transpiration provides a primary driving force for polyphosphate translocation, probably via creating hyphal water flow in which fungal aquaporin(s) may be involved. The impact of transpiration suppression on polyphosphate translocation through hyphae of Rhizophagus clarus was evaluated. An aquaporin gene expressed in intraradical mycelia was characterized and knocked down by virus-induced gene silencing to investigate the involvement of the gene in polyphosphate translocation. Rhizophagus clarus aquaporin 3 (RcAQP3) that was most highly expressed in intraradical mycelia encodes an aquaglyceroporin responsible for water transport across the plasma membrane. Knockdown of RcAQP3 as well as the suppression of host transpiration decelerated polyphosphate translocation in proportion to the levels of knockdown and suppression, respectively. These results provide the first insight into the mechanism underlying long-distance polyphosphate translocation in mycorrhizal associations at the molecular level, in which host transpiration and the fungal aquaporin play key roles. A hypothetical model of the translocation is proposed for further elucidation of the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Nowaki Hijikata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohtomo
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Sapporo, 062-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Handa
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ezawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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Oláh E, Pesti R, Taller D, Havelda Z, Várallyay É. Non-targeted effects of virus-induced gene silencing vectors on host endogenous gene expression. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2387-93. [PMID: 27283101 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) uses recombinant viruses to study gene function; however, the effect of the virus vector itself on the gene expression of the host is not always considered. In our work, we investigated non-targeted gene expression changes of the host in order to see how often these changes appear. Effects of various VIGS vector infections were analysed by monitoring gene expression levels of housekeeping genes by Northern blot analysis in four different hosts. We found that non-targeted changes happens very often. More importantly, these non-targeted effects can cause drastic changes in the gene-expression pattern of host genes that are usually used as references in these studies. We have also found that in a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS, the presence of foreign sequences in the cloning site of the vector can also have a non-targeted effect, and even the use of an internal control can lead to unpredicted changes. Our results show that although VIGS is a very powerful technique, the VIGS vector, as a pathogen of the host, can cause unwanted changes in its gene-expression pattern, highlighting the importance of careful selection of both the genes to be tested and those to be used as references in the planned experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Oláh
- Plant Developmental Biology and Diagnostics Groups, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Szent-Györgyi Albert utca 4., 100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Réka Pesti
- Plant Developmental Biology and Diagnostics Groups, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Szent-Györgyi Albert utca 4., 100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Dénes Taller
- Plant Developmental Biology and Diagnostics Groups, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Szent-Györgyi Albert utca 4., 100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Havelda
- Plant Developmental Biology and Diagnostics Groups, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Szent-Györgyi Albert utca 4., 100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Éva Várallyay
- Plant Developmental Biology and Diagnostics Groups, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Szent-Györgyi Albert utca 4., 100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
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Sahu PP, Sharma N, Puranik S, Chakraborty S, Prasad M. Tomato 26S Proteasome subunit RPT4a regulates ToLCNDV transcription and activates hypersensitive response in tomato. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27078. [PMID: 27252084 PMCID: PMC4890432 DOI: 10.1038/srep27078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Involvement of 26S proteasomal subunits in plant pathogen-interactions, and the roles of each subunit in independently modulating the activity of many intra- and inter-cellular regulators controlling physiological and defense responses of a plant were well reported. In this regard, we aimed to functionally characterize a Solanum lycopersicum 26S proteasomal subunit RPT4a (SlRPT4) gene, which was differentially expressed after Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) infection in tolerant cultivar H-88-78-1. Molecular analysis revealed that SlRPT4 protein has an active ATPase activity. SlRPT4 could specifically bind to the stem-loop structure of intergenic region (IR), present in both DNA-A and DNA-B molecule of the bipartite viral genome. Lack of secondary structure in replication-associated gene fragment prevented formation of DNA-protein complex suggesting that binding of SlRPT4 with DNA is secondary structure specific. Interestingly, binding of SlRPT4 to IR inhibited the function of RNA Pol-II and subsequently reduced the bi-directional transcription of ToLCNDV genome. Virus-induced gene silencing of SlRPT4 gene incited conversion of tolerant attributes of cultivar H-88-78-1 into susceptibility. Furthermore, transient overexpression of SlRPT4 resulted in activation of programmed cell death and antioxidant enzymes system. Overall, present study highlights non-proteolytic function of SlRPT4 and their participation in defense pathway against virus infection in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Pankaj Sahu
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Namisha Sharma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Swati Puranik
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
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15
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Abstract
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) is an excellent reverse genetic tool for the study of gene function in plants, based on virus infection. In this chapter, we describe a high-throughput approach based on VIGS for the study of tomato fruit biochemistry. It comprises the selection of the sequence for silencing using bioinformatics tools, the cloning of the fragment in the Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV), and the agroinfiltration of tomato fruits mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
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16
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Caro M, Verlaan MG, Julián O, Finkers R, Wolters AMA, Hutton SF, Scott JW, Kormelink R, Visser RGF, Díez MJ, Pérez-de-Castro A, Bai Y. Assessing the genetic variation of Ty- 1 and Ty- 3 alleles conferring resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus in a broad tomato germplasm. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2015; 35:132. [PMID: 26028987 PMCID: PMC4442973 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-015-0329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) hampers tomato production worldwide. Our previous studies have focussed on mapping and ultimately cloning of the TYLCV resistance genes Ty-1 and Ty-3. Both genes are derived from Solanum chilense and were shown to be allelic. They code for an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) belonging to the RDRγ type defined by a DFDGD catalytic domain. In this study, we first fine-mapped the TYLCV resistance in S. chilense LA1932, LA1960 and LA1971. Results showed that chromosomal intervals of the causal genes in these TYLCV-resistant accessions overlap and cover the region where Ty-1/Ty-3 is located. Further, virus-induced gene silencing was used to silence Ty-1/Ty-3 in tomato lines carrying TYLCV resistance introgressed from S. chilense LA1932, LA1938 and LA1971. Results showed that silencing Ty-1/Ty-3 compromised the resistance in lines derived from S. chilense LA1932 and LA1938. The LA1971-derived material remained resistant upon silencing Ty-1/Ty-3. Further, we studied the allelic variation of the Ty-1/Ty-3 gene by examining cDNA sequences from nine S. chilense-derived lines/accessions and more than 80 tomato cultivars, landraces and accessions of related wild species. The DFDGD catalytic domain of the Ty-1/Ty-3 gene is conserved among all tomato lines and species analysed. In addition, the 12 base pair insertion at the 5-prime part of the Ty-1/Ty-3 gene was found not to be specific for the TYLCV resistance allele. However, compared with the susceptible ty-1 allele, the Ty-1/Ty-3 allele is characterized by three specific amino acids shared by seven TYLCV-resistant S. chilense accessions or derived lines. Thus, Ty-1/Ty-3-specific markers can be developed based on these polymorphisms. Elevated transcript levels were observed for all tested S. chilenseRDR alleles (both Ty-1 and ty-1 alleles), demonstrating that elevated expression level is not a good selection criterion for a functional Ty-1/Ty-3 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myluska Caro
- />Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten G. Verlaan
- />Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V., Burgemeester Crezéélaan 40, 2678 KX De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Julián
- />Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV) (University Institute for Conservation and Improvement of Agrobiodiversity), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n Edificio 8E escalera J, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Richard Finkers
- />Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie A. Wolters
- />Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel F. Hutton
- />Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 14625 CR 672, Wimauma, FL 33598 USA
| | - John W. Scott
- />Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 14625 CR 672, Wimauma, FL 33598 USA
| | - Richard Kormelink
- />Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- />Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J. Díez
- />Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV) (University Institute for Conservation and Improvement of Agrobiodiversity), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n Edificio 8E escalera J, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-de-Castro
- />Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV) (University Institute for Conservation and Improvement of Agrobiodiversity), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n Edificio 8E escalera J, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Yuling Bai
- />Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Involvement of host regulatory pathways during geminivirus infection: a novel platform for generating durable resistance. Funct Integr Genomics 2015; 14:47-58. [PMID: 24233104 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-013-0346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are widely distributed throughout the world and cause devastating yield losses in almost all the economically important crops. In this review, the newly identified roles of various novel plant factors and pathways participating in plant–virus interaction are summarized with a particular focus on the exploitation of various pathways involving ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway, small RNA pathways, cell division cycle components, and the epigenetic mechanism as defense responses during plant–pathogen interactions. Capturing the information on these pathways for the development of strategies against geminivirus infection is argued to provide the basis for new genetic approaches to resistance.
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Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), along with many other economically valuable species, belongs to the Solanaceae family. Understanding how plants in this family defend themselves against pathogens offers the opportunity of improving yield and quality of their edible products. The use of functional genomics has contributed to this purpose through both traditional and recently developed techniques that allow determination of changes in transcript abundance during pathogen attack. Such changes can implicate the affected gene as participating in plant defense. Testing the involvement of these candidate genes in defense has relied largely on posttranscriptional gene silencing, particularly virus-induced gene silencing. We discuss how functional genomics has played a key role in our current understanding of the defense response in tomato and related species and what are the challenges and opportunities for the future.
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19
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Romero FM, Marina M, Pieckenstain FL. The communities of tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.) leaf endophytic bacteria, analyzed by 16S-ribosomal RNA gene pyrosequencing. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 351:187-94. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M. Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús; Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET); Chascomús Argentina
| | - María Marina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús; Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET); Chascomús Argentina
| | - Fernando L. Pieckenstain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús; Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET); Chascomús Argentina
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20
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Abstract
Plants are invaded by an array of pathogens of which only a few succeed in causing disease. The attack by others is countered by a sophisticated immune system possessed by the plants. The plant immune system is broadly divided into two, viz. microbial-associated molecular-patterns-triggered immunity (MTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). MTI confers basal resistance, while ETI confers durable resistance, often resulting in hypersensitive response. Plants also possess systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which provides long-term defense against a broad-spectrum of pathogens. Salicylic-acid-mediated systemic acquired immunity provokes the defense response throughout the plant system during pathogen infection at a particular site. Trans-generational immune priming allows the plant to heritably shield their progeny towards pathogens previously encountered. Plants circumvent the viral infection through RNA interference phenomena by utilizing small RNAs. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of plant immune system, and the latest breakthroughs reported in plant defense. We discuss the plant–pathogen interactions and integrated defense responses in the context of presenting an integral understanding in plant molecular immunity.
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21
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Pflieger SP, Richard MMS, Blanchet S, Meziadi C, Geffroy VR. VIGS technology: an attractive tool for functional genomics studies in legumes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:1234-1248. [PMID: 32481191 DOI: 10.1071/fp13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Legume species are among the most important crops worldwide. In recent years, six legume genomes have been completely sequenced, and there is now an urgent need for reverse-genetics tools to validate genes affecting yield and product quality. As most legumes are recalcitrant to stable genetic transformation, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) appears to be a powerful alternative technology for determining the function of unknown genes. VIGS technology is based on the property of plant viruses to trigger a defence mechanism related to post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Infection by a recombinant virus carrying a fragment of a plant target gene will induce homology-dependent silencing of the endogenous target gene. Several VIGS systems have been developed for legume species since 2004, including those based on Bean pod mottle virus, Pea early browning virus, and Apple latent spherical virus, and used in reverse-genetics studies of a wide variety of plant biological processes. In this work, we give an overview of the VIGS systems available for legumes, and present their successful applications in functional genomics studies. We also discuss the limitations of these VIGS systems and the future challenges to be faced in order to use VIGS to its full potential in legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Phanie Pflieger
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Manon M S Richard
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Blanchet
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Chouaib Meziadi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Val Rie Geffroy
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
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Chen T, Lv Y, Zhao T, Li N, Yang Y, Yu W, He X, Liu T, Zhang B. Comparative transcriptome profiling of a resistant vs. susceptible tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar in response to infection by tomato yellow leaf curl virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80816. [PMID: 24260487 PMCID: PMC3832472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) threatens tomato production worldwide by causing leaf yellowing, leaf curling, plant stunting and flower abscission. The current understanding of the host plant defense response to this virus is very limited. Using whole transcriptome sequencing, we analyzed the differential gene expression in response to TYLCV infection in the TYLCV-resistant tomato breeding line CLN2777A (R) and TYLCV-susceptible tomato breeding line TMXA48-4-0 (S). The mixed inoculated samples from 3, 5 and 7 day post inoculation (dpi) were compared to non-inoculated samples at 0 dpi. Of the total of 34831 mapped transcripts, 209 and 809 genes were differentially expressed in the R and S tomato line, respectively. The proportion of up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the R tomato line (58.37%) was higher than that in the S line (9.17%). Gene ontology (GO) analyses revealed that similar GO terms existed in both DEGs of R and S lines; however, some sets of defense related genes and their expression levels were not similar between the two tomato lines. Genes encoding for WRKY transcriptional factors, R genes, protein kinases and receptor (-like) kinases which were identified as down-regulated DEGs in the S line were up-regulated or not differentially expressed in the R line. The up-regulated DEGs in the R tomato line revealed the defense response of tomato to TYLCV infection was characterized by the induction and regulation of a series of genes involved in cell wall reorganization, transcriptional regulation, defense response, ubiquitination, metabolite synthesis and so on. The present study provides insights into various reactions underlining the successful establishment of resistance to TYLCV in the R tomato line, and helps in the identification of important defense-related genes in tomato for TYLCV disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzi Chen
- Provincial key laboratory of agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanda Lv
- Provincial key laboratory of agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongming Zhao
- Provincial key laboratory of agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Provincial key laboratory of agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Yang
- Provincial key laboratory of agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wengui Yu
- Provincial key laboratory of agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin He
- Provincial key laboratory of agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingli Liu
- Provincial key laboratory of agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Baolong Zhang
- Provincial key laboratory of agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Sharma N, Sahu PP, Puranik S, Prasad M. Recent Advances in Plant–Virus Interaction with Emphasis on Small Interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Mol Biotechnol 2012; 55:63-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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